CRNA Chemistry and Physics- from power points

Law of conservation of mass

- No detectable change in the total mass occurs during a chemical reaction. This law was proposed by Antoine Lavoisier

Oxygen (found in...)

-20% of air -Production of ATP -O3 (ozone) protects skin cancer

Nitrogen (found in...)

-80% of air -Nitrous oxide (N2O) ; anesthetic gas

Aluminum (found in...)

-Antiperspirants (aluminum chloride) and antacids (aluminum hydroxide)

Barium (found in...)

-Barium enema (BaSO4)

Helium (found in...)

-Coolant in MRI instruments

•Role of electrons in chemical bonding

-Electrons occupy regions of space called electron shells that surrounds the nucleus in layers -Each shell hold a specific number of electrons and represents different energy level

Calcium (found in...)

-Excitation and contraction of muscles -Blood clotting (factor IV)

Iron (found in...)

-Fe++ (ferrous) and Fe+++ (ferric)-poor carrier -Transport O2 in Hb -Methemoglobinemia ?? Causes ? Treatment?

Lithium (found in...)

-For bipolar disorder

Magnesium (found in...)

-Mag sulf

Hydrogen (found in...)

-Most abundant atom -Responsible of body pH

Sodium (found in...)

-Most abundant extracellular ion -Determines plasma osmolarity and volume

Potassium (found in...)

-Most abundant intracellular ion -Muscle contraction , nerve conduction

Carbon (found in...)

-Organic compounds Activated charcoal to adsorb toxic material

Methemoglobinemia (MetHb) (Cause)

-Passed down through families (inherited or congenital) -Caused by exposure to certain medicines, chemicals, or foods (acquired) There are two forms of inherited MetHb. The first form is passed on by both parents. The parents usually do not have the condition themselves. They carry the gene that causes the condition. It occurs when there is a problem with an enzyme called cytochrome b5 reductase. There are two types of inherited MetHb: Type 1 (also called erythrocyte reductase deficiency) occurs when RBCs lack the enzyme. Type 2 (also called generalized reductase deficiency) occurs when the enzyme doesn't work in the body. The second form of inherited MetHb is called hemoglobin M disease. It is caused by defects in the hemoglobin protein itself. Only one parent needs to pass on the abnormal gene for the child to inherit the disease. Acquired MetHb is more common than the inherited forms. It occurs in some people after they are exposed to certain chemicals and medicines, including: Anesthetics such as benzocaine Nitrobenzene Certain antibiotics (including dapsone and chloroquine) Nitrites (used as additives to prevent meat from spoiling)

Phosphorus ( found in ...)

-Present in DNA, RNA and ATP

Fluorine (found in)

-Strengthens teeth

Iodine (found in...)

-Topical antiseptic -Requires for synthesis of thyroid hormones

Mercury (found in...)

-Used in sphygmomanometers, thermometer

Copper (found in...)

-Wilson disease (áá copper)

•Most transition metals form more than _______ cation

1

Oygen atoms form __________ bonds (how many)

2

Nitrogen atoms form ________ bonds (how many)

3

Carbon atoms form ___________ bonds ( how many)

4

Is O2 an element or a molecule?

Both

Carbon - Symbol approx. % body mass function

C 18.5% a primary component of all organic molecules, including carbohydrates, lipid (fats), proteins and nucleic acids.

Calcium - symbol approx. % body mass function

Ca 1.5% found as a salt in bones and teeth. Its ionic form (Ca2+) is required for muscle contraction, conduction of nerve impulses and blood clotting.

Zinc (found in...)

Calamine lotion and sunblock (zinc oxide)

Chlorine - symbol Approx. % body mass function

Cl 0.2% Its ion chloride (Cl-) is the most abundant negative ion (anion) in extracellular fluids

Covalent =

Close on the periodic table

Chlorine (found in...)

Disinfectant as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) -Clorox ®

Russian who constructed the periodic table of elements, emphasizing that chemical and physical properties are repeated in a predictable way

Dmitri Mendeleev, 1834-1907

Iron - symbol approx. % body mass function

Fe 0.1% Component of hemoglobin ( which transports oxygen within red blood cells) and some enzymes

Monatomic Cations of Representative Metals

For representative cations, the ionic charge equals the group number New Traditional Na+ Group 1 Group 1A Mg2+ Group 2 Group 2A Al3+ Group 3 Group 3A To name these cations, name the element and add "cation"

Hydrogen - Symbol approx. % body mass function

H 9.5% a component of all organic molecules. As an ion (proton) it influences the pH of body fluids.

