CRJ 164- Midterm

Evidence obtained from an unreasonable search and seizure cannot be used as the basis for learning about or collecting new admissible evidence not known about before is the _____.

"fruits of the poisonous tree" doctrine

A 2015 national study showed that _____% of large cities and counties had fully implemented body-worn camera (BWC) programs.

19

The FBI Crime Laboratory is one of the largest and most comprehensive forensic laboratories and is the only full-service forensic laboratory. When was it established?

1932

There are about nine million people in the transgender community. They are the victims of 18.7% of all reported single-bias crimes. What percentage of the transgender community perceives hostility toward them by law enforcement officers?

21

An often-quoted figure is that handwritten incident reports take _____ minutes to complete, depending on their complexity

30-45

A small study of police officers' field notes from witness interviews showed that they failed to include _____% of crime-relevant information in their reports.

40

How many photographs are usually in a photo array/photo lineup?

6

An estimated _____% of police contacts in jurisdictions of 100,000 people or more involve the mentally ill.

7

_____ is a temporary and limited interference with the freedom of a person for investigative purposes.

A detention

What is a "gray-market vehicle"?

A vehicle that is not manufactured for sale or operation in the United States

In 1985, research by _____ and his colleagues at Leicester University, England, led to the discovery that portions of the DNA structure of certain genes are as unique to individuals as are fingerprints.

Alec Jeffreys

Which of the following guidelines is used in handling soil evidence?

All of these choices

Which of the following have friction ridges that are commonly referred to as "fingerprints"?

All of these choices

Which of the following is a purpose of a sting operation?

All of these choices

The father of criminal identification is:

Alphonse Bertillon

_____ is bidirectional in that it connects the perpetrator to the scene or victim, or connects the scene or victim to the suspect.

Associative evidence

The National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) program compares images of which type of evidence?

Ballistic

_____ is considered most responsible for raising firearms identification to a science and for perfecting the bullet comparison microscope.

Calvin Goddard

Many victims are bitten during an attack. What is the primary significance of a bite mark to the investigator?

Can provide sites for DNA collection of saliva from the suspect, which can lead to the identification of the suspect

_____ is defined as the theft of items from, or in, commercial vehicles.

Cargo theft

What municipal agency was the first to establish a Criminal Identification Bureau?

Chicago

What was the original mission of the Secret Service when created by Congress in 1865?

Combat counterfeiting

Which type of evidence serves to substantiate the distinct set of elements whose commission or omission must be demonstrated to have occurred in order to prove a criminal offense?

Corpus delicti evidence

The first major book describing the application of scientific disciplines to criminal investigation was written in 1893 by Hans Gross. Translated into English in 1906, it remains highly respected today as a seminal work in the field. What is the book's title?

Criminal Investigation

Which of the following terms deals with the study of physical evidence related to crime?

Criminalistics

Which agency maintains the National Counter-Improvised Explosives Device Capabilities Analysis Database?

DHS

Which of the following is indicative of a juvenile burglar?

Destructive acts of vandalism

The first country to use fingerprints as a system of criminal identification was:

England

Which of the following is not a requirement for a plain view search to be legal?

Evidence is found after a limited search

Crime scene coordination includes interviewing witnesses, conducting and documenting the neighborhood canvass, and a field interrogation of the suspect if he/she is in custody.

False

Female burglars generally spend more time planning a break-in than their male counterparts.

False

Field notes can be made with any writing instrument.

False

Incident reports are a secondary source of investigative information.

False

The investigator assigned to a call must prepare an incident/offense report so the district attorney will have all the facts of the case.

False

Unlike the other types of burglaries, disorganized burglaries are deliberately committed when some particular person is present.

False

_____ has been defined as the intersection of dentistry and criminal laws.

Forensic odontology

Which search pattern has the searchers doubling back perpendicularly across the area being examined?

Grid

Which statement is true?

Hearsay statements made by witnesses can be included in field notes or the incident report.

Which is used as a presumptive or preliminary field test for blood?

Hemident

Who made the first successful attempt to identify a murderer from a bullet recovered from the body of a victim?

Henry Goddard

_____ is an insurance fraud in which the owner of a stolen vehicle reports a greater financial loss—based on alleged current value, damage, or stolen parts—than is the case

Inflated-theft-loss scheme

What evidentiary information is obtained when the ink used to write a message involved in a crime is compared with the ink recovered from a suspect?

It determines whether or not the inks have consistent characteristics.

In the context of locating blood evidence, which of the following is a salient feature of Hexagon OBTI?

It distinguishes between animal and human blood in two to three minutes.

Which of the following statements is true about CODIS?

It is a computer system linking local, state, and federal agencies to share DNA analysis information.

Which of the following statements is true about the National Insurance Crime Bureau?

