CRJ/ECON

Name the four primary stages of pretrial juvenile justice procedure

(a) Intake, in which an official of the juvenile court engages in a screening process to determine what to do with the youthful offender (b) Pretrial diversion, which may consist of probation, treatment and aid, and/or restitution (c) Jurisdiction waiver to an adult court, in which case the youth leaves the juvenile justice system (d) Some type of detention, in which the youth is held until the disposition process begins

List three of the four typical conditions of parole

(a) Not use drugs (b) Not associate with known felons (c) Not change their addresses without notifying authorities (d) deport to their parole officer at specified intervals (the latter is usually specified in the parole contract)

Who has input into the sentencing decision?

(a) Prosecutor (b) Defense attorney (c) Probation officer (d) Judge

[True or False] The government borrows at the highest interest rates in order to stimulate the economy, and gives U.S. Treasury securities in return.

False

Define botnet, worm and virus.

a) A botnet is a network of computers that have been hijacked without the knowledge of their owners and used to spread harmful programs across the Internet (b) A worm is a damaging software program that reproduces itself as it moves from computer to computer (c) A virus is aa damaging software program that must be attached to an "infested" host file to transfer from one computer to the next

Sound governance of a corrections facility requires officials to provide inmates with what three things?

1. A sense of order 2. Amenities such as clean living conditions and acceptable food 3. Services such as vocational training and remedial education programs

Name the three levels of home monitoring

1. Curfew, which requires that the offender be at home during specified hours 2. Home detention, which requires that the offender be at home except for education, employment, and counseling 3. Home incarceration, which requires that the offender be at home at all times except for medical emergencies

Give three of the five sentencing options for a judge besides imprisonment and probation

1. Fines 2. Community service 3. Restitution 4. Forfeiture 5. Pretrial diversion programs

What are the three goals of the macroeconomy? And what did Congress do in 1946 to help reach these goals?

1. Full Employment 2. Stable Prices 3. Full Production and Economic Growth To help create an environment in which these goals can be reached, Congress enacted the Employment Act of 1946

Give two of the three reasons private prisons can often be run cheaper than public ones

1. Labor costs are lower because private prison employees are nonunionized and receive lower levels of overtime pay, sick leave, and health care 2. Competitive bidding requires the operators of private prisons to buy goods and services at the lowest possible prices 3. There is less red tape in a private prison facility

Name the four possible patterns of inmate behavior (which are driven by the inmate's personality and values) and describe two of them

1. Professional criminals adapt to prison by "doing time" and follow the rules in order to get out quickly 2. Those who are "jailing" establish themselves within the power structure of prison culture. These are often veterans of juvenile detention centers and other prisons 3. Those who are "gleaning" are working to improve themselves for return to society 4. "Disorganized" criminals have mental impairments or low IQs and therefore are unable to adapt to prison culture

Prisons typically house felonies who will serve lengthy periods of incarceration, whereas a jail is for those who have been convicted of misdemeanors and will serve less than a year of incarceration, but a jail may also: (list three of five)

1. Receive individuals pending arraignments, or sentencing 2. Temporarily hold juveniles pending transfer to juvenile authorities 3. Hold the mentally ill pending transfer to health facilities 4. Hold detains who have "jumped" bail 5. Houses those awaiting transfer to federal or state prisons

What are three of the four primary duties of first responders following a terrorist attack or other catastrophic event?

1. Secure the scene of the incident 2. Rescue and treat any injured civilians 3. Contain fires or other hazardous conditions that may have resulted from the event 4. Retrieve the dead

In addition to a suspended sentence, which is in fact a judicial reprieve, there are three general types of sentencing arrangements. Name two.

1. Split sentence probation, in which the judge specifies a certain time in jail or prison followed by a certain time on probation 2. Shock incarceration, in which a judge sentences an offender to be incarcerated, but allows that person to petition the court to be released on probation 3. Intermittent incarceration, in which an offender spends a certain amount of time each week in jail or in a halfway house or another government institution

Name and describe the four types of prisons

1. Supermaximum-security (supermax) prisons, in which prisoners are confined to one-person cells for up to 22.5 hours per day under constant video camera surveillance 1. 2. Maximum-security prisons, which are designed mainly with security and surveillance in mind. Such prisons are usually large and consist of cell blocks, each of which is set off by a series of gates and bars 3. Medium-security prisons, which offer considerably more educational and treatment programs and allow more contact between inmates. Such prisons are rarely walled, but rather are surrounded by high fences 4. Minimum-security prisons, which permit prisoners to have television sets and computers and often allow them to leave the grounds for educational and employment purposes

