CSD 277 Final Exam

What is ethics?

- A set of rules defined by an organization, which defines acceptable actions and behaviors - A set of moral principles or rules that say what is and is not acceptable

Proper amplification with a hearing aid can prevent _______________.

- Dementia - Deterioration of communication habits - Social isolation

What are some of the first symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?

- Difficulty with topic maintenance - Mild naming problems - Mood changes/depression

What feelings might people feel when they stutter?

- Embarrassment - Shame - Fear

Which of the following are identified risk factors for stuttering?

- Family history of stuttering - Duration of stuttering - Male Gender

Select possible medical complications of TBI from the list below.

- Sleep disturbance - Headache - Fatigue - Bowel dysfunction - Changes in physical mobility

Select areas of the brain that are often injured.

- Temporal poles - Occipital poles - Frontal poles

What are typical reasons for requesting an instrumental swallowing evaluation?

- The SLP needs to visualize the pharyngeal phase of the swallow - Client has a history of aspiration pneumonia

Select which tips ASHA recommends SLPs should follow when working as part of an IPP team.

-Bring snacks/treats to meetings to foster camaraderie - Stay away from jargon

What is the prevalence of stuttering?

1% of the population

What is disfluency?

Anything that disrupts smooth flow of speech; it is an interruption of speech

Which disorder or impairment does NOT commonly occur in patients with TBI, due to the diffuse nature of the injury?

Aphasia

In the US, there are __________ TBI cases happen each year.

1.7 million

For normal disfluency of ages 2-3.5, no more than _____ disfluencies per __________ words.

10, 100

What is evidence based practice?

A combination of clinical expertise, client perspectives, and the scientific evidence

Mixed Hearing Loss:

A combination of damage or disruption to the inner and outer/middle ear

What is likely to happen when the client is not able to get adequate nutrition/hydration from oral intake despite our best efforts?

A feeding tube will probably need to be placed

What is an early symptom of Parkinson's disease?

A mask-like face

Which of the following describes otosclerosis?

Abnormal bony growth on the ossicles

You must have ____________ to speak

Air

What is the most common type of dementia?

Alzheimer's Disease

TBI is _______________________.

An acquired injury to the brain due to external force

What is normal disfluency?

An interruption of speech that occurs in a typically developing individual

Sensorineural Hearing Loss:

Damage to the inner ear, cranial nerve VIII, and/or the central auditory pathway

The ______________ is responsible for cognitive, emotional and behavioral function, and self-regulation.

Frontal lobe

Which of the following is a consequence of NOT engaging in interprofessional practice?

Gaps in care for the patient

Disinhibition, reduced flexibility, difficulty with turn-taking, and reduced ability to understand and use inference are examples of ___________ impairment.

Executive function

What law is the clients rights to privacy?

HIPAA

SLPs should pay close attention to which area when working with culturally and linguistically diverse groups with neurological disorders?

Health literacy

Which type of dysarthria is predominantly characterized by involuntary movements?

Hyperkinetic

What is the main goal of interprofessional practice?

Improving the outcomes of those we serve

True or False: American Sign Language (ASL) is mostly derived from British Sign Language (BSL).

False

True or False: Apraxia is primarily characterized by muscle weakness or paralysis.

False

True or False: Clients will usually follow dysphagia recommendations even when the recommendations don't take into consideration their cultural food preferences.

False

True or False: Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease refer to the same thing.

False

True/False: A child's biological temperament, social and cognitive awareness, and environmental responses do NOT affect stuttering.

False

True/False: Articles in reputable newspapers such as Washington Post and magazines such as TIME can be a source of evidence-based practice because they are peer-reviewed by scientists.

False

True/False: Bigger hearing aids are better than small hearing aids because they can amplify the sound more

False

True/False: Dementia is a part of the normal aging process.

False

True/False: Parker is a 3 year old preschooler. he presents with 20 disfluencies per 100 words. This is normal for children in his age.

False

True/False: SLPs can identify the etiology (pathology causing a disorder) of voice disorders by listening to their patients voice

False

Which of these is NOT included in the FAST pneumonic device regarding the signs of a stroke?

Fever

When rotational forces are applied to the brain, it increases the risk of _________ injury.

Diffuse

What is auditory training?

Drill-like activities, which are designed to train a person to hear differences among sounds, it is provided by AuD and SLP

What is fluency?

Effortless flow of speech

Do not __________ to conclusions.

Jump

What is one of the main barriers keeping SLPs/Audiologists from collaborating interprofessionally?

Lack of Time

The severity of TBI can be measured by the degree of consciousness. Select the criterion that meets "moderate" TBI

Loss of consciousness between 30 minutes-24 hours, CT scan shows focal lesion

Flaccid dysarthria is caused primarily by damage to which area?

Lower motor neurons

Select communication behaviors that is NOT supported by executive functions of the brain.

Phonological processing

Which voice disorder is characterized by age-related changes of the voice?

Presbyphonia

Why is disfluency intervention typically different for preschool children than those diagnosed later in life?

Preschoolers have a greater chance of recovery

Which of the following treatment targets would be most likely for someone with TBI?

Self-monitoring skills

Which of the following is NOT true of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease?

Individuals may have many small strokes that lead to dementia

Primary injury of TBI means _________________.

