CS 311 Graphs

Hamilton Path

A Hamilton path is a simple path that passes through every vertex exactly once.

The Handshaking Theorem

2|E| = (v∈V)∑ deg(v)

Coloring of a graph

A coloring of a graph G is an assignment that assigns a color to each vertex in G such that no two adjacent vertices are assigned the same color

Complete bipartite graph

A complete bipartite graph Km,n is a graph that has its vertex set partitioned into two subsets V1 of size m and V2 of size n such that there is an edge from every vertex in V1 to every vertex in V2. Pic of K₂,₃.

Complete graph

A complete graph on n vertices, denoted by Kn, is the simple graph that contains exactly one edge between each pair of distinct vertices

Connected component

A connected component of a graph G is a connected subgraph of G that is not a proper subgraph of another connected subgraph of G • A graph G that is not connected has two or more connected components that are disjoint and have G as their union. In other words, the connected components make up a partition of G.

Euler Path Theorem

A connected multigraph has an Euler path but not an Euler circuit if and only if it has exactly two vertices of odd degree.

Euler Circuit Theorem

A connected multigraph with at least two vertices has an Euler circuit if and only if each of its vertices has even degree

Cycle

A cycle Cn for n >= 3 consists of n vertices v1, v2, v3, ..., vn, and edges (v1,v2), (v2,v3), ... , (vn-1, vn), (vn, v1). Basically looks like a shape

Strongly connected graph

A directed graph is strongly connected if, for every pair of vertices a and b in the graph, there is a path from a to b and from b to a.

Weakly connected graph

A directed graph is weakly connected if there is a path between every two vertices in the underlying undirected graph.

Directed Graph

A directed graph or digraph G = (V,E) consists of a nonempty set V of vertices (or nodes) together with a set E of directed edges (or arcs). Each edge is associated with an ordered pair of vertices. The directed edge associated with the ordered pair (u,v) is said to start at u and end at v. The vertex u is called the initial vertex of the edge (a,b) and vertex v is the terminal vertex of this edge.

Graph

A graph G = (V,E) consists of a nonempty set V of vertices (or nodes) and a set E of edges. Each edge has either one or two vertices associated with it, called its endpoints. An edge is said to connect its endpoints.

K-colorable graph

A graph G is said to be k-colorable if and only if G can be colored using k or fewer colors. The smallest value of k for the graph G is called the chromatic number of G and is denoted by χ(G)

Planar graphs

A graph is called planar if it can be drawn in the plane without any edges crossing, where a crossing of edges is the intersection of the lines or arcs representing them at a point other than their common endpoint. Such a drawing is called a planar representation of the graph.

Kuratowski's Theorem

A graph is nonplanar if and only if it contains a subgraph homeomorphic to K₃,₃ or K₅.

Nonseparable graph

A graph may have zero, one, or many cut vertices and/or cut edges. A graph with no cut vertices is called a nonseparable graph

Weighted Graph

A graph that has a number assigned to each edge is called a weighted graph.

Greedy Algorithm

A greedy algorithm is any algorithm that attempts to solve an optimization problem by making the locally optimal choice at each step, with the hope of finding a global optimum. In other words, it's simply an algorithm that makes what seems to be the best choice at each step. Greedy algorithms are NOT guaranteed to find the best answer.

Circuit

A path is a circuit if it begins and ends in the same vertex; that is, if u = v, and has length greater than zero.

Traversal

A path or circuit is said to pass through the vertices x1... xn-1, or traverse the edges e1...en

Simple Path

A path or circuit is simple if it does not contain the same edge more than once.

Pseudograph

A pseudograph may include loops, as well as multiple edges connecting the same pair of vertices.

Bipartite

A simple graph G is bipartite if V can be partitioned into two nonempty disjoint subsets V1 and V2 such that every edge connects a vertex in V1 and a vertex in V2. In other words, there are no edges which connect two vertices in V1 or in V2.

Bipartite Color Theorem

A simple graph is bipartite if and only if it is possible to assign one of two colors to each vertex of the graph so that no two adjacent vertices are assigned the same color.