Name and describe/define two of the three general models of prisons

1. The custodial model assumes the prisoner is incarcerated for reasons of incapacitation, deterrence, and retribution 2. The rehabilitation model puts security concerns second and the well-being of the individual inmate first. As a consequence, treatment programs are offered to prisoners 3. The reintegration model sees the correctional institution as a training ground for preparing convicts to reenter society

Name three of the five factors that have caused the prison population to grow dramatically in the last several decades

1. The enhancement and stricter enforcement of the nation's drug laws 2. Increased probability of incarceration 3. Inmates serving more time for each crime 4. Federal prison growth 5. Rising incarceration rates for women

Name the two goals of prisoner reentry programs Based on the ideals of rehabilitation, these programs have two main objectives:

1. To prepare a prisoner for a successful return to the community 2. To protect the community by reducing the chances that the ex-convict will continue her or his criminal activity after release from prison

What are three problems of the macroeconomy?

1. Unemployment 2. Inflation 3. Falling Production

Explain the current federal position (SCOTUS) on the death penalty and any relevant historical precedents

1967 - SCOTUS placed a hold on all scheduled executions 1972 - SCOTUS invalidated the death penalty in states that imposed it because the way it was practiced violated the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments As a result, a number of states adopted a bifurcated, or two-stage, process, in which a jury first determines guilt or innocence and then, if the defendant is found guilty, declares if the death penalty should be imposed 1976 - SCOTUS upheld the bifurcation process Today, 36 states have adopted this process and provide for legally acceptable capital punishment

What book did John Maynard Keynes publish in 1936 ? What did he believe about economics?

A General Theory of Money, Interest, and Employment, which basically launched the field of macroeconomics. Along with John Hicks, Keynes argued that markets don't self-correct quickly because prices and wages take time to adjust. They claimed that during recessions it is necessary for the government to get involved by using monetary and fiscal policy to increase output and decrease unemployment.

What is a debt ceiling? What is the biggest national expenditure?

A cap on how much debt the U.S. Treasury can issue. (Limit on the amount of national debt that can be issued by the U.S. Treasury). Social Security

Give one additional fact about it.

A minor was arrested for allegedly making an obscene phone call. His parents were not notified and were not present during the juvenile court judge's decision-making process SCOTUS held that juveniles are entitled to many of the same due process rights granted to adult offenders, including notice of charges, the right to counsel, the privilege against self-incrimination, and the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses

Who can pardon?

A pardon can be given only by the president or one of the fifty governors

Buyers in the upscale motorcycle market experience a decline in their incomes. What is the supply/demand change, if any? What is the graphic change, if any?

A. Demand Increase B. DEMAND DECREASE C. Supply Increase D. Supply Decrease E. No change in Demand and Supply A. Supply curve shifts to the left B. Supply curve shifts to the right C. DEMAND CURVE SHIFTS TO THE LEFT D. Demand curve shifts to the right E. No shifts

A waste hauler finds its costs increasing because of environmental regulations. What is the supply/demand change, if any? What is the graphic change, if any?

A. Demand Increase B. Demand Decrease C. Supply Increase D. SUPPLY DECREASE E. No change in Demand and Supply A. SUPPLY CURVE SHIFTS TO THE LEFT B. Supply curve shifts to the right C. Demand curve shifts to the left D. Demand curve shifts to the right E. No shifts

What is the difference between a sentence imposed and a sentence served? Who decides each? What are these decisions based on?

Although judges may decide on indeterminate sentencing, thereafter it is parole boards that decide when prisoners will be released after the minimum sentence is served

What is a new approach police have taken to combat terrorism?

American law enforcement agencies are no longer willing to take the chance that nascent terrorist plots will develop into significant security threats Therefore, they are taking steps to stop these plots in the planning stages, even if the dangers posed by the conspirators are minimal

What is the difference between an adjudicatory hearing and a disposition hearing?

An adjudicatory hearing is essentially the "trial." Defense attorneys may be present during the adjudicatory hearing in juvenile courts In many states, once adjudication has occurred, there is a separate disposition hearing that is similar to the sentencing phase in an adult court. At this point, the court, often aided by a predisposition report, determines the sentences that serves the "needs" of the child

What is a Market?

Any place where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods and services.

(Blank) is a virtual currency that is not issued or regulated by a specific country. Unlike other electronic currency, it doesn't involve a bank, so people can, in theory, buy things (Blank). This appeals to people who don't trust central banks, and also people who want to buy illegal stuff online.

BITCOIN // ANONYMOUSLY

The process of booms and busts is called the (Blank).

BUSINESS CYCLE

The eventual result of voluntary exchange is that sellers can't make themselves better off without producing something that makes (Blank) better off.