Injury of the brain tissue that occurs at the time of injury

Ask questions to find out _______________ needs.

Their

True or False: culturally and linguistically diverse groups are disproportionately impacted by neurological disorders.

True

True or False: persons with a small hearing loss are at a greater risk for dementia.

True

True or false: Stuttering exists in all countries, cultures, and languages.

True

True/False: There is a shortage of PhDs in CSD.

True

Which cranial nerve (CN) innervates motor and sensory information to the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

Vagus nerve (CN X)

The perceptual feature of "harshness" is correlated to which physiological mechanism?

Vocal roughness with tension due to forcefully adducted vocal folds

What are signs and symptoms you may observe in someone with pharyngeal phase dysphagia?

Wet or gurgly voice and/or breathing

Which treatment activity would be appropriate for targeting resonance?

Speaking against resistance from a CPAP machine

A new patient that has recently suffered a _____________ should be screened for Aphasia.

Stroke

What is the most frequent cause of aphasia?

Stroke

Who is at the highest risk for vocal disorders?

Teachers

This link https://www.uky.edu/chs/research/undergraduate-research/current-opportunities Links to an external site.describes _________________________________.

opportunities for participating in research as a research assistant

What is the more technical/medical term for "stroke"?

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

When a person with aphasia says "lion" when they meant to say "tiger," this is known as a(n) _______________.

paraphasia

The first three to six months following a stroke is a period known as _____________________.

spontaneous recovery

Establish ___________________ with patients

trust and credibility

Stuttering can be between __________ months and puberty

18

When is borderline stuttering? How many disfluencies per 100 words?

2-3.5 years old, more than 10 per 100

For children and adults the ratio male to female is:

3:1

Stuttering onset is usually before _____ years of age.

6

What age is intermediate stuttering?

6-13 years old

What percentage of SLPs/audiologists did not receive formal training in IPP?

70%

Recovery without treatment

75% of children

What is the correct sequence of a typical swallow?

Oral preparation, oral initiation, pharyngeal phase, esophageal phase

A patient presents with dysphagia due to a problem with mastication dialect a phase of swallowing that is disordered.

Oral preparatory phase

What is intelligibility?

The degree to which a listener understands the acoustic signal produced by a speaker

What are core behaviors within normal disfluency?

- No more than 10 disfluencies per 100 words - Usually 1 unit repetitions - Types: interjections, revisions, whole word repetitions

Stuttering can consist of:

- Part or whole word repetitions - Prolongations - Sound or syllable repetitions - Interjections - Broken word - Blocking - Circumlocution (word substitutions)

People with stuttering exhibit these types of disfluencies:

- Part-word repetitions - Sound Prolongations - Silent Blocks

What are core behaviors of stuttering?

- Repetitions - Prolongations - Blocks

Why is there a shortage of PhDs in CSD?

- Retirements - Time requirements - A PhD is a requirement for academic positions

How many people have stutters at some point?

5%

What position must the vocal folds be in to produce phonation?

Adducted

A motor speech disorder caused by a disturbance in motor planning or programming of sequential movement for volitional speech production

Apraxia

What two disorders are classified under the term "motor speech disorders"?

Apraxia & Dysarthria

Assessment of individuals with TBI is primarily dictated by which of the following factors?

Current setting of the patient

Conductive Hearing Loss:

Disruption of the sound signal in the outer and/or middle ear

What are secondary behaviors in stuttering?

Learned reactions to the core behaviors

Susan is an ASHA-certified SLP at a public elementary school. One of her teachers at her school referred a first grade, Alex, to Susan because she was concerned about his speech and language development. Alex moved to the US from Ukraine two years ago, and his first language is Russian. His parents speak Russian exclusively at home. Susan conducted articulation and language tests in English. Alex's scores on these tests were low, qualifying him for speech therapy at the school. Susan did not arrange any tests in Russian because she strongly believes that it is in his best interest if he speaks English as his first language. She has been bilingual children who struggled academically and socially over the years and does not want Alex to experience the same. She filed paperwork for Alex without mentioning his first language and started providing speech therapy for him. Below is a statement about cultural competence issued by ASHA. "professionals must recognize that differences do not imply deficiencies or disorders. Culture and language may influence (a) the behaviors of individuals who seeking health, habilitative, or rehabilitative care and (b) their attitudes toward speech, language, and hearing services and providers. Evaluations of students should be culturally responsive and appropriate based on the child's heritage, language and culture. You should not report test scores when using translated tests that have not been normed on the population representing the student, nor should you use tests containing biases that will negatively affect a child's performance and that may erroneously indicate the need for special education services." Decide whether Susan is immoral or moral and following ASHA's guidelines

Susan's action is moral, but not in line with ASHA's ethics

What are critical factors to consider when trying to differentiate between childhood-onset stuttering and other fluency disorders?

The age and circumstances surrounding the onset of disfluency

What is the CFY for SLPs and AuDs?

The clinical fellowship year is paid, supervised training completed after graduation from the graduate program

How is disfluency defined?

The interruption of forward flow of speech experienced by all speakers during stressful speaking situations

Prognosis after TBI is highly correlated with ________________.

The length of posttraumatic amnesia

Which of the following is the standard medical treatment for noise-induced hearing loss?

There is no medical treatment for this condition