CRNA Chemistry and Physics- from power points
Law of conservation of mass
- No detectable change in the total mass occurs during a chemical reaction. This law was proposed by Antoine Lavoisier
Oxygen (found in...)
-20% of air -Production of ATP -O3 (ozone) protects skin cancer
Nitrogen (found in...)
-80% of air -Nitrous oxide (N2O) ; anesthetic gas
Aluminum (found in...)
-Antiperspirants (aluminum chloride) and antacids (aluminum hydroxide)
Barium (found in...)
-Barium enema (BaSO4)
Helium (found in...)
-Coolant in MRI instruments
•Role of electrons in chemical bonding
-Electrons occupy regions of space called electron shells that surrounds the nucleus in layers -Each shell hold a specific number of electrons and represents different energy level
Calcium (found in...)
-Excitation and contraction of muscles -Blood clotting (factor IV)
Iron (found in...)
-Fe++ (ferrous) and Fe+++ (ferric)-poor carrier -Transport O2 in Hb -Methemoglobinemia ?? Causes ? Treatment?
Lithium (found in...)
-For bipolar disorder
Magnesium (found in...)
-Mag sulf
Hydrogen (found in...)
-Most abundant atom -Responsible of body pH
Sodium (found in...)
-Most abundant extracellular ion -Determines plasma osmolarity and volume
Potassium (found in...)
-Most abundant intracellular ion -Muscle contraction , nerve conduction
Carbon (found in...)
-Organic compounds Activated charcoal to adsorb toxic material
Methemoglobinemia (MetHb) (Cause)
-Passed down through families (inherited or congenital) -Caused by exposure to certain medicines, chemicals, or foods (acquired) There are two forms of inherited MetHb. The first form is passed on by both parents. The parents usually do not have the condition themselves. They carry the gene that causes the condition. It occurs when there is a problem with an enzyme called cytochrome b5 reductase. There are two types of inherited MetHb: Type 1 (also called erythrocyte reductase deficiency) occurs when RBCs lack the enzyme. Type 2 (also called generalized reductase deficiency) occurs when the enzyme doesn't work in the body. The second form of inherited MetHb is called hemoglobin M disease. It is caused by defects in the hemoglobin protein itself. Only one parent needs to pass on the abnormal gene for the child to inherit the disease. Acquired MetHb is more common than the inherited forms. It occurs in some people after they are exposed to certain chemicals and medicines, including: Anesthetics such as benzocaine Nitrobenzene Certain antibiotics (including dapsone and chloroquine) Nitrites (used as additives to prevent meat from spoiling)
Phosphorus ( found in ...)
-Present in DNA, RNA and ATP
Fluorine (found in)
-Strengthens teeth
Iodine (found in...)
-Topical antiseptic -Requires for synthesis of thyroid hormones
Mercury (found in...)
-Used in sphygmomanometers, thermometer
Copper (found in...)
-Wilson disease (áá copper)
•Most transition metals form more than _______ cation
1
Oygen atoms form __________ bonds (how many)
2
Nitrogen atoms form ________ bonds (how many)
3
Carbon atoms form ___________ bonds ( how many)
4
Is O2 an element or a molecule?
Both
Carbon - Symbol approx. % body mass function
C 18.5% a primary component of all organic molecules, including carbohydrates, lipid (fats), proteins and nucleic acids.
Calcium - symbol approx. % body mass function
Ca 1.5% found as a salt in bones and teeth. Its ionic form (Ca2+) is required for muscle contraction, conduction of nerve impulses and blood clotting.
Zinc (found in...)
Calamine lotion and sunblock (zinc oxide)
Chlorine - symbol Approx. % body mass function
Cl 0.2% Its ion chloride (Cl-) is the most abundant negative ion (anion) in extracellular fluids
Covalent =
Close on the periodic table
Chlorine (found in...)
Disinfectant as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) -Clorox ®
Russian who constructed the periodic table of elements, emphasizing that chemical and physical properties are repeated in a predictable way
Dmitri Mendeleev, 1834-1907
Iron - symbol approx. % body mass function
Fe 0.1% Component of hemoglobin ( which transports oxygen within red blood cells) and some enzymes
Monatomic Cations of Representative Metals
For representative cations, the ionic charge equals the group number New Traditional Na+ Group 1 Group 1A Mg2+ Group 2 Group 2A Al3+ Group 3 Group 3A To name these cations, name the element and add "cation"
Hydrogen - Symbol approx. % body mass function
H 9.5% a component of all organic molecules. As an ion (proton) it influences the pH of body fluids.