Diatomic molecular elements

H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

Hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions that form between partially charged atoms found in polar molecule

Iodine - symbol approx. % body mass function

I 0.1% needed to make functional thyroid hormones

_________ elements have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons

Inert

Ionic bonds

Ionic bonds are chemical bonds that form between two atoms that transfer one or more electrons from one atom to other -Ions are charged particles -An anion is an electron acceptor carrying a net negative charge due to the extra electron -A cation is an electron donor carrying a net positive charge due to the loss of an electron -Ionic compounds form crystals instead of individual molecules -Crystals are large structures of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds -Example: NaCl

•When _______________________ first noticed a small signal at 22 amu in the mass spectrum of neon, he first assumed it was an impurity ... but it turned out to be an isotope

J.J, Thompson

Potassium - Symbol approx. % body mass function

K 0.4 Its ion (K+) is the major positive ion (cation) in cells. Necessary for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction

What is used to determine mass of an atom or molecule?

Mass spectrometer

Magnesium - symbol approx. % body mass function

Mg 0.1% Present in bone. Also an important cofactor in a number of metabolic reactions.

Electron sharing produces ___________

Molecules

______________________ are electrically neutral.

Molecules

Nitrogen - Symbol approx. % body mass function

N 3.2% a component of proteins and nucleic acid (genetic material)

Nitrous Oxide

N2O

Nitric Oxide

NO

Sodium - symbol Approx. % body mass function

Na 0.2% As an ion (Na+) sodium is the major positive ion found in extracellular fluids (fluids outside of the cell). Important for water balance, conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction.

Oxygen - symbol approx. % body mass function

O 65.0% a major component of both organic (carbon containing) and inorganic (non-carbon containing) molecules. As a gas, it is needed for the production of cellular energy (ATP).

Phosphorus - symbol Approx % body mass function

P 1.0% Part of calcium phosphate salts in bones and teeth. Also present in nucleic acids and part of ATP.

tetratomic molecular elements

P4

Polar and non-polar molecules: Unequal sharing of electrons produces _____________ molecules

Polar -Electrons spend more time around one atom thus providing that atom with a partial -ve charge, while the other atom takes on a partial +ve charge -Polar molecule - dipole

Titanium (found in...)

Prosthetic implants

Chemically reactive elements

Reactive elements do not have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons

Sulfur - symbol Approx. % body mass function

S 0.3% component of proteins, particularly muscle proteins

Octatomic molecular element

S8

Metals

Shiny, lustrous Malleable, ductile Electrical and thermal conductor Located on the left side of the table

Metalloids (semimetals)

Shiny, lustrous Variable Poor conductor Located on the "stairstep" in the table

Role of Surfactant?

The main function of surfactant is to lower the surface tension at the air/liquid interface within the alveoli of the lung.

periodic law

The properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers

Methemoglobinemia (MetHb) (treatment)

Treatment People with hemoglobin M disease don't have symptoms. So, they may not need treatment. A medicine called methylene blue is used to treat severe MetHb. Methylene blue may be unsafe in people who have or may be at risk for a blood disease called G6PD deficiency. They should not take this medicine. If you or your child has G6PD deficiency, always tell your provider before getting treatment. Ascorbic acid may also be used to reduce the level of methemoglobin. Alternative treatments include hyperbaric oxygen therapy, red blood cell transfusion and exchange transfusions. In most cases of mild acquired MetHb, no treatment is needed. But you should avoid the medicine or chemical that caused the problem. Severe cases may need a blood transfusion.

True or False •Some atoms are capable of sharing two or three electrons between them, resulting double or triple covalent bonds

True

Non-metals

Variable Brittle Non-conductor (except graphite) Located on the right side of the table

Addition of water to a desiccant is...

a reversible process, so saturated desiccants can be used as moisturizers

negative

anion

Hydrogen bonds are important as ...

as intramolecular bonds, giving the molecule a three-dimensional shape

Isotope

atoms with the same atomic numbers but with different atomic weights. Structural variations of an atom. They have same number of protons (and electrons) but a different number of neutrons e.g. 1H , 2H, 3H

Atomic Weight

average of the mass numbers of all isotopes of an element

Silicon (found in...)

breast implants

How can most mixtures be separated?

by physical means

positive

cation

Elements in a family have similar...

chemical and physical properties

Hydrogen bonds tend to...

collapse the lung

A substance is matter that has a definite ___________ and _______ _________

composition, constant properties

Silver (found in...)

dental fillings

Covalent bonds form when...

electrons are shared between two atoms

Sulfur (found in...)

found in cytochrome oxidase (ATP?)

