CSD 101 Chapter 3

Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue (function)

Extrinsics attach tongue to structures outside the tongue.

Muscle of Pharynx (general anatomical description)

Fan shaped muscles that overlap each other, lining the walls of the pharynx, so they can narrow the pharynx when contracted and so they can squeeze food down the pharynx.

Where can formant transitions occur besides diphthongs?

Formant Transitions can also occur in nasals and liquids.

Posterior 1/4 of the Hard Palate.

Formed from the Palatine Bones of the skull. The bones also come out from the sides and meet at the midline during embryonic development (except in cleft palate).

Anterior 3/4 of the Hard Palate.

Formed from the Palatine Processes of the Maxilla. These processes are two bony plates that embryonically develop from the from the sides and meet at the midline (except in cleft palate).

What does a spectrogram show?

Frequency, amplitude, duration of sounds.

What is the tongue important for?

Important for chewing, swallowing, and speaking. Can change the resonating shape of vocal tract and can also make sound by constricting the airflow in oral cavity.

4 types of teeth

Incisors Canines Premolars Molars

Stops

Momentary blockage of air through oral cavity, oral pressure builds up, and is quickly released. *VP Port must be CLOSED* ex. first sound in "pot" or "kick"

What are the lips made up of?

Muscle Fat Mucous Membrane Glandular Tissue

What is the Velum made of?

Muscle Soft Tissue

How are the nasal cavities divided?

Nasal Cavities are divided into left and right halves, which are separated by the NASAL SEPUM.

Where is the resonating place for /m/ /n/ and /ng/?

Nasal cavities

Sonorant Sounds

Nasals, Glides, and Liquids are called sonorant sounds because they have less constriction.

How is the pharynx divided? (from top to bottom)

Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Note! The esophagus is just posterior to the laryngopharynx

Class 1: Neutrocclusion

Normal bite. First permanent molar in upper jaw is positioned one-half tooth distance behind the first permanent molar of the lower jaw.

Nasals

Oral Cavity is BLOCKED but VP Port is OPEN, so sound radiates in nasal cavity. ex. last sounds in "ham" and "sing"

What is the main muscle making up the Lips?

Orbicularis Oris

Class 2: Distocclusion

Overbite. Top teeth project beyond bottom teeth. Lower jaw is posterior to its normal position.

Cognates

Pairs of consonant that are the same except for the voicing feature. ex. "pitch vs bitch"

Intonation

Pitch or fundamental frequency variation. It can convey grammatical information (question vs. statement)

Class 3: Mesiocclusion

Prognathic Jaw. Bottom teeth project beyond top. Lower jaw is anterior to its normal position.

Anticipatory Coarticulation

RIGHT → LEFT When your articulation is influenced by and upcoming sound

What is the part of the tongue that attaches to the hyoid bone and pharynx.

ROOT Root refers to the way back part of the tongue that attaches to the hyoid bone and pharynx.

Spectrogram of Vowels

Related to tongue position. Formants 1 and 2 are WIDELY spaced in FRONT vowels Formants 2 and 3 are CLOSE TOGETHER in FRONT vowels. Formants 1 and 2 are CLOSELY spaced in BACK vowels. Central vowels have equally spaced formants.

Vocal Tract

Series of valves that channel & constrict the airway

Stops (Acoustic Features)

Silent Gap Release Burst Voice Onset

Coarticulation

Sounds get influenced by sounds surrounding them. The production of speech sound in context (in words, sentences, and conversation) distorts the sound from the "idealized" sound and look on a spectrogram.

Obstruent Sounds

Stops, Fricatives, and Affricatives are called obstruent sounds because they obstruct the vocal tract.

How many fricatives are there in English?

5 voiceless 4 voiced

Orbicularis Oris

A cicular sphincter (like a purse string) that make up the upper and lower lips. *The main muscle making up the Lips!

Why are Teeth important/ used for?

Biting, cutting, chewing food. Channel the air and create the proper turbulence for a sharp /s/ sound.

What is the Hard Palate made of?

Bone lined with epithelium.

Stress

Change in pitch/ frequency, intensity/ loudness and duration. It can differentiate one word from another. It can emphasize the importance of a word.

Spectrogram of Stops

Characterized by 1) SILENT GAP, during which airflow (and voicing if it's a voiced stop) is stopped. 2) RELEASE BURST, a brief period of aperiodic sound. If it's a voiceless stop, the release burst is longer and and characterized by aspiration.

How many teeth do humans have?

Children have 20 teeth Adults have 32 teeth (same number in top as bottom)

Spectrogram of Fricatives

Complex aperiodic sounds Show up on a spectrogram as wide bands of acoustic energy distributed over a broad range of frequencies.

How is the mandible attached to the skull?

Condylar Process (jaw) Temporomandibular Joint = TMJ Temporal bone (skull)

Lingual Frenulum

Connective tissue that connects the bottom of the tongue to the mandible (lower jaw).

List the Muscles of the Pharynx

Cricopharyngeus Inferior Constrictor Middle Constrictor Stylopharyngeus Scalpingopharyngeus Superior Constrictor

What is the superior surface of the tongue called?

DORSUM Dorsum refers to the broad superior surface of the tongue.

Which way does the Velum move to OPEN the nasal passageway?

DOWN The velum moves DOWN to allow sound and air to go through the nasal passage for nasal sounds.

Describe how formants show up on a spectrogram and how they are produced by human anatomy.

Different vocal tract shapes create different resonating chambers that amplify various bands of the speaker's harmonics. These amplified bands are called formants, and will show up on the spectrogram as dark bands.

