CS8 Midterm 2 Vocab

*Themes

*consisting predefined color palettes, backgrounds, and text formatting to provide a *cohesive style throughout the presentation.(consistent look and feel)

Presentation apps typically contain three types of tools.

1.enable users to add static elements such as slides, formatted text, figures, and graphics. 2.Animation tools. 3.display the completed slideshow, typically by connecting a cable to a projector that displays on a large screen.

device drivers.

A computing system is typically a combination of hardware, like a screen and keyboard, and software, like an operating system (OS) and applications. The OS portions that interface with hardware are often called

(PDF)portable.

A file that is useful across different applications, computers, or operating systems

Record (row):

A group of related fields

Primary key:

A record's unique identifier

Common database operations include:

Adding new data. Editing existing data. Deleting data. Querying the database for information

NeXT Computer.

After leaving Apple, Jobs founded a new company called [blank] developed an OS named [blank]based on Unix,. formed the basis for Apple's new OS called Mac OS X

File management

Allow users to create and organize files, keeping track of file locations on a drive.(OS manages all files within folders)

Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak were friends in the early 1970's in northern California due to common interests in electronics and computers. Jobs and Wozniak founded

Apple Computer

Field (column):

Basic unit of data stored

digital signal

Because computers can only store 0's and 1's, a computer records audio as a...as a series of numbers—

Table:

Collection of related data

filename extension

Different file types typically have a different abbreviation after the filename's period,

*Relational databases contain the following:

Field (column). Record (row).Primary key.Table

trash or a recycle bin

For the common case of a user accidentally deleting a needed file, many operating systems don't really delete the file from the drive, but rather move the file to a special folder.The user can thus recover an item from the trash

The "device" in device driver refers to _________.

Hardware

Hardware interfacing or device drivers

Hide complex details of translating for hardware devices like a keyboard, screen, mouse, drive, USB, network, etc. Need so old device and communicate with new. Results in Plug and play. new device ready to go

Common video file formats, such as

MP4 or MOV, differ in how compression is used to reduce video file size

Apple developed an OS for Apple computers, known as

Mac OS

desktop

Most operating systems provide some way for a user see what folder/file/app items exist on a drive, as well as to move, delete, or create new items, or to find items whose name or contents match certain words. For example, Mac OS X and Windows both show some file/folder/app items on the OS's main graphical view

A device driver is ______ that interfaces with a hardware device like a screen, keyboard, or printer.

Software

Multitasking

Support multiple applications running seemingly simultaneously, but actually running a bit of each application one at a time, switching thousands of times per second. For multiple users, the OS keeps each user's items separate from other users' items.

3 types of data that can be entered into a spreadsheet cell:

Text. Number. Formula.

App: Play music file

The OS implements the details of sending sound data to the hardware that converts the data to an electronic signal for listening.

App: Get user input

The operating system knows how to get data from the keyboard, in this case by reading memory location 25, which may differ for other kinds of computers.

analog signal

The signal changes continuously over time, like a flowing river.

As a computer gets used, new files, folders, and apps begin to fill the computer's drive (also called a disk)

When a drive is full, many apps won't run properly and/or will complain because most apps need to create new files while running. Similarly, a nearly-full drive may cause apps to run slowly

portability.

With such abstraction, the same application program can run without modification on different kinds of computers, a feature known as

Formula

a cell to compute(calculate) that cell's value based on other cells' values.e +, -, *, /, and parentheses (). includes a function such has having a pre-built set of controls. Automatic Re-calculation

database

a collection of data organized to enable efficient information retrieval ( collection of info to work with that data). think of it as a book case

Data

a collection of facts and values. Ex: 23, 35, 48 is data.

file

a collection of information stored somewhere on a drive, such as a music file, movie file, word processing file, or an application.

zip file

a common file format for combining multiple files into one file and that usually involves compression

presentation app

a computer application used to create a slideshow of text and graphics, often with animation

backup file

a copy of a file intended as a replacement in case the original file is lost. Backup files are important, because files are lost quite commonly, such as when: ---A user accidentally deletes a file. ---A user accidentally overwrites a file with different content. ect...