BUYERS

What was the era of New Classical economics? What did it focus on? (give two facts)

Born in the 1970s when many of the world's economies experienced stagflation and Keynesian economics could not offer an explanation for the serious inflation Focuses on an aggregate demand-aggregate supply model similar to the classical model Aggregate demand is represented by a downward-sloping curve showing an inverse relationship between price and output demand levels based on, interest rate, wealth, foreign trade effects New classical aggregate supply can be viewed in the short-run or long-run. In the short-run prices do not change at low levels of output a direct relationship exists between prices and output in the intermediate range, at high levels of output, prices are flexible upward and downward, and outputs do not change. The long-run view of aggregate supply is based on the natural rate hypothesis—The economy moves toward the natural rate of unemployment as price changes bring aggregate demand into equality with aggregate supply. The new classical school advocates little government intervention in the economy because adaptive and rational expectations by households and businesses undermine the intentions of policymakers

What's the difference between a deficit and debt?

Budget DEFICIT - When the government spends more than it brings in in tax revenue in a given year, then it has to borrow money to cover that year's shortfall. (the amount by which a government's spending exceeds its income over a particular period of time) Debt - The ACCUMULATION of budget deficits.

What was the era of New Keynesian economics? What did it focus on? (give two facts)

Builds on the Keynesian view Emphasizes the inflexibility of prices and wages downward Attempts to better connect macroeconomics to microeconomic decision making Also stresses that the microeconomy does not automatically adjust to full employment

What's the difference between a shift and a movement? What causes each? (You may draw a picture)

Changes in price cause movements along a demand or supply curve, Changes in nonprice influences cause shifts of demand or supply curves

With the exception of question #2, this quiz showcases much of thee discretion available to judges, probation/parole officers and sentencing review boards. What are your personal values with regard to these questions? In other words, if given the opportunity to decide a convict's pathway through the criminal justice system, what do you believe works?

Choose four questions above and state clearly your position (or under what circumstances you would agree to certain terms) and why you agree with it. You may also state why you disagree with opposing options:

Give four examples of types of "money"

Cigarettes & postage stamps in prison Animals shells Cash/coins Checks/Credit Cards/Digital Money Bitcoin

What is cyberbullying?

Cyberbullying is behavior that is designed to inflict repeated emotional harm on the victim through the use of computers, cell phones, and other electronic devices

What is cyberstalking?

Cyberstalking is the online version of the crime of stalking, which occurs when a "credible threat" takes place that cause a victim to reasonably fear for his or her physical safety of the physical safety of the victim's immediate family

Banks and bonds deal in (Blank). If you get a loan from a bank or if you're a government that sells a bond, the amount you must repay is set. Stocks, on the other hand are known as (Blank) ( the difference between the value of the assets/interest and the cost of the liabilities of something owned). If a company enjoys high profits, shareholders get more money; if a company goes bankrupt, shareholders may get nothing.

DEBT // EQUITY

What types of budgets are expansionary because the government injects more into the spending stream than it takes out as taxes

Deficit and Balanced budgets

What is Demand? What is Supply?

Demand - a buyer's willingness and ability to purchase different amount of a product at different prices in a given period of time when all nonprice factors are held constant A supply schedule shows the different amounts of a product that a seller would offer in the market at different prices in a given period when all nonprice factors are held constant. The Law of Supply follows from sellers' efforts to cover costs and earn profits

What are the two types of inflation?

Demand-Pull Inflation - caused by upward pressure on prices from the buyers' side of the market, Cost-Push Inflation - caused by the seller's side of the market

Name two, and explain one important piece of financial legislation that we discussed.

Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act (1980) -Made FDI's more similar in the deposit accounts they offer and the types of loans they make -Eliminated much of the distinction between commercial banks and other FDI's, such as savings and loans and credit unions -Increased the authority of the Fed Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (1999) - Allowed bank holding companies to become financial holding companies and engage in securities and insurance activities (Permitted the formation of bank and financial holding companies that allow banking organizations to conduct securities and insurance activities) -Tore down the strong firewall between commercial banking and other financial industries built in 1933 with the Glass-Steagall Act (kept banks apart from securities, insurance and other financial industries) Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (2010) -Increased accountability in and regulation over financial institutions and the instruments and products they provide -In response to the financial crisis of 2007-9 -Extremely controversial -Strengthened consumer protection, heads off financial bailouts, created an advance warning system about systemic issues that threaten the economy, regulate exotic financial instruments, enforce s regulations already in existence, gives more oversight ability to the Fed -Financial bailout through the Emergency Stabilization Act -$7b to the U.S. Treasury for assistance in keeping financial companies from failing)

What is a discouraged worker?

Discouraged workers - people who've quit looking for work because they have been unsuccessful in their search Discouraged workers and part time workers seeking full time work may cause the unemployment rate to understate the extent to which labor resources are underutilized

Probable cause requirements, the right to counsel, and other important due process protections [Do or Do Not] apply in cases involving those who violated immigration law

Do Not

What is an equilibrium price? Draw it on a graph.