Diatomic molecular elements
H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
Hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions that form between partially charged atoms found in polar molecule
Iodine - symbol approx. % body mass function
I 0.1% needed to make functional thyroid hormones
_________ elements have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons
Inert
Ionic bonds
Ionic bonds are chemical bonds that form between two atoms that transfer one or more electrons from one atom to other -Ions are charged particles -An anion is an electron acceptor carrying a net negative charge due to the extra electron -A cation is an electron donor carrying a net positive charge due to the loss of an electron -Ionic compounds form crystals instead of individual molecules -Crystals are large structures of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds -Example: NaCl
•When _______________________ first noticed a small signal at 22 amu in the mass spectrum of neon, he first assumed it was an impurity ... but it turned out to be an isotope
J.J, Thompson
Potassium - Symbol approx. % body mass function
K 0.4 Its ion (K+) is the major positive ion (cation) in cells. Necessary for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction
What is used to determine mass of an atom or molecule?
Mass spectrometer
Magnesium - symbol approx. % body mass function
Mg 0.1% Present in bone. Also an important cofactor in a number of metabolic reactions.
Electron sharing produces ___________
Molecules
______________________ are electrically neutral.
Molecules
Nitrogen - Symbol approx. % body mass function
N 3.2% a component of proteins and nucleic acid (genetic material)
Nitrous Oxide
N2O
Nitric Oxide
NO
Sodium - symbol Approx. % body mass function
Na 0.2% As an ion (Na+) sodium is the major positive ion found in extracellular fluids (fluids outside of the cell). Important for water balance, conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction.
Oxygen - symbol approx. % body mass function
O 65.0% a major component of both organic (carbon containing) and inorganic (non-carbon containing) molecules. As a gas, it is needed for the production of cellular energy (ATP).
Phosphorus - symbol Approx % body mass function
P 1.0% Part of calcium phosphate salts in bones and teeth. Also present in nucleic acids and part of ATP.
tetratomic molecular elements
P4
Polar and non-polar molecules: Unequal sharing of electrons produces _____________ molecules
Polar -Electrons spend more time around one atom thus providing that atom with a partial -ve charge, while the other atom takes on a partial +ve charge -Polar molecule - dipole
Titanium (found in...)
Prosthetic implants
Chemically reactive elements
Reactive elements do not have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons
Sulfur - symbol Approx. % body mass function
S 0.3% component of proteins, particularly muscle proteins
Octatomic molecular element
S8
Metals
Shiny, lustrous Malleable, ductile Electrical and thermal conductor Located on the left side of the table
Metalloids (semimetals)
Shiny, lustrous Variable Poor conductor Located on the "stairstep" in the table
Role of Surfactant?
The main function of surfactant is to lower the surface tension at the air/liquid interface within the alveoli of the lung.
periodic law
The properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers
Methemoglobinemia (MetHb) (treatment)
Treatment People with hemoglobin M disease don't have symptoms. So, they may not need treatment. A medicine called methylene blue is used to treat severe MetHb. Methylene blue may be unsafe in people who have or may be at risk for a blood disease called G6PD deficiency. They should not take this medicine. If you or your child has G6PD deficiency, always tell your provider before getting treatment. Ascorbic acid may also be used to reduce the level of methemoglobin. Alternative treatments include hyperbaric oxygen therapy, red blood cell transfusion and exchange transfusions. In most cases of mild acquired MetHb, no treatment is needed. But you should avoid the medicine or chemical that caused the problem. Severe cases may need a blood transfusion.
True or False •Some atoms are capable of sharing two or three electrons between them, resulting double or triple covalent bonds
True
Non-metals
Variable Brittle Non-conductor (except graphite) Located on the right side of the table
Addition of water to a desiccant is...
a reversible process, so saturated desiccants can be used as moisturizers
negative
anion
Hydrogen bonds are important as ...
as intramolecular bonds, giving the molecule a three-dimensional shape
Isotope
atoms with the same atomic numbers but with different atomic weights. Structural variations of an atom. They have same number of protons (and electrons) but a different number of neutrons e.g. 1H , 2H, 3H
Atomic Weight
average of the mass numbers of all isotopes of an element
Silicon (found in...)
breast implants
How can most mixtures be separated?
by physical means
positive
cation
Elements in a family have similar...
chemical and physical properties
Hydrogen bonds tend to...
collapse the lung
A substance is matter that has a definite ___________ and _______ _________
composition, constant properties
Silver (found in...)
dental fillings
Covalent bonds form when...
electrons are shared between two atoms
Sulfur (found in...)
found in cytochrome oxidase (ATP?)
