Cross-Cultural Final Exam

Which of the following about schizophrenia is TRUE?

The course of schizophrenia is better for people in industrially advanced societies than it is in less developed ones.

Studies of rates of schizophrenia across nations find that

All of these statements are true.

Which of the following is an example of a gene having an opposite effect across cultures?

A gene variant exists in one culture to decrease allergic reactions to pollen, while the same gene variant exists in another culture to increase allergic reactions to pollen.

In research by Murphy-Berman and colleagues on reward allocation among Indians and Americans, the researchers did NOT find that

All of these statements are true.

At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral development, someone is considered moral when he

chooses to do a good deed because he is likely to be recognized by doing so.

Research reveals that the French paradox is due to the French

consuming fewer calories.

Confucian scholars in 17th-century Korea were concerned about Catholic converts teaching Koreans to not respect their ancestors, thus ignoring their obligations as dictated by the laws of nature. This way of thinking indicates concerns borne out of:

ethic of divinity

Depression is a condition that is

found in every culture that has been explored.

Diagnoses of social anxiety disorder are

lower among East Asians than among North Americans.

A culture-bound syndrome is, by definition, a(n)

nonuniversal.

The moral reasoning of people of orthodox religious sects tend to fit the best with

the ethic of divinity.

According to Rozin and colleagues, what are people most likely to say if asked how many peanuts people want to eat?

A specific number of containers or packages

Cross-cultural tests of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning reveal that

All of these statements are true.in all cultures people reason in preconventional terms before they reason in conventional terms.

Lloyd is politically very conservative, scores highly on the "loyalty to ingroup" moral institution, and greatly respects hierarchy. Thus, there would be a good cultural fit between Lloyd and a culture that is characterized by

Gemeinschaft.

As discussed in the textbook, which of the following questions does NOT represent a difficulty with defining what constitutes a psychological disorder?

How is the particular condition in question being treated—medically or psychotherapeutically?

The textbook discusses that the likelihood of developing schizophrenia has clear genetic factors. So according to the textbook, if Maria has schizophrenia, what are the chances that her twin sister, Anca, will also have schizophrenia?

50%

Which of the following is considered immoral by the standards of the ethic of community?

Jack disobeys his father's commands.

When comparing Morita therapy and Naikan therapy, which of the following is TRUE?

Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy does not.

The fact that people from some cultures lack an enzyme to allow them to digest milk reflects that

cultural practices can affect human evolution.

Your sister just got a new job. Her role is to be a surrogate sister for a teenage boy who has not unlocked himself from his room for a year. Ultimately, her job is to try to get the boy to get out of the house. What condition does this boy have?

hikikomori

Taijin kyoufushou differs from social anxiety disorder in that

it involves some imagined physical symptoms that social anxiety disorder does not.

Pidgin languages and creole languages differ in that

pidgin languages lack the grammatical structure found in creole languages.

Eric's medical results show that there is an infection in his pancreas. What is his American doctor most likely to do in response to these results?

recommend antibiotics or surgery

Pierre visited his doctor because he had been feeling sick for some time. Given what we learned about medical practices around the world, we might expect that his French doctor would

recommend vitamins and rest.

Clarice is a patient in a hospital, and the doctors are hoping to give her good health outcomes while she stays in the hospital. Which one of the following options is an example of something that has been shown to lead to positive health outcomes?

giving her control of visitation hours

A professor signed a contract with a publisher to write a textbook for them by Christmas, after which he will be paid $15,000. What is this an example of?

the relationships in Gesellschaft groups

Your friend is experiencing stomach aches and goes to see a doctor. The doctor tells your friend that the problem is the result of forces being out of balance in his body, and gives him a remedy that is designed to bring those forces back into balance. What type of doctor is she most likely to be?

tribal

The claim that all cultures have the concept of marriage, because people from all cultures recognize exclusive sexual access rights among certain, enduring relationships between men and women, despite the fact that in some cultures people practice monogamy, others practice polygyny (one husband, multiple wives), and others practice polyandry (one wife, multiple husbands), is an example of which perspective?

universalism

Suicide rates

None of these statements is true.

Cross-cultural investigations of Kohlberg's model reveal that

conventional moral reasoning is found among at least some adults in every society that has been investigated.

Aaron believes that it would be acceptable for someone to have sex with a chicken if it were consistent with cultural norms. This is an example of

conventional moral reasoning.

Which of the following statements would be the least important to someone who is very conservative?

"The only thing I know to do is to obey what my father says."

You live in a culture in which people grow their own food and rarely have to buy food from others. One day, a researcher from the United States asks you to play the Dictator Game with a stranger. You are given $50 and you must decide how much to give to the stranger. Based on all the information given in this question, which of the following amounts are you NOT likely to give?