Equilibrium Price - The price that equalizes buyers' and sellers' plans, and toward which a market automatically moves

Who makes up the labor force? What constitutes "full employment?"

Everyone 16+ who are employed or actively seeking work Full employment - everyone in the labor force except the frictionally unemployed is working

Define and draw a picture of the business cycle, including its four phases

Expansions and contractions in levels real GDP Business cycles have four phases: Recovery Peak Recession Trough

[True or False] Approximately 2 million Americans spend time in jail each year.

False (It's 7mil)

[True or False] Probation is an alternative to parole (It's an alternative to incarceration)

False (It's an alternative to incarceration)

[True or False] Nearly 1/2 of those involved in the American correction system are on probation at any given time.

False (it's 1/3)

[True or False] Immigration law is a form of criminal.

False -Immigration law is a form of civil law, not criminal law

[True or False] The financial system is just one piece of something much bigger: the stock market

False -The stock market is just one piece of something much bigger: the financial system.

What is fiscal policy and how does it influence the economy?

Fiscal Policy - changes in government expenditures and/or taxes for the purpose of influencing the levels of output, employment, or prices in the economy Can be used to reduce unemployment by injecting more spending into the economy through increased government purchases, increased transfer payments, and/or decreased taxes

The objective of full production and economic growth, full employment, and stable prices can be accomplished through increasing or decreasing total spending. Name and describe the two types of policies that impact the three economic goals

Fiscal policy influences total spending through changes in government purchases of goods and services, transfers, and taxes Monetary policy influences spending through changes in the interest rate and money supply, or changes in lending and borrowing

Name two of the four categories of residential treatment programs

Foster care Group homes Family group homes Rural programs such as wilderness camps, farms and ranches

Name and explain/define the three types of unemployment

Frictional - voluntary, short term, and primary due to the time required to locate work Cyclical - involuntary, caused by downswings in the general level of economic activity Structural - involuntary and occurs when a particular job is no longer in demand in the economy

What was the era of Keynesian economics? What did it focus on? (give two facts)

Gained prominence during the 1930s John Maynard Keynes introduced the ideas that a macroeconomy can move toward an equilibrium output level that is less than full employment and that is no mechanism is built into the economy to automatically move it toward full employment. Focused on the role of total spending in the economy, indicating that the equilibrium output level of an economy is a direct result of the level of total spending in the economy. Macroequilibrium occurs in the Keynesian model when total spending equals total current output, or when the leakages from and injections into the spending stream are equal. When spending is greater than the current level of output, which is caused by injections exceeding leakages, the economy expands, when spending is less than the current level of output, which is caused by leakages exceeding injections, the economy contracts. Keynes advocated government intervention -or fiscal policy- to move the economy from equilibrium at low levels of output to equilibrium at a higher full employment level of output.

Define Gross Domestic Product

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - a dollar figure that measures the value of all finished goods and services produced in an economy in one year. GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced within a country's border in a specific period of time, usually a year.

The formal system is militaristic with a (Blank) (top-down) chain of command: the (Blank)(or superintendent) is on top, then deputy (Blank), and last, custodial employees.

HIERARCHICAL// WARDEN// WARDENS

Give three examples of domestic terrorism

Homegrown radical Islamic terrorists attempt to practice their version of jihad on American soil, The "pro-life" movement uses violent means to block access to legal abortions Antigovernment groups commit terrorist acts against the U.S. government, which they believe is acting contrary to the interests of the American people. Animal rights groups and ecoterrorists engage in acts of sabotage in an effort to protect animals and the environment

Give two facts (could be definitions) about inflation and/or deflation

INFLATION - an increase in a currency supply relative to the number of people using it, resulting in the prices of goods and services over time. DEFLATION - a decrease in the general price level of goods and services.

What is the velocity of money?

In any year, the economy's money supply is smaller than the value of goods and services produced, or GDP The average number of time a dollar is spent during a year as it is used for the purchase of new goods and services Total M1 as a % of GDP (measures the average annual turnover of the money supply in relation to GDP)

How has the internet expanded opportunities for identity theft?

In cyberspace, thieves can steal data from anywhere in the world as long as they have the necessary expertise and computer equipment. Their task is made easier by the fact that many e-businesses store information such as the consumer's name, e-mail address, and credit-card numbers. Thus, if the wrongdoer can illegally access these online information "warehouses," he or she is immediately in possession of a large amount of the personal data necessary for identity theft.

What is the difference between a day reporting centers and intensive supervision probation?