In the modern periodic table what are the columns called?

groups or families

Mixtures can be _________________ and ____________.

heterogeneous, homogeneous

All compounds are

homogeneous

Hydrogen bonds are common in...

in dipoles such as water

Ionic compounds are held together by...

ionic bonds, or the attraction of oppositely charged ions

Dalton's theory is significantly modified after the discovery of...

isotopes

Molecular compounds

made up of discrete units (molecules) and usually consist of a small number of nonmetal atoms held together by covalent bonds

Compounds composed of nonmetals tend to be __________________

molecular

Can compounds be separated by physical means?

no

Can elements be broken down or decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means?

no

Does chemical bonding take place in mixtures?

no

Polar and non-polar molecules: Electrons shared equally between atoms produce __________ molecules

non-polar

•Bonds are formed using the electrons in the _____________ energy level

outermost

Valence shell

outermost energy level containing chemically active electrons

In the modern periodic table what are the rows called and how do they increase?

periods, increase by atomic number

-Isotopes have the ___________ atomic number but ____________ mass numbers (same Z, different A)

same, different -Or, same number of protons, different number of neutrons

Polyatomic Ions

see slide 60

Hydrogen atoms form ________________ bonds (how many)

single

Hydrogen bonds are responsible for...

surface tension in water

•A desiccant is ...

the anhydrous form of a compound that has a strong tendency to form a hydrate, and is used to scavenge the last traces of water from a system

The atomic mass or atomic weight is...

the average mass of an atom in a natural sample of the element

The molecular formula of a substance gives...

the number of each kind of atom in the molecule

Can compounds be broken down into elements by chemical processes?

yes

Law of definite proportions

•- Different samples of a pure compound always contain the same elements in the same proportion by mass -Water always contains 11.2% hydrogen and 88.8% oxygen

Radioisotopes

•- are heavier ,unstable isotopes of an element that spontaneously decompose into more stable forms -Half life- time required to loose ½ of radioactivity

Atomic number

•- equal to the number of protons e.g. atomic number of carbon is 6 -Tells number of electrons

Chemical Bond

•A chemical bond is an energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms

Molecule

•A molecule is a group of atoms chemically bonded together into a discrete unit -These types of bonds are called covalent bonds

Ion

•An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a charge

What are atoms?

•Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter. -Atoms are the smallest particle of an element that can enter into a chemical reaction -Composed of protons, neutrons and electrons

chemical properties

•Chemical properties are characteristics that describe the chemical reactivity of a substance. Chemical reactions result formation of different compounds

Compounds

•Compounds are comprised of more than one kind of atom in a fixed ratio by mass

What is Dalton's Theory?

•Dalton proposed the following three hypotheses to explain the Laws of Conservation of Mass and Definite Proportions 1. Each element is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms, which are identical for that element but are different (particularly their masses and chemical properties) from atoms of other elements 2.Chemical combination is simply the bonding of a definite, small whole number of atoms of each of the combining elements in a fixed ratio to make one molecule of the formed compound. A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms 3.No atoms are gained, lost, or changed in identity during a chemical reaction; they are just rearranged to produce new substances

Elements

•Elements are comprised of a single kind of atom -An element is defined by its number of protons (Z). -Proton (+) have a mass of 1 amu = 1.66 x 10-27 kg

Types of chemical bonds

•Ionic •Covalent •Hydrogen

Ions

•Ions are atoms that have gain or lost electrons from their natural composition.

Molecules

•Molecules are groups of atoms chemically bonded together into a discrete unit.

Octet Rule (rule of 8)

•Octet rule (Rule of '8') - except for the first shell which is full with two electrons, atoms interact in a manner to have eight electrons in their valence shell

Physical properties

•Physical properties do not describe the chemical reactivity of a substance. A substance can display physical properties without a change in composition

Hydrates

•Some ionic compounds incorporate a fixed number of water molecules into their formula unit •Naming hydrates only makes sense when you are dealing with solid reagents •The number of waters is indicated with a multiplier number CuSO4 · 5 H2O copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate CaSO4 · ½ H2O calcium sulfate sesquihydrate

Naming Transition Metal Cations

•The older system for naming transition metals is to name the lower charged ion as the "ous" ion and the higher charged ion as the "ic"ion -Cr2+ is the chromous ion -Cr3+ is the chromic ion •Use the Latin stem name if the ion name becomes clumsy -Fe2+ is the ferrous ion Fe3+ is the ferric ion

Molecular Compounds: Common Names

•These compounds have common (nonsystematic names) -Water -Ammonia -Methane -Ethane -Propane -Nitrous oxide

To name monatomic anions....

•add the suffix "ide" to the stem name Cl - chloride ion S2 - sulfide ion N3 - nitride ion O2 -oxide ion

Anion

•are negatively charged ions -Anions are formed by gain of electrons -Nonmetals tend to form anions

Cation

•are positively charged ions -Cations are formed by loss of electrons -Metals tend to form cations

In the solid state, ionic compounds form...

•crystalline lattices -Cations are attracted to all the neighboring anions, not just one -Thus, there are no discrete ionic "molecules"

The most commonly used desiccant is...

•is silica gel (SiO2)

Mass number

•of an element is equal to the number of the protons plus number of neutrons -Atomic mass unit (amu) -Electrons are ignored as they are weightless

Monatomic Anions of Representative Nonmetals: For representative anions, the ionic charge equals...

•the group number minus 8

The atomic number (Z) of an element is...

•the number of protons in the nucleus -Determines the identity of the atom

The mass number (A) of an atom is...

•the sum of the proton number (or atomic number) and the neutron number (N)