CSE 240 Selgrad
Name some things that Scheme differed from Lisp
-Better Scope Rule -Procedures(functions) as the first-class objects -removal of loops -reliance on recursive procedure calls to express loops.
Describe the process of a imperative/procedural program. (Stored Program Concept - von Neumann machine)
-Data values are initially stored in variables -Variables are read from memory -Then manipulated in the ALU -Then stored back in the same or different variable locations -Finally, values are sent to the I/O devices
Name some imperative/procedural programming languages.
-Fortran -Algol -Ada -Pascal -C
List some functional paradigms
-ML -SML -Lisp/Scheme
Describe the Functional/Applicative paradigm
-No concept of memory locations -Takes a number of values as input and produce a single return value -Return value cannot be stored to memory, it has to be used as final output or immediately as the parameter value of another function -Based on Lambda Calculus
Describe the Logic/declarative paradigm
-Set of facts, rules and questions -The facts are given a rulebase, and if the question finds a match, we receive a yes for the answer. -Prolog
Why are most programming languages similar to each other?
-They share the same mathematical foundation (Boolean) -Similar Functionality -Based on the same hardware and instruction sets -Common design goals -Designers share their design experiences
What is a programming Paradigm?
A set of basic principles, concepts, and methods for how a computation or algorithm is expressed.
What is an assembler?
An assembler translates an assembly language program into machine language program (binary).
What is the name of the type of language that makes use of mnemonics as a replacement for binary programming?
Assembly language -MIPS
Who developed Java?
Developed at Sun Microsystems by James Gosling, Patric Naughton, Chris Warth, Ed Frank, and mike Sheridan.
Who developed C++?
Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1980 at Bell Labs
FORTRAN was developed by who and used what type of notation?
Developed by John Backus crew, it used the Backus-Naur Form to define the syntax of a programming language.
Why was machine language difficult to use and remember?
Instructions had to be written in binary
What was the first and most important functional programming language?
Lisp, by John McCarthy at MIT in 1958
Who developed Pascal?
Niklaus Wirth between 1968 and 1970.
Most significant member of logic programming languages?
Prolog, developed by Alain Colmerauer and Philippe Roussel at UAM in 1970
First introduced Object-Oriented programming concepts were found in which language?
Simula, designed by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard at NCC between 1962-1967
What language was the successor to Simula?
Smalltalk, designed at Xerox led by Alan Kay.
What invention was credited to Grace Hopper?
The first widely known compiler, called A0 in 1951.
Define Structured programming
a technique for organizing programs in a hierarchy of modules. Modules had a single entry and exit point, with control being passed without unconditional branches. (sequential, conditional branch, and iteration)
Object-Oriented paradigm
basically the same as imperative/procedural except that variables are put into classes of objects. Objects are the main building blocks of programs. -Smalltalk -C++ -Java -C#
Who developed C?
invented and implemented by Dennis Ritchie at DEC between 1969 and 1973.
Define the imperative/procedural programming paradigm.
it expresses computation by fully specified and fully controlled manipulation of named data in a stepwise fashion.