In day reporting center, the offender is allowed to remain in the community, but must spend all or part of each day at the reporting center. While at the center, offenders meet with probation officers, submit to drug tests, and attend counseling and education programs. With intensive supervision probation (ISP), more restrictions are imposed, and there is more face-to-face contact between offenders and probation officers. ISP may also include electronic surveillance

Give one way that the Patriot Act made it easier for federal agents to conduct searches during terrorism investigations

In requesting a search warrant for investigations of terrorism, federal agents no longer need to provide probably cause of wrongdoing They must only prove that their actions have a "significant purpose," which means that no proof of criminal activity need be provided

How has the internet contributed to piracy of intellectual property

In the past, copying intellectual property such as films and music was time consuming, and the quality of the pirated copies was vastly inferior to that of the originals On the internet, however, millions of unauthorized copies of intellectual property can be reproduced at the click of a mouse, and the quality of these items is often the same as that of the original

Name two other significant banking changes

Increase in the popularity of mutual funds -As an alternative to savings accounts - the money is invested in corporate stocks or bonds, government securities, etc. Elimination of most savings and loans associations -Legislative and structural changes were prompted by a substantial number of savings and loans failures in the late 80s and 90s as the result of deregulation Financial crisis of 2007-9 -Shadow banks and subprime mortgages - banks made vulnerable investments that caused them to fail

Name two things that happen when there is an increase in total spending

Increased output, employment, and income; the economy grows until it reaches full employment

What is indeterminant sentencing? What is determinant sentencing?

Indeterminate sentencing follows from legislative penal codes that set minimum and maximum amounts of incarceration time. Determinate sentencing carries a fixed amount of time, although this may be reduced for "good time."

Leakage or Injection into the spending stream? Investment spending Business saving and taxes Nonincome-determined expenditures Government purchases of goods and services Transfer payments provide by the government Households savings Taxes are a ( ) Expenditures by US buyers on imported goods and services Purchases of exported US goods and services by foreign byers

Injection Leakage Injection Injection Injection Leakage Leakage Leakage Injection

Define M1 and M2

M1 - coins and paper money in circulation, nonbank-issued traveler's checks, demand deposits (checking accounts) at commercial banks, and other checkable deposits M2 - M1 + accounts that have limited checkable features and accounts that are easily convertible to cash

What are the two types of GDP? Contrast them (Blank) GDP - GDP not adjusted for inflation (Blank) GDP - GDP adjusted for inflation

Money GDP - the value of output in prices at the time production occurs; is affected by chances in both output and price levels Real GDP - Money GDP adjusted to eliminate inflation; changes only as the level of output changes. Real GDP is a better measure of production than money GDP GDP understates actual output because some production is never included in the calculation NOMINAL //REAL

The single most important SCOTUS case with respect to juvenile justice was called what?

Kent v. United States (1966) was In re Gault, decided by the Supreme Court in 1967.

Give one argument in support of and one argument against the death penalty

Many of those who favor capital punishment believe that it is "just deserts" for the most violent of criminals. Those who oppose it see the act as little more than revenge There is also disagreement over whether the death penalty acts as a deterrent A relatively high number of death row inmates who have been found innocent has raised questions about the fallibility of the process, while certain statistics seem to show that execution is rather arbitrary. Finally, many observers contend that capital punishment is administered unfairly with regard to members of minority groups

The Monetarist school of thought:

Monetarists focused on price stability and argue the money supply should be increased slowly and predictably to allow for steady growth. Or - focus on the role of money in the economy; Advocates changing the money supply to stabilize the macroeconomy Supply-side economics focuses on policies to increase production and productivity

What is the definition of money? Give the two of the three functions of money.

Money - a medium of exchange, or something generally accepted as a means of payment for goods, services, and resources ((Payment)) Serves as a measure of value (( it is a unit of account - money is a standardized metric that allows us to measure the relative value of things)) Store of wealth/value

Contrast cyber crimes with traditional crimes

Most cyber crimes are not "new" types of crimes; rather, they are traditional crimes committed in cyberspace. Perpetrators of cyber crimes are often aided by certain aspects of the internet, such as its ability to cloak the user's identity and its effectiveness as a conduit for transferring - or stealing- large amounts of information very quickly.

Is free speech on the internet is absolute? Why or why not?

No. The Supreme Court has ruled the government may regulate certain forms of speech if they create an "imminent danger" for an individual or the community. Therefore, the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution may not protect information on the internet that can be proved to have incited dangerous behavior, such as instructions for building a bomb.

The (Blank) a person is, the less likely he or she will exhibit criminal behavior. This process is known as aging out.

OLDER -Thus, persons in any at-risk group will commit fewer crimes as they get older.

Name two of the three things affected by the business cycle

Output, Employment, Income

What book did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish in 1848? What did they believe about economics?