PDF (portable document format)

a file format for storing documents (typically formatted text, images, and drawings) independently of any particular editing app like a word processor

Wikipedia

a free, online encyclopedia composed of crowd-sourced articles, begun in 2001.

cleaning up a drive.

a good OS user should occasionally remove unneeded files, folders, and apps.Deleting largest items first is logical. A user might copy less needed items to a portable drive or cloud storage before deleting.

Troubleshooting

a process of determining the cause of a computer problem, and ideally solving the problem. 1.Predict a probable cause of the problem, and 2.Test the prediction by doing something to confirm or deny the prediction. If not confirmed, repeat step 1 (possibly with a different prediction).

query

a search in a database for data.

video

a series of slightly-differing images shown fast enough to appear continuous to humans.

operating system:long definition

a special program with various duties, such as interfacing with hardware (providing a more abstract view to applications), managing files and folders, and running multiple applications seemingly simultaneously for one or more users. rarely crash

WMV

a video format developed by Microsoft for streaming video via the Internet. File sizes are typically small but quality may be poor. A special player may be needed for viewing on non-Windows devices.

wiki

a website that enables collaborative development of content

LZ compression

algorithm (named for creators Lempel and Ziv) examines data for long repeating patterns such as phrases, and creates a dictionary entry for such patterns.

database management system (DBMS)

an app that creates, maintains, and accesses database systems. Popular DBMS' include MySQL, Oracle Database, and Microsoft Access

executable file

an application; executables for Windows typically end with .exe.

Crowdsourcing

an approach to developing content that involves having the users (the "crowd") be the contributors, rather than using highly-paid professionals.

MP4

an international standard video format, since the early 2000's. MP4 is similar to the MOV format, known for having high compression while maintaining quality. MP4 is growing in popularity due to being made part of HTML5, meaning most modern web browsers can play MP4 video.

Microsoft purchased DOS from another company

and thus did not create the software that would eventually turn them into a major company.

audio player app plays an

audio file such that the audio can be heard, by sending numbers one at a time to a digital-to-analog converter, at the specified rate. a

audio file

basically a series of numbers of sampled audio voltages, along with the sampling rate

Virtual Memory

can open files as much as we want, but will harm computer if not enough space in memory, but goes to hard drive. computer will be slow. use more memory than actually have. each tab open= memory

memory leak:

caused by certain bugs in the app, but apps aren't perfect so leaks are common. its especially noticeable in web browsers, which tend to be left running without quitting for long periods. a user may find that quitting and restarting an app, perhaps every few days, results in less memory usage and thus faster-running apps.

spreadsheet application

common computer application for representing tables of data like text or numbers, for using formulas to calculate data from other data (like sums or averages), and for creating graphical charts from data.

JPEG

compression approach specifically for images.

slideshow

consists of a series of individual "slides". example: PowerPoint, KeyNote, Impress, and Google Slides

The "driver" in device driver most likely refers to how device driver software _________ hardware.

control

File type:PDF (short for Portable Document Format)

describes formatted text/graphics suitable for viewing and printing, independently of apps like a word processor, web browser, etc. is an open standard (previously proprietary to Adobe Systems). PDF files are usually for viewing/printing only and are not edited by a user, but rather are produced by another app like a word processor.

digital rights management (DRM)

discourage unauthorized copying.

Compression

enables a user to store more files on a drive. reduces the size of a file. can be applied to any file, but is commonly applied to audio, image, and video files because such files are naturally large.

Validation

ensures data is correctly entered as the data is added to the database.

web-based applications

example: Google Docs,

File type:Microsoft Office document

file is used by the Microsoft Word (.docx), PowerPoint (.pptx), and Excel (.xlsx) apps to save each apps' files in a way suitable for later editing

manual backup

involves a user intentionally copying files to another location. That other location should be separate from the file's drive, such as a USB drive or an external hard drive, or a location in the cloud.

word processor

is a common computer application for creating formatted text. A word processor creates a file that stores text plus formatting information, typically using a special filename extension like myfile.docx for Microsoft Word.

IOS (or android for mobile device)

is a graphical OS developed by Apple in 2007 for Apple smartphones and tablets. A key iOS feature is that most user operations involve touching the screen, using multiple fingers and gestures (like swiping or pinching), rather than typing or using a mouse. iOS has some Unix basis.