It is an information gathering and dissemination body and a law enforcement assistance agency.

In the context of fraudulent theft schemes, which of the following statements best describes a false-vehicle scheme?

It is an insurance fraud in which a person insures a vehicle that does not exist, has already been salvaged, or belongs to someone else and later reports the vehicle stolen.

Which of the following statements is true about a "paper vehicle"?

It is an insured vehicle that does not exist.

Which of the following statements is true about the laboratory examination of a firearm?

It is possible to fire a smaller-caliber bullet through a larger-bore weapon.

Which of the following categories of motor vehicle thefts is most often engaged in by juveniles, those between the ages 15 to 19 years, who steal a car simply to drive it around before abandoning it?

Joyriding

Which of the following is defined as the act of using a credit card or a similar plastic item to slip open or shim a spring-bolt lock that does not have an anti-shim device?

Loiding

Which of the following cases established the rule that any evidence unreasonably searched and seized could no longer be admissible in any court?

Mapp v Ohio

Which city was the first to create a unified police force in the United States?

New York

_____ burglaries occur when offenders select a target and quickly strike because they perceived that some type of immediate opportunity exists.

Opportunistic

Identify the three major functions to be executed at the scene of a crime.

Overall coordination, forensic services, investigative services

Which agency was the prototype for modern state police organizations?

Pennsylvania State Police

In 1833, _____ passed an ordinance creating America's first paid, daylight police force.

Philadelphia

_____ is defined as suspicion plus facts and circumstances that would lead a reasonable person exercising ordinary caution to believe that a crime has been, is being, or is about to be committed.

Probable cause

In 1892, who published the first definitive book on dactylography, Finger Prints?

Sir Francis Galton

Which of the following crime scene search patterns is usually employed in outdoor scenes and is normally executed by a single person?

Spiral

The "stop-question-and-frisk" program was built around the landmark 1968 court cases of _____, in which the Supreme Court granted approval to frisks conducted by officers lacking probable cause for an arrest to search for weapons.

Terry v. Ohio, Sibron v. New York, and Peters v. New York

Which of the following systems was implemented in 1981 to provide positive, individualized means of identifying a motor vehicle?

The 17-character standardized VIN

In which Amendment of the Bill of Rights is the due process clause found?

The Fifth Amendment

Which of the following protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures?

The Fourth Amendment

Which of the following has been identified as the most significant blunder to date in any crime lab within the United States?

The March 2004 arrest of Portland attorney Brandon Mayfield for the Madrid bombing

Identify a true statement about the landmark 1963 case of Brady v. Maryland.

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the suppression of any evidence by the prosecution favorable to the accused violates the premise of fundamental fairness through the due process clauses of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution.

What does the effectiveness of DNA evidence in court depend on?

The ability of the witness to explain the probability that no other person, except an identical twin, has the same DNA type as that discovered at the crime scene

A vehicle exists, actually belongs to the insured, and is actually stolen. How does fraud occur in this type of situation?

The fraud occurs when the insured makes a false claim concerning the physical or mechanical condition of the vehicle when it was stolen.

What is the significance of the Enderby cases?

The precedent of using DNA in a criminal case was established.

In the context of categories of impression evidence, which of the following is a salient feature of surface impressions?

They lack any appreciable height.

Which of the following statements is true about organized burglars?

They usually leave no physical evidence

According to the textbook, what is the primary reason an owner would file a phony theft-loss claim?

To avoid liability for some conduct that resulted from the use of the vehicle and reduce his/her financial loss.

Assume a person was present at a crime scene but left before the responding officer arrived. The officer should gather information about that person, such as what period was the person present, what did the person say or do while there, what relationship the person has with the victim or suspect, and did the person leave or take anything from the scene.

True

At a crime scene, if there are no satisfactory options in causing or allowing the contamination or destruction of evidence, saving the victim's life has a higher value than preserving physical evidence.

True

Field notes can be used to defend the accuracy and integrity of an incident report by showing a link between the field notes and the content of the report.

True

Seeing lockpicking tools in plain view on the backseat of a car stopped for a traffic charge cannot be taken as evidence of intent to commit a burglary.

True

The chain of custody is the witnessed, unbroken, written chronological history of who had the evidence when.

True

The primary crime scene is the location where the initial offense was committed, whereas the locations of all subsequent connected events are secondary scenes.

True

The two most striking aspects of burglary are its frequency and economic impact.

True

When taking field notes, an officer can use nonverbal cues to encourage a person to continue speaking.

True

From a sampling of police policies, which statement is true about officers interacting with transgender people/persons?

Use the pronouns appropriate to their preferred gender or gender expression.

Which 1903 case was the most important incident to advance the use of fingerprints in the United States?