The Communist Manifesto Rather than examining individual behavior, they looked at economic classes and argued that history was explained by the conflict between workers and property owners. This process would inevitably lead workers to overthrow their bosses. Ushering in a new stateless and classless system called Communism.

What is greater than the combined purchases of business, government units, and foreign buyers?

Personal Consumption/Household Expenditures

Give one positive and one negative consequence of our high rates of incarceration

Positive - Reduction in the country's crime rate Negative - Financial hardships, reduced supervision and discipline of children, and a general deterioration of the family structure when one parent is in prison

What was the era of classical economics? What did it focus on? (give two facts)

Prevailing school of thought prior to the 1930s and Great Depression The classical aggregate demand-aggregate supply model focuses on the relationship between price and wage levels and output levels. Concludes that a free market economy's output level always self-corrects to full employment and that prices and wages increase and decrease with changes in aggregate demand. Increases in aggregate demand bring increases in prices and wages, and decreases in aggregate demand bring decreases in prices and wages

Define price elasticity and give one example of an elastic product and one of an inelastic product

Price elasticity measures buyers' and sellers' sensitivities to changes in the price of a product Elastic - Want ex. designer purse Inelastic - Need ex. food

Why has probation officers' work become more dangerous?

Probation is increasingly offered to felons, even those who have committed violent crimes Because there are more guns on the streets, a probationer is more likely to be armed

What are victim impact statements? Do you support them? Why or why not?

Proponents of victim impact statements believe that they allow victims to provide character evidence in the same manner as defendants have always been allowed to do and that they give victims a therapeutic "voice" in the sentencing process Opponents argue that the statements bring unacceptable levels of emotion into the courtroom and encourage judges and juries to make sentencing decisions based on the "social value" of the victim rather than the facts of the case

What is a public goods? A quasi-public good? Give one example of each

Public good - provided for everyone and which exclude no one from their use such as lighthouses, public parks, flood control dams Quasi-public good - may also be offered in a private market such as education or an ambulance ride

Give two of the four justifications for community based programs

Reintegration of the offender into society Restores family ties, encourages employment and education, and secures a place for the offender in the routine functioning of society Diversion By diverting criminals to alternative modes of punishment, further overcrowding of jail and prison facilities can be avoided, as can the cost of incarcerating the offenders

If the price for strawberries goes down to $1, buyers will want to buy a whole lot but producers won't have an incentive and will produce very little. There is a mismatch and it's called a (Blank). There is only one price where the quantity that buyers want to buy is exactly equal to the quantify that sellers want to sell. When supply = demand, it's called the (Blank)price and (Blank)quantity.

SHORTAGE // EQUILIBRIUM// EQUILIBRIUM

Expansionary fiscal policy - (Blank) the economy during or in anticipation of a business-cycle contraction (e.g., during a recessionary gap, increase government spending, cut taxes or both - this increases consumer spending). Contractionary fiscal policy is enacted by a government to (Blank) the money supply and ultimately the spending in a country (government cuts spending or cuts taxes, leaving consumers with less money to spend). *Not seen often in practice because it can cost politicians their jobs.

STIMULATES// REDUCE

Describe how the Great Depression changed attitudes toward classical and Keynesian economic schools of thought.

The Great Depression crushed the market economies of the world's richest countries. It also dealt a devastating blow to classical economics. The theories of Smith and Marshal didn't have much to say about how something like this could happen or how to fix it.

Give one reason why sentencing reform has occurred

Sentencing Disparity - indicative of a situation in which those convicted of similar crimes receive dissimilar sentences (often due to a particular judge's sentencing philosophy) Sentencing Discrimination - has occurred on the basis of defendants'' gender, race, or economic standing "Get tough on crime" - There is general support for this idea

Give two reasons why youths join gangs

Some alienated teenagers join gangs for the social relationships gangs can provide A sense of identity Youths living in high-crime neighborhoods join gangs as a form of protection The excitement of belonging to a gang is another reason to join

Name two of the three truth-in-sentencing goals

Such laws make more transparent the actual time that a convicted criminal will serve in the jail or prison 1. To restore "truth" in the sentencing process 2. To increase the percentage of the term that is actually served in prison in order to reduce crime by keeping convicts "off the streets" for a long period 3. To better control the use of prison space by giving corrections officials predictable terms and policymakers advance notice of potential overcrowding

List three nonprice factors that influence BUYERS.

Taste/Identity, Availability, Change in income/available income, Seasons, Advertising, Demographics, Alternatives, Complementary goods, Promotions (free gifts, etc), Convenience

What's the difference between a tax base and a tax rate?

Tax base - the thing on which a tax is levied Tax rate - the amount that is levied on the base

Name two of the three trends in international terrorism

Terrorists have developed more efficient methods of financing their operations Terrorists have developed more efficient organizations based on the small-business model Terrorists have exploited new communications technology to mount global campaigns

What does the Antiterrrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) do?