$25

According to the studies profiled by the textbook, African-Americans have higher levels of hypertension than European-Americans apparently because

African-Americans tend to experience more discrimination than European-Americans.

Which of the following people have brain fag syndrome?

After intensely cramming for an exam for a full week, Person E feels like she cannot see as well, and feels like her head and neck are burning.

Which of the following is NOT a part of how people view mental illness in the Yoruba?

Ahi

Which of the following is the best example of the "salmon bias"?

An immigrant grandmother has been diagnosed with terminal cancer and decides to head back to her home country to live out her last days.

When comparing Minako, a Japanese, with Erica, an American, which of the following will likely be true?

Compared to Erica, Minako will not be treated as negatively by others if she shows certain symptoms of social anxiety to her compatriots.

Which of the following about social anxiety disorder is TRUE?

East Asians score higher on trait measures of social anxiety disorder than do North Americans.

The fact that people who move to New York City are at increased risk of heart disease is an example of which of the following?

proximal cause

According to the textbook, which of the following is a challenge that faces the evolutionist perspective of cultural diversity?

How does one objectively find a way by which to evaluate psychological phenomena?

Hosea is an orthodox Baptist, and his neighbor, Henry, is a progressive Baptist. They are watching news coverage of China's ban on internet pornography. According to research on orthodoxy/progressiveness and morality, which of the following dynamics is likeliest to be true in this scenario?

Hosea is likelier than Henry to say, "That ban is moral because it prevents people from succumbing to the sin of lust."

While traveling in China, a businessman contemplated whether to circumvent China's Great Firewall to access censored websites such as Facebook and YouTube. Which of the following is NOT something that he would invoke in making the decision, based on Kohlberg's model of moral development?

I will try to circumvent the Great Firewall because the only law I abide by is that which was created by God.

Yasmeen is an Indian professor and Jasmine is an American professor. They teach the same class at the same school by alternating the weeks when they lecture, and they also share the same office during office hours. Both teachers are in their shared office listening to students plead their case to get some extra points for their essay. Under which of the following circumstances would Yasmeen be more willing to give extra points than would Jasmine?

If the student's claim was "I need these few extra points to get the position I'm looking for in this animation firm"

According to the "epidemiological paradox," which of the following people is likeliest to have the best health outcomes?

Juan, who immigrated to the United States from Mexico 2 years ago

Lara is of low socioeconomic status (SES) and lives in a low-SES neighborhood. Larry is of low SES but lives in a high-SES neighborhood. (Note that low SES here means less than $10,000 per year.) Which of the two will likely have a longer life expectancy?

Lara

According to the textbook, which of the following patients with schizophrenia is going to have the best outcome?

Latiri, who lives with her family in a nondeveloped society

Which of the following is an example of the "epidemiological paradox"?

Marisol, who immigrated to the United States from Mexico a year ago, is healthier than her uncle, who immigrated to the United States from Mexico 10 years ago.

Benny and Matthew are good friends. Benny is Jewish and Matthew is Protestant. Given this information, which of the following should one expect to be true regarding the two friends?

Matthew is more likely than Benny to believe that people can stop themselves from thinking about playing baseball.

You are a therapist who is hoping to treat a patient by asking him to understand his own past, accept that his past is a part of him, and to learn to feel gratitude and guilt toward those around him. What type of treatment is this?

Naikan therapy

What will a Jewish person think of a man who is thinking about cheating on his wife?

None of these choices is correct.

Cross-cultural comparisons of obesity rates reflect that

None of these statements is correct.

Research reveals that the relation between socioeconomic status and health can largely be the result of differences in

None of these statements is true.

According to research on political identity and morality, which of the following is TRUE?

People from most political identities value the ethic of community the least.

Inderjit, an Indian villager, came across a pot of gold while working in the fields. How is he most likely to distribute this gold after he brings it back to his village?

People who need more money receive more pieces of gold.

Based on research about morality among Hindu Indians and Americans, which of the following would you expect to occur?

Rahul, an Indian, feels that attending a friend's birthday celebration is a moral issue and should be legitimately regulated.

Which of the following people should NOT be expected to have good health outcomes?

Ronaldo, who is low SES and makes less than $10,000 a year, but lives in a high-SES neighborhood

Stephen and Jon are both diagnosed with a form of anxiety disorder. The difference between them is that Stephen's primary symptoms are feeling anxious, mood fluctuations, and other mental issues. Jon's symptoms, on the other hand, are discomfort in the chest, headaches, and diarrhea. Which of the following best explains the differences in the symptoms that the two are suffering?

Stephen is going through psychologization, whereas Jon is experiencing somatization.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

The health advantages of Hispanic-Americans over European-Americans decrease the longer that they have lived in the United States.

Which of the following regarding the research on political identity and morality is TRUE?

The more liberal one is, the less one is concerned about loyalty to the ingroup.