Subgraph

A subgraph of a graph G = (V,E) is a graph (W,F), where W ⊆ V and F ⊆ E. A subgraph H of G is a proper subgraph of G if H ≠ G.

Euler path

An Euler path in G is a simple path containing every edge of G.

Elementary subdivision

An elementary subdivision is an operation on a graph in which an edge {u,v} is removed, a new vertex w is added, and the edges {u,w} and {w,v} are added.

n-dimensional hypercube

An n-dimensional hypercube, or n-cube, Qn, is a graph with 2n vertices representing all bit strings of length n, where there is an edge between two vertices that differ in exactly one bit position.

Connected graph

An undirected graph is called connected if there is a path between every pair of distinct vertices of the graph.

Complete Graph Coloring Theorem

Any coloring of a complete graph Kn uses at least n colors

N-Verticies Coloring Theorem

Any coloring of a graph with n vertices uses at most n colors.

Planar Coloring Theorem

Any planar graph G can be colored using max-deg(G) + 1 colors

Dijkstra's Algorithm

Dijkstra's Algorithm finds the length of a shorter path between two vertices in a connected simple undirected weighted graph.

Cut Vertex Theorem

Every graph except a complete graph has a vertex cut

Edge Cut

For a connected graph G = (V,E), E' ⊆ E is an edge cut if G - E' is disconnected. In other words, if a set of edges taken out together causes the disconnect.

Vertex cut

For a connected graph G = (V,E), V' ⊆ V is a vertex cut if G - V' is disconnected. In other words, if a set of vertices taken out together causes the disconnect.

Cut vertex

For a graph G, if the removal of a vertex and all of its incident edges produces a subgraph consisting of more connected components, then the vertex is called a cut vertex.

Cut edge

For a graph G, if the removal of an edge produces a subgraph consisting of more connected components, then the edge is called a cut edge.

Undirected Graph

Graphs where the endpoints of an edge are not ordered are said to be undirected graphs.

Euler Corollary 3

If G is a connected planar simple graph with e edges and v vertices, where v ≥ 3, and has no circuits of length 3, then e ≤ 2v - 4.

Euler Corollary 1

If G is a connected planar simple graph with e edges and v vertices, where v ≥ 3, then e ≤ 3v - 6.

Euler Corollary 2

If G is a connected planar simple graph, then G has a vertex of degree not exceeding five.

Hamilton Circuit

In a graph G, a Hamilton circuit is a simple circuit that passes through every vertex exactly once.

Euler circuit

In a graph G, an Euler circuit is a simple circuit containing every edge of G

Simple Graph

In a simple graph, each edge connects two different vertices, and no two edges connect the same pair of vertices.

Subgraph induction

Let G = (V,E) be a simple graph. The subgraph induced by W ⊆ V is the graph (W,F), where the edge set F contains an edge in E if and only if both endpoints are in W.

Euler's Formula (Theorem)

Let G be a connected planar simple graph with e edges and v vertices. Let r be the number of regions in a planar representation of G. Then: r = e - v + 2.

Number of paths theorem

Let G be a graph with adjacency matrix A with respect to the ordering v1, v2, . . ., vn of the vertices of the graph (with directed or undirected edges, with multiple edges and loops allowed). The number of different paths of length r from vi to vj, where r is a positive integer, equals the (i,j)th entry of A

Paths in directed graphs

Let n be a nonnegative integer and G a directed graph. A path of length n from u to v in G is a sequence of edges e1, e2, . . ., en of G such that e1 is associated with (x0,x1), e2 is associated with (x1,x2), and so on, with en associated with (xn-1, xn), where x0 = u and xn = v. When there are no multiple edges in the directed graph, this path is denoted by its vertex sequence x0, x1, x2, . . ., xn.

Path in undirected graph

Let n be a nonnegative integer and G an undirected graph. A path of length n from u to v in G is a sequence of n edges e1, e2, . . ., en of G for which there exists a sequence x0 = u, x1, x2, . . ., xn = v of vertices such that ei has, for i = 1..n, the endpoints xi-1 and xi.