Mac OS X

is a graphical OS developed by Apple in the early 2000's, based on the Unix OS. Mac OS X was preceded by early Mac OS versions dating back to 1984, which were not Unix-based. fist interface but was slow

Windows

is a graphical OS developed by Microsoft in the mid-to-late 1980s. Windows was originally a simple graphical interface to MS DOS, but later versions were developed new without MS DOS and with powerful graphical features.

Android

is a graphical OS released by Google in 2007 for smartphones and tablets, based on the Linux OS. Android also emphasizes interactions via screen touches. made android open source , thus cheaper because OS is free

folder

is a grouping of files or other folders, that helps a user organize items

multi-user OS

is a multitasking OS that runs multiple users' applications, keeping each user's applications/files separate, and switching among applications fast enough (typically thousands of times per second) to give the user the illusion of being the only user on the computer. 1user has own password

SQL (Structured Query Language)

is a popular language to run operations on databases. SQL became a standardized language in 1986 and is used in a number of DBMS' such as Oracle Database and Microsoft Access. search for records a lot about looking up stuff.

application (or just app)

is a program that a user runs to carry out a user task like listening to music or surfing the web. To carry out a task, an application may have to interact with a keyboard, mouse, screen, USB device, WiFi, etc.

Linux

is a version of Unix developed in the early 1990's by Finnish college student, with it popular today due in part to being -->free<- and open-source, and with people around the world continuing development. it was originally text based; popular Linux versions today like Ubuntu have a graphical interface.

operating system (or OS):simple definition

is itself a program that implements the detailed interactions with ---hardware (among other things),

YouTube

is the most widely-used video-sharing website, which allows users to upload videos, supports easy search of videos, and suggests other videos related to a watched video.

Unix

is the original OS developed in the late 1960's by AT&T Bell Laboratories,. is text based, requiring typing to view, copy, move, or delete files or folders, or to run programs. most mainframes use it

Lossless compression

loses no information, so that decompression yields an identical file to the original.

Lossy compression

loses some information, so the decompressed file is close but not identical to the original. may be OK for data like images or audio where humans barely notice a quality difference,

automated backup system

makes regular backups of a user's files, either as the files are updated, or on a schedule like daily or weekly.

Early versions of Windows were built on top

of DOS

text file

only stores text without any formatting information, and typically has a filename extension like "myfile.txt".Simple apps like Notepad (for Windows) or TextEdit (for Macs) can edit text files

spreadsheet Cells

organized into columns labeled A, B, ... and rows labeled 1, 2, ...; a spreadsheet user can type data in each one

Information

processed data and gives meaning to the facts and values.

integrity

refers to the accuracy of the data in the database

By far the most common solution to computer problems is simply

restart the computer (and/or other device), or restarting just the failing application. The reason such a restart commonly works is that bugs exist in nearly all computer software, including applications and operating systems.

social networking

site connects people, via common interests, backgrounds, real-life connections, etc. Such sites typically support ways for a user to add new connections, to post information for a user's connections to see, to see information posted by a user's connections, and to contact connections individually.

media file

stores a picture (jpg/png), video (mp4, mov), audio (mp3), or other media item.

object-oriented database

stores data as a collection of objects rather than tables. An object may consist of an ID, photo, and title, while another object may consist of a ID, video clip, and runtime.

*relational database

stores information in (sometimes more) tables composed of rows and columns. collection of related data

* multitasking OS

supports running multiple applications seemingly simultaneously, To a user, multiple applications like a music player and a web browser appear to be running simultaneously, but in fact the OS is running a little bit of each application at a time, switching thousands of times per second. can be overloaded

When IBM asked Gates for an OS for the IBM PC, Gates declined, sending IBM to another company.

that deal did not work out, IBM returned to Gates. he agreed. purchased DOS

Gates and Allen were more excited about implementing

the BASIC high-level programming language for a PC

Audio, or sound

the vibration of air molecules that human ears can detect

video compression

to only store some frames completely, with most other frames stored as the difference from the previous frame (in a video, such differences between successive frames are typically tiny).usually loses some quality.

Streaming

to play video directly from the Internet (such as from YouTube, Netflix, etc.), using a web browser or other app, without ever storing the video as a file on a device.

MS DOS

was introduced in 1981 by Microsoft as a relatively simply OS for PCs, which were new at that time. Original IBM operating system. MS DOS was text based. not as good as graphical interface.

Font point (abbreviated pt),

where a point is 1/72 of an inch