The AEDPA allows federal law enforcement officials to prosecute those suspected of providing "material support or resources" to any group that the U.S. government has designated a "foreign terrorist organization." The legislation permits the arrest of a suspect who has not yet committed a crime, thereby allowing for preventative measures not usually available under criminal law

Give one feature of the Pennyslvania system and one feature of the New York system of the 1800s

The Pennsylvania system imposed total silence on its prisoners. Based on the concept of separate confinement, penitentiaries were constructed with back-to-back cells facing both outward and inward. Prisoners worked, slept, and ate alone in their cells. New York used the congregate system; silence was imposed but inmates worked and ate together

What book did Adam Smith published in 1776? What did he believe about economics?

The Wealth of Nations Smith introduced the idea that a person following their own self-interest could end up serving the common good. He also advocated free trade. Many countries at the time had heavy tariffs which protected their domestic manufacturers at the expense of trade.

What is purchasing power?

The amount of physical goods and services that can be bought by a given amount of money.

What is purchasing power? What happens to purchasing power if prices go down? If prices go up?

The amount of physical goods and services that can be bought by a given amount of money? If prices go down, purchasing power has increased. If prices go up (you have to consume less) purchasing power has decreased.

What is the hands-off doctrine approach of prisoner law? How does it contrast with the hands-on approach?

The hands-off doctrine assumes that the care of prisoners should be left entirely to prison officials and that is not the place of judges to intervene The hands-on philosophy started in 1964 after the Supreme Court decision Cooper v. Pate. Prisoners have been able to file civil lawsuits, called Section 1983, when they feel their civil rights have been violated

Give two of the three reasons the internet is conducive to the dissemination of child pornography

The internet provides: 1. A quick way to transmit child pornography from providers to consumers 2. Security such as untraceable e-mails and password-protected websites and chat rooms 3. Anonymity for buyers and sellers of child pornography

Does economic activity increase, decrease, or stay the same? All leakages = All injections Leakages > Injections Injections > Leakages

The level of economic activity will stay the same Spending decreases - The level of economic activity falls Spending stream expands - Level of economic activity grows

What is the multiplier effect?

The multiplier effect is calculated by dividing the initial change in nonincome determined spending by the percentage of additional income received by households that is not spend

Name three of the six most likely conditions under which an offender is most likely to be denied probation

The offender (a) has been convicted of multiple charges (b) was on probation or parole when arrested (c) has two or more prior convictions (d) is addicted to narcotics (e) seriously injured the victim of the crime (f) used a weapon while committing the crime

Explain the primary difference between intelligence and law enforcement agencies

The primary goal of an intelligence agency is to prevent crime by gathering information on potential illegal acts before they occur In contrast, a law enforcement agency devotes its resources to solving crimes that have already occurred and bringing those who committed those crimes to justice

What are the three ways government can influence spending?

The purchase of goods/services Transfer payments Taxes on households and businesses

How do encryption programs protect digital data from unauthorized users

Through the process of encryption, plaintext data are transformed into ciphertext, which only those who have access to the proper code can read or access. Unless a third party is able to "break" this code, the information will stay secure

What's the difference between a partial and total institution? Give an example of each

Total: Every aspect/detail of a person's life is controlled in a total institution Partial institutions -schools, companies where they work, and religious organizations Total institutions- prison

What's another name for supply-side economics? What does this policy advocate?

Trickle-down economics Supply-side economists advocated deregulation and cutting taxes, especially corporate taxes.

[True or False] Immigration laws offer fewer procedural protections to noncitizens suspected of terrorist activities

True

[True or False] Parole is an early release program for those incarcerated

True

[True or False]The Austrian school today argues the economy today is just too complicated to manipulate.

True

[True or False] In addition, as the federal government borrows more, it can crowd out private borrowing

True -The government borrows at the lowest interest rates offered from anyone willing to lend funds and gives U.S. Treasury securities in return. In addition, as the federal government borrows more, it can crowd out private borrowing

What is the doctrine of parens patriae?

Under the doctrine of parens patriae, the state has a right and a duty to care for neglected, delinquent, or disadvantaged children. The child-saving movement started in the 1800s. Its followers believed that juvenile offenders require treatment rather than punishment

What does WMD and CBERN stand for?

WMD "weapons of mass destruction," which include nuclear, radiological, chemical, and biological weapons with the capacity to do great damage CBERN, a term favored by the military, stand for "chemical, biological, explosive, radiological, and nuclear" -adding "explosive" because of the threat posed by conventional explosives

What is a recession?