Multigraph

Multigraphs may have multiple edges connecting the same two vertices. When m different edges connect the vertices u and v, we say that (u,v) is an edge of multiplicity m

Adjacency matrix

Suppose that G = (V,E) is a simple graph where |V| = n. Arbitrarily list the vertices of G as v1, v2, ..., vn. The adjacency matrixAG of G, with respect to the listing of vertices, is the n X n zero-one matrix with 1 as its (i,j)th entry when vi and vj are adjacent, and 0 as its (i,j)th entry when they are not adjacent. In other words, the adjacency matrix AG = [aij] = 1 if (vi,vj) is an edge of G, 0 otherwise.

χ(G) of a complete graph

The chromatic number of a complete graph χ(Kn) is n.

The Four-Color Theorem

The chromatic number of a planar graph is no greater than 4.

Planar Coloring Max (?)

The chromatic number of a planar graph is no greater than 6.

Degree of a region

The degree of a region is the number of edges on the boundary of the region.

Degree

The degree of a vertex in an undirected graph is the number of edges that are incident with it, except that a loop of a vertex contributes two to the degree of that vertex. The degree of the vertex v is denoted by deg(v). The maximum degree of all of the vertices in a graph is designated by max-deg(G).

Edge connectivity

The edge connectivity of a graph G, denoted by λ(G), is the minimum number of edges in an edge cut of G. If G consists of a single vertex, we define the edge connectivity of G to be 0.

In-degree

The in-degree of a vertex v, denoted deg⁻ (v), is the number of edges which terminate at v.

Length of a weighted graph

The length of a path in a weighted graph is defined as the sum of the weights of the edges of the graph (instead of just the number of edges).

Complete graph edges theorem

The number of edges in Kn is n(n-1)/2

Out-degree

The out-degree of v, denoted deg⁺(v), is the number of edges with v as their initial vertex.

Neighborhood

The set of all neighbors of a vertex v of G = (V,E), denoted by N(v), is called the neighborhood of v. If A ⊆ V, we denote by N(A) the set of all vertices in G that are adjacent to at least one vertex in A

Isomorphic Graphs

The simple graphs G1 = (V1,E1) and G2 = (V2,E2) are isomorphic if there exists a one-to-one and onto function f from V1 to V2 with the property that a and b are adjacent in G1 if and only if f(a) and f(b) are adjacent in G2, for all a and b in V. In other words, when two simple graphs are isomorphic, there is a one-to-one correspondence between vertices of the two graphs that preserves the adjacency relationship.

Union of Graphs

The union of two simple graphs G1 = (V1, E1) and G2 = (V2, E2) is the simple graph with vertex set V1 ∪ V2 and edge set E1 ∪ E2. The union of G1 and G2 is denoted by G1 ∪ G2

Vertex Connectivity

The vertex connectivity of a noncomplete graph G, denoted by κ(G), is the minimum number of vertices in a vertex cut of G. The vertex connectivity of a complete graph G is defined to be n-1, where n = |V|; in other words, κ(Kn) = n-1. In general, the vertex connectivity κ(G) of a graph is the minimum number of vertices that can be removed from G to either disconnect G or produce a graph with a single vertex.

Connected Graph Theorem

There is a simple path between every pair of distinct vertices of a connected undirected graph.

Homeomorphic Graphs

Two graphs are said to be homeomorphic if they can be obtained from the same graph by a sequence of elementary subdivisions.

Adjacent or neighboring vertices

Two vertices in an undirected graph G are called adjacent or neighbors in G if there is an edge e between u and v. Such an edge e is called incident with the vertices u and v.

Disconnecting a graph

We say that we disconnect a graph when we remove vertices or edges, or both, to produce a disconnected subgraph.

In N Out Theorem

|E| = (v∈V)∑ deg⁻(v) = (v∈V)∑ deg⁺(v)