West

The direction of a shot through a glass window can be determined by _____.

a cone-shaped area on the opposite side from impact

Which is an example of a crimogen?

a convenience store operator who reports gas drive-offs, shoplifting, robberies, assaults, and thefts of entire ATM machines.

Most residential burglaries are characterized by entry through _____.

a door

A misdemeanor is a lesser offense that may be punishable by:

a fine, ordinarily not to exceed $500 and/or imprisonment for no more than a year

Any impression, cut, gouge, or abrasion made when a tool comes into contact with another object, for forensic purposes, is _____.

a tool mark

While formal education that scientists receive provides a foundation for learning and understanding the techniques of forensic science, for the most part, courts rely on _____.

additional training and years of experience

A written statement of the information known to the officer that serves as the basis for the issuance of a warrant is:

an affidavit

A judicial order commanding a person to whom it is issued or some other person to bring a person promptly before a court to answer a criminal charge is:

an arrest warrant.

The gathering and reporting of the raw information that is needed to produce finished intelligence is called _____.

collection

All of the following identifiers are part of the 17-character standardized VIN except _____.

color

What drives the intelligence/analytical cycle?

community needs

After the Civil War, Pinkerton's National Detective Agency engaged in the two broad areas of:

controlling a discontented working class and pursuing bank and railroad robbers

A _____ is a basic diagram of the scene showing important points, such as the locations where various pieces of physical evidence were located.

crime scene sketch

The advantage of using the _____ method is that when there are multiple points of interest in several different walls, they can be displayed simultaneously in one sketch, as opposed to having to make and refer to multiple elevation sketches.

cross-projection

In the context of the most common means of disposing stolen motor vehicles, a chop shop is a place where vehicles are:

disassembled for resale of their parts

During 1961-1966, the U.S. Supreme Court became unusually active in hearing cases involving the rights of criminal suspects and defendants. This period is referred to as the _____.

due process revolution

Procedural law deals with all of the following except ________.

elements of a crime

The _____ exception recognizes that a warrantless entry by law enforcement officials may be legal when there is a compelling need for official action and no time to get a warrant.

exigent circumstances

In State v. Samander V. Dabas, the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that:

field notes cannot be destroyed and are subject to discovery by attorneys.

The ingredients of an arrest include all of the following except _____.

force

DNA is generally found in cells that have a nucleus, hence the name nuclear DNA. However, some biological cells do not have nuclei, such as those forming _____.

hair shafts

The National Forensic Science Technology Center was established in 1995. Its primary function is to:

help crime laboratories prepare for accreditation and to offer continuing education programs for crime laboratory personnel.

Amateur burglars often operate on the basis of _____.

impulse

The rule of _____ requires that standard samples and elimination prints always be obtained when appropriate.

inclusiveness

In _____ burglaries, the actual purpose of the burglaries is to instill fear in the victim and to display the offender's power over him/her.

interpersonal

In order for a successful salvage switch operation to work, the thief must be able to acquire a salvaged vehicle that:

is accompanied by the VIN plate and title.

What source of information reveals personal information about a suspect, including his or her current aliases, health and mental condition, scars, marks, and tattoos, as well as other information.

jail booking report

Loosely defined, a document is anything _____.

on which a mark has been made for the purpose of conveying a message

Lattes developed a procedure that:

permitted blood typing from a dried bloodstain

Which type of fusion center has the highest priority for the allocation of available federal resources?

primary

In _____, a vehicle is stolen and stripped mainly for valuable accessories that do not contain any identifying numbers, thus making them difficult to identify and easy to dispose of.

quick strip

The Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. case stands for the proposition that for scientific evidence to be admissible in court, it must be _____.

scientifically valid

The same type of crime being committed over a short period of time, probably by the same offender, is referred to as a _____.

series

A method of burglary in which the offenders steal a car and drive it though the front door of a business, grab what they can, and leave is called a _____ burglary.

smash-and-grab

A burglary occurred, but no apparent force was used, and a point of entry or exit cannot be established. This type of burglary is called a(an) _______ entry.

surreptitious

Determining whether suspected criminal activity exists, obtaining probable cause for a search warrant, and preventing crime by allowing suspects to become aware they are being closely watched are all considered effective uses of _____.

surveillance

In the context of the intelligence/analytical cycle, _____ is immediately actionable and often results in arrests.

tactical intelligence

Forensic science is defined as _____.

that part of science applied to answering legal questions

The first modern detective force was:

the Bow Street Runners

After 9/11, the U.S. Customs was moved from the Treasury Department. Customs inspectors are not part of _____.

the Bureau of Customs and Border Protection

Mitochondrial DNA is found in _____.

the body of the cell

Under ordinary conditions, laboratory examination of blood evidence can determine all of the following except _____.

the race of the person