When two successive quarters or six months show a decrease in real GDP

Name the six general job categories among correctional officers

a) Block officers, who supervise cell blocks or are on block guard duty (b) Word detail supervisors, who oversee the cafeteria, prison store, and laundry, for example (c) Industrial shop and school officers, who generally oversee workshop and education programs (d)Yard officers, who patrol the prison yard when prisoners are allowed there (e) Tower guards, who work in isolation (f) Those who hold administrative building assignments, such as prison gate guards and overseers of visitation procedures

Name the five of the six forms of punishment

a) Capital (death sentence) (b) Imprisonment (c) Probation (d) Fines (e) Restitution and community service (f) Restorative Justice (apologies)

List three of the six typical conditions for release for a paroled child molester

a) Have no contact with children under the age of 16 (b) Continue psychiatric treatment (c) Obtain permission from a parole officer to change residence (d) Keep away from schools or parks where children are present (e) Cannot own toys that may be used to lure children (f) Cannot have a job or participate in any activity that involves children

Name four major differences between juvenile and adult courts

a) No juries (b) Different terminology (c) Limited adversarial relationship (d) Confidentiality

Name three of the four factors that determine a sentence

a) Seriousness of the crime (b) Mitigating circumstances (c) Aggravating circumstances (d) Judicial philosophy

What are the three general categories of conditions placed on a probationer

a) Standard conditions, such as requiring that the probationer notify the agency of a change of address, not leave the jurisdiction without permission, and remain employed (b) Punitive conditions, such as restitution, community service, and home confinement (c) Treatment conditions, such as required drug or alcohol treatment

Name four of the six factors that normally determine what police do with juvenile offenders

a) The nature of the offense (b) The youthful offender's past criminal history (c) The setting in which the offense took place (d) Whether the parents can take disciplinary action (e) The attitude of the offender (f) The offender's race and gender

What are the three stages of probation revocation

a) The preliminary hearing, which usually takes place before a judge, during which the facts of the probation violation are presented (b) The revocation hearing, during which the probation agency presents its claims of violation and the probationer has an opportunity to refute them (c) Revocation sentencing, during which a judge decides what to do with the probationer convicted of violating the terms of probation

Give three of the five reasons for violent behavior in prisons

a) To separate the powerful from the weak and to establish a prisoner hierarchy (b) To minimize one's own probability of being a target of assault (c) To enhance one's self-image (d) To obtain sexual relief (e) To obtain material goods through extortion or robbery

Explain two of the three ways exchanges take place.

a. Banks - a lender deposits money into a bank and then the bank turns around and loans that money; borrowers repay with interest b. Bond market - a government or large corporation that needs to borrow money will sell bonds to lenders. A bond is an IOU. If the lender wants cash "now," they sell the bond. c. The stock market - stocks are slices of ownership in a company. Households get the stock and businesses get the cash. If the company profits in the future, it is shared with shareholders

Give four facts about the Federal Reserve system

a. Coordinates commercial banking operations b. Regulates other financial depository institutions c. Oversees the U.S. money supply d. Organized geographically into 12 districts e. Headed by the Board of Governors f. The 12 Federal Reserve banks and their branches provide services to financial institutions rather than directly to the general public g. Functions: Supervise and examine the operations of member banks in their districts; Maintain reserve accounts; Circulate coins and paper money; Clear checks and some electronic payments; Act as fiscal agents for the federal government

Give one example of a determinant sentence

a. Mandatory minimums b. Truth in sentencing laws c. Three strikes laws d. Sentencing guidelines

Give two types of government expenditures, give two examples of each type

a. Purchases of goods and services The service of people who work for government in many jobs from military careers to public pool life guards, and goods ranging from bridges to paper clips b. Transfer payments Payments from the government with nothing required in return such as social security payments, veterans' benefits, unemployment and public assistance

Name and define/describe the four basic philosophical reasons for sentencing criminals

a. Retribution - Under the principle of retributive justice, the severity of the punishment is in proportion to the severity of the crime. Punishment is an end in itself b. Deterrence - In contrast, the deterrence approach seeks to prevent future crimes by setting an example. Such punishment is based on its deterrent value and not necessarily on the severity of the crime c. Incapacitation - The incapacitation theory of punishment simply argues that a criminal in prison cannot inflict further harm on society d. Rehabilitation - In contrast, the rehabilitation theory believes that criminals can be rehabilitated in the appropriate prison environment

What happens if the government sets a price ceiling for a good or service, and the equilibrium price is above the ceiling? What if the government sets a price floor for a good or service, and the equilibrium price is below the floor?

a. The ceiling price takes effect and a shortage develops b. The floor takes effect and a surplus develops

If the economy is operating at or near full employment, increases in spending may lead to [cost-push/demand-pull] inflation rather than to increases in output and employment. For this reason, increasing total spending does not always cause the economy to expand.

demand-pull