Dr. House is a medical doctor in the United States. He is giving a seminar on health-related behaviors both to doctors from other countries, as well as ordinary American citizens. Which group is most likely to agree with Dr. House?

The ordinary American citizens will agree with him.

A certain country has been experiencing huge gains in its economy. Based on research covered in this textbook about the economic effects, which of the following is the most likely consequence of these gains?

The people in that country will get taller, on average.

You come from a family that hates immigrants. If you gave them an anonymous questionnaire on attitudes toward immigration and you averaged their responses together, what would you find?

Their scores would yield a small and unhappy Chernoff figure.

Which of the following therapists is most accurately being described as demonstrating cultural competence?

Therapist C is familiar with his own cultural background's effect on his perspectives and strives to understand the cultural perspective of his clients.

The "healthy migrant hypothesis" is conceptually most similar to which of the following?

WEIRD people phenomenon

You try to portray people's attitudes about dogs using a Chernoff figure. After averaging all their responses, you find that the Chernoff figure for your sample has a very small face with very small and unhappy features. What does this figure represent?

Your sample has negative attitudes toward dogs.

According to the secularization theory, which of the following findings seem the likeliest?

a decline in the use of the ethic of divinity to determine morality

Koro is manifested by

a female patient who is deathly afraid that her nipples are shrinking into her body.

The relation between income and health can be summarized as

absolute income predicts health outcomes for low levels of income, whereas income relative to those around one predicts health outcomes for high levels of income.

One group of people has developed special lungs to breathe underwater, while another group has not; but with training, everyone can develop those special lungs to breathe underwater. What is this an example of?

acquired biological variation

The most widespread theory of disease among traditional cultures is that disease is caused by

aggressive spirits, such as ghosts.

The postconventional level of moral development is most closely associated with what code of ethic?

autonomy

A key distinction between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is that

bulimia is a culture-bound syndrome.

Based on the studies reported in the textbook on depression among Chinese, if Huang Bo is diagnosed with neurasthenia in China, how can one alternatively conceive of his diagnosis?

depression with somatization

The fact that the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches different parts of the world has led to the evolution of differences in skin color is an example of which of the following?

distal cause

Which of the following is not part of Shweder's model of moral reasoning?

ethic of justice

Clarice believes that people in all cultures follow a progression whereby they must first develop preconventional thinking before attaining conventional thinking, which then allows them to develop postconventional thinking. However, she believes that people in some cultures progress further than those in other cultures. What is this an example of?

evolutionism

Anorexia nervosa is best considered a

existential universal.

Over the last 50 years, the average height of the people from the reclusive country of Druidia has been increasing. Based on data profiled in the textbook, which of the following is likeliest to be associated with this increase?

improved diet during infancy and adolescence

Wendy, an American patient with depression, reports feeling suicidal, with depressed mood and trouble sleeping. She is prescribed antidepressants. Weiwei, a Chinese patient with depression, is

less likely to report depressed mood.

On Planet X, some areas receive a lot of ultraviolet radiation. What skin color would you expect Planet X's people to have if they live in those areas?

light unless their diet contains a lot of Vitamin D

Comparisons of the moral reasoning of people engaged in disgusting behaviors (such as having sex with dead chickens) find that

lower-SES Americans and lower-SES Brazilians were similar in that both groups tended to view the actions as immoral.

Lesotho lives in a nation with many islands. He is about to travel to another island to meet his girlfriend; but in his haste, he forgot to pray to the local gods. After his trip, he falls terribly ill and feels very tired. These symptoms compel his village doctor to diagnose him with

malgri.

Which of the following is not an example of a culture-bound syndrome?

neurasthenia

At Kohlberg's conventional level of moral development, someone is considered moral when she

refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.

Jeeyoung is an East Asian student who is going through a tough time. Given her emotional situation, which of the following is she most likely to do to make herself feel better?

remind herself of her connections with others

Gregory has been diagnosed with depression by his psychiatrists; however, he does not really report experiencing negative affect. He primarily experiences stomach and sleep problems. Which of the following most accurately characterizes Gregory's experience?

somatization

From a health standpoint, retirees who move from New York City to the beaches of Florida will

suffer fewer heart problems than Floridians who move to New York City.

Delilah was just in a graveyard and was extremely frightened by the fact that she felt she saw the ghost of her mother. She was so frightened that she felt like her soul was dislodged from her body. What is her experience an example of?

susto

One foreign country has four aboriginal tribes. The Kohlrabis live in the rainforest, culturally quite distant from the mainstream culture. The Brackens live along the coast, and have very few connections to their traditional past. The Horabs live in the prairies, culturally very similar to the mainstream culture. The Lithes live in the mountains, and have greatly maintained connections to their traditional past. Based on Chandler and colleagues' research on Canadian First Nation youths, which tribe would one expect to be associated with higher youth suicides?

the Horabs