Tongue

Enormously flexible and Rapidly moving structure

Other muscles involved in Soft Palate movement.

Superior Constrictor Adenoids VP Closure

Suprasegmentals

The "melody" of your speech.

Aspiration

The aperiodic sound caused by air moving through the glottis (larynx) before it closes and starts vibrating again. *especially evident in Middle Eastern languages like Arabic

Premaxilla

The front of the Hard Palate

Behind the alveolar ridge (function)

The hard palate is an important place for the tongue to move up to in the articulation of sh, /r/ and other sounds.

Mandible

The large bone that forms the lower jaw.

Front of the alveolar ridge (function)

The point of contact (or almost contact) for the tongue for such sounds as /t/ /d/ etc.

Dental Occulsion

The relationship between upper and lower teeth.

Does the tongue grow?

The tongue grows as the child grows and reaches adult size by age 16.

Acoustic Characteristics (definition + importance)

The way each VOWEL and CONSONANT is produced gives rise to its acoustic characteristics/ signature. Because acoustics are the sound in the air, these characteristics might indicate what the brain uses to "decode" each sound.

Affricates (Acoustic Features)

Their acoustic feature is the combination of first a stop and then a fricative.

Name the portions of the tongue (front → back)

Tip (apex) Blade Front Back

What is the purpose of lining the nasal passages with mucous membrane that contains cilia embedded in it?

To warm, moisturize, and filter the air.

Hyponasality.

Too little nasality. Caused by blockage of air and sound to nasal cavity. Sometimes occurs when adenoids are too big.

Hypernasality

Too much nasality. Caused by Velum not closing off the Velopharyngeal Passage to the Nasal Cavity.

Fricatives (Acoustic Features)

Turbulence or "noise"

Which way does the Velum move to CLOSE off the nasal passageway?

UP The velum moves UP to close off the nasal passageway.

Pharynx importance

swallowing respiration speech (especially resonance)

Why are suprasegmentals important? (3)

1. Conveying grammatical information 2. Conveying emotion 3. Making speech maximally intelligible

List the Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue

1. Genioglossus 2. Hyoglossus 3. Palatoglossus 4. Styloglossus

Name the three aspects of speech productions that can be involved in suprasegmentals.

1. Intonation 2. Stress 3. Duration

Muscles of the Velum

1. Levator Veli Palatini 2. Musculus Uvuli 3. Tensor Veli Palatine 4. Palatoglossus 5. Palatopharyngeus

Name the 6 manners of articulation for consonants.

1. Stops 2. Fricative 3. Affricative 4. Nasals 5. Glides 6. Liquids

List the Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue

1. Superior Longitudinal 2. Inferior Longitudinal 3. Transverse 4. Vertical

What are the 2 major dimensions of Vowel Classification?

1. Tongue Height 2. Tongue Advancement (front vs back) to a lesser extent Lip rounding Tense / Lax Tongue

Spectrogram of Diphthongs

A diphthong is a vowel that changes resonance characteristics during production. Two vowels are produced as one unit. The first is the ONGLIDE and the second is the OFFGLIDE. ex. /ai/ in the word "bite" The shift from one vowel to the other causes FORMANT TRANSITIONS

Palatal Aponeurosis

A large flat tendon Connects the hard palate to the soft palate.

Alveolar Ridge

A projection bone (part of the maxilla) which houses the teeth.

Sibilants

A subcategory of fricatives. Characterized by more intense energy than nonsibilants. Sibilants (s, z, sh) Nonsibilants (f, v, th)

Fricatives

Air forced through a narrow channel, with articulators not quite touching, causing hissing sound. *VP Post must be CLOSED* ex. first sound in "thing" or "soup"

Nasals (Acoustic Features)

Bands of no energy (white space) where formants usually are Strong low-frequency formant.

Why would a cleft palate cause major speech problems?

Because the Hard Palate is used so much in speech, structural problems with the hard palate cause major speech problems.

Affricates

Begin as a stop Change to a fricative ex. first and last sounds of "church" or "judge"

Duration

How long a sound is held. Determined by where in the sentence a word is. Can be varied for stress. Stops = short Diphthongs = long

Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue (function)

Intrinsics adjust the fine movements of shape and position of tongue.

Hard Palate function.

Keeps sound, air, and food from escaping the Oral Cavity and going into the Nasal Cavity.

Carryover Coarticulation

LEFT → RIGHT When your articulation is influenced by a sound you just made.

Valves of the Vocal Tract

Labial Valves (Lips) Lingual Valves (Tongue) Velopharyngeal Valve (Velum + Walls of Pharynx) Laryngeal Valve (Vocal Folds)

What is the connective tissue that connects the bottom of the tongue to the mandible called?

Lingual Frenulum

What does the articulatory system contain?

Lips Tongue Soft palate (velum) Teeth Alveolar Ridge Hard palate

Oral Cavity

Lips (front) Cheeks (sides) Hard plate (top) Tongue (bottom) Pharynx (back)

Lips are crucial to...

Mastication Holding saliva in Making labial sounds

Why are /s/ and /r/ the last to be mastered (not mastered until age 7 or 8 sometimes).

VOWELS involve relatively SIMPLE contractions of various tongue muscles, but CONSONANTS (especially /s/ and /r/) involve very COMPLEX contractions of many muscles and are therefore most often mis-articulated.

Another term for Soft Palate is...

Velum

Voicing

Voicing is the term used to denote the presence or absence of simultaneous vibration of the vocal cords resulting in voiced or voiceless consonants. In other words, the Larynx is either vibrating or not.