In the modern periodic table what are the columns called?
groups or families
Mixtures can be _________________ and ____________.
heterogeneous, homogeneous
All compounds are
homogeneous
Hydrogen bonds are common in...
in dipoles such as water
Ionic compounds are held together by...
ionic bonds, or the attraction of oppositely charged ions
Dalton's theory is significantly modified after the discovery of...
isotopes
Molecular compounds
made up of discrete units (molecules) and usually consist of a small number of nonmetal atoms held together by covalent bonds
Compounds composed of nonmetals tend to be __________________
molecular
Can compounds be separated by physical means?
no
Can elements be broken down or decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means?
no
Does chemical bonding take place in mixtures?
no
Polar and non-polar molecules: Electrons shared equally between atoms produce __________ molecules
non-polar
•Bonds are formed using the electrons in the _____________ energy level
outermost
Valence shell
outermost energy level containing chemically active electrons
In the modern periodic table what are the rows called and how do they increase?
periods, increase by atomic number
-Isotopes have the ___________ atomic number but ____________ mass numbers (same Z, different A)
same, different -Or, same number of protons, different number of neutrons
Polyatomic Ions
see slide 60
Hydrogen atoms form ________________ bonds (how many)
single
Hydrogen bonds are responsible for...
surface tension in water
•A desiccant is ...
the anhydrous form of a compound that has a strong tendency to form a hydrate, and is used to scavenge the last traces of water from a system
The atomic mass or atomic weight is...
the average mass of an atom in a natural sample of the element
The molecular formula of a substance gives...
the number of each kind of atom in the molecule
Can compounds be broken down into elements by chemical processes?
yes
Law of definite proportions
•- Different samples of a pure compound always contain the same elements in the same proportion by mass -Water always contains 11.2% hydrogen and 88.8% oxygen
Radioisotopes
•- are heavier ,unstable isotopes of an element that spontaneously decompose into more stable forms -Half life- time required to loose ½ of radioactivity
Atomic number
•- equal to the number of protons e.g. atomic number of carbon is 6 -Tells number of electrons
Chemical Bond
•A chemical bond is an energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms
Molecule
•A molecule is a group of atoms chemically bonded together into a discrete unit -These types of bonds are called covalent bonds
Ion
•An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a charge
What are atoms?
•Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter. -Atoms are the smallest particle of an element that can enter into a chemical reaction -Composed of protons, neutrons and electrons
chemical properties
•Chemical properties are characteristics that describe the chemical reactivity of a substance. Chemical reactions result formation of different compounds
Compounds
•Compounds are comprised of more than one kind of atom in a fixed ratio by mass
What is Dalton's Theory?
•Dalton proposed the following three hypotheses to explain the Laws of Conservation of Mass and Definite Proportions 1. Each element is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms, which are identical for that element but are different (particularly their masses and chemical properties) from atoms of other elements 2.Chemical combination is simply the bonding of a definite, small whole number of atoms of each of the combining elements in a fixed ratio to make one molecule of the formed compound. A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms 3.No atoms are gained, lost, or changed in identity during a chemical reaction; they are just rearranged to produce new substances
Elements
•Elements are comprised of a single kind of atom -An element is defined by its number of protons (Z). -Proton (+) have a mass of 1 amu = 1.66 x 10-27 kg
Types of chemical bonds
•Ionic •Covalent •Hydrogen
Ions
•Ions are atoms that have gain or lost electrons from their natural composition.
Molecules
•Molecules are groups of atoms chemically bonded together into a discrete unit.
Octet Rule (rule of 8)
•Octet rule (Rule of '8') - except for the first shell which is full with two electrons, atoms interact in a manner to have eight electrons in their valence shell
Physical properties
•Physical properties do not describe the chemical reactivity of a substance. A substance can display physical properties without a change in composition
Hydrates
•Some ionic compounds incorporate a fixed number of water molecules into their formula unit •Naming hydrates only makes sense when you are dealing with solid reagents •The number of waters is indicated with a multiplier number CuSO4 · 5 H2O copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate CaSO4 · ½ H2O calcium sulfate sesquihydrate
Naming Transition Metal Cations
•The older system for naming transition metals is to name the lower charged ion as the "ous" ion and the higher charged ion as the "ic"ion -Cr2+ is the chromous ion -Cr3+ is the chromic ion •Use the Latin stem name if the ion name becomes clumsy -Fe2+ is the ferrous ion Fe3+ is the ferric ion
Molecular Compounds: Common Names
•These compounds have common (nonsystematic names) -Water -Ammonia -Methane -Ethane -Propane -Nitrous oxide
To name monatomic anions....
•add the suffix "ide" to the stem name Cl - chloride ion S2 - sulfide ion N3 - nitride ion O2 -oxide ion
Anion
•are negatively charged ions -Anions are formed by gain of electrons -Nonmetals tend to form anions
Cation
•are positively charged ions -Cations are formed by loss of electrons -Metals tend to form cations
In the solid state, ionic compounds form...
•crystalline lattices -Cations are attracted to all the neighboring anions, not just one -Thus, there are no discrete ionic "molecules"
The most commonly used desiccant is...
•is silica gel (SiO2)
Mass number
•of an element is equal to the number of the protons plus number of neutrons -Atomic mass unit (amu) -Electrons are ignored as they are weightless
Monatomic Anions of Representative Nonmetals: For representative anions, the ionic charge equals...
•the group number minus 8
The atomic number (Z) of an element is...
•the number of protons in the nucleus -Determines the identity of the atom
The mass number (A) of an atom is...
•the sum of the proton number (or atomic number) and the neutron number (N)