Cultural Anthropology

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through systematic connections of different parts

The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture

false

all humans are born with some culture

traditions

the most enduring and ritualized aspects of a culture

socially constructed

violence is

it distinguishes them from the government's soldiers

why did Liberian rebel soldiers cross-dress during the civil war in the 1990s?

increased population density causes too much competition for resources

why do foragers turn to agriculture?

it provides high-quality protein for human brain development

why was meat eating important for human evolution?

created; born

A number of societies have the notion that men are _______ and women are _________

prejudice

A preformed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different

those meanings are only sensible within culturally specific set of ideas about religion and spirituality

A relativistic perspective on the meanings of Coca-Cola in Tzotzil Maya communities in Chiapas, Mexico would emphasize that

holistically

Anthropologists study diversity of diets, cultural beliefs surrounding food, and complex interactions between nutrition and environment, which means they study it

yes, because of racism

Does race have biological consequences?

power is used to attain goals for the good of the community

For anthropologists, political power refers to how

display visible signs of his or her illness

For the Ningerum patient to get help with his or her care and treatment, the main thing to do is

social behaviors

In Latin America, "blackness" and "whiteness" are based on

medical pluralism

Nearly all societies draw on more than one medical tradition simultaneously, a process which is called

people learn them when they are young

Norms are stable because

AIDS

Paul Farmer's work was originally focused on what disease?

acephalous

The !Kung people of southern Africa are an example what kind of society?

racialization

The social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings.

shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores

a good example of disguised discrimination is when

Alcoholism

a good example of the process of medicalization is found in the changing understanding of which of the following conditions as a "disease"?

a means of creating and maintaining social order

a structural functionalist would be most likely to analyze violence as

development anthropologists often think of themselves as

advocates of poor and marginalized people

of cross-cultural research that shows sexual practices and sexuality is variable throughout a lifetime

anthropologists reject the idea that same-sex sexuality is a fixed and exclusive condition because

integrated

because our values and beliefs include many elements such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is

false

big men can transfer their power and status through inheritance when they die

false

cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do

true

culture consists of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural

true

diabetics often have better control of their blood sugar when they are supportive family members but poorer control when feeling isolated

dynamic

foodways are subject to large-scale industrial processes, trade relationships, and trends, suggesting that they are

persuassion

for a big man in a nonstate society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool?

false

for antidiscrimination activists and educators, it is usually enough to simply demonstrate the existence of prejudice and discrimination

true

genetically speaking, humans are a remarkably homogenous species: there is far greater variation within human groups that there is between them

false

globalization is so exciting to anthropologists right now because they have never studied interconnectivity before.

have much variation throughout different cultures and societies

health and illness

Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?

history

by legitimating community authority

how do religious rituals function politically?

Symbol

is something that conventionally stands for something else

How would a critical relativist explain Native American criticisms of cultural appropriation?

it is important to understand Native American claims from their point of view through it doesn't necessarily mean we should accept them as the only way to view the issue

Intensification

long-term damage to the soil quality is typical of

Eating Practices

marked by identities such as gender, age, and ethnic group

which of the following is not true of how food preferences relate to gender?

men always love meat, no matter which culture they are from

true

most human diets follow a common pattern

Discrimination

negative or unfair treatment of a person of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is called

transnational

often, anthropologists use the term "_______" rather that "globalization" to refer to the "global" circulation of goods and people.

false

one of the reasons intersex individuals interest anthropologists is how unusual and strange it is in a sexually dimorphic species

social performance

people everywhere establish their gender/sex identities, including normative categories like "man" or "woman", through

false

people in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion

false

people rarely hold conflicting values

serving as a treasurer during a game of Monopoly

political acts include all of the following except

true

race can become biology, by shaping people's biological outcomes due to disparities in access to certain kinds of healthcare and diets, exposure to certain kinds of diseases, and other factors that can make people sick or healthy

false

sex is a simple product of nature and biology

anxiety disorders

soldiers returning from war often have which of the following symptoms

foodways

structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food

social institutions

the "natural" order represented in social hierarchies of any society is supported by

persistence

the ability to digest milk into adulthood is called lactase

Ethnocentrism

the experience of feeling that the way your culture does things is the right way and any different way of doing things is wrong is called

demonstrates that the nonpowerful have ways of exercising political power

the importance of a phenomenon like "revenge suicide" in Papua New Guinea is that it

cultural relativism

the moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices

true

the prestige and social authority doctors enjoy is relatively new

natural selection

the process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is referred to as

true

the process of capital accumulation and the expansion of European colonialism disrupted many societies.

Functionalism

the theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society

Charles Darwin

the thinker, who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was

cultural appropriation

the unilateral decision of one social group to take control over the symbols, practices, or objects of another

Globalization

the widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries

If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that

this way of teaching organizes people to shared cultural goals

James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists

to expand state power

the availability of weapons and cultural attitudes toward violence

to understand aggression in society, we have to understand which of the following factor(s)?

how people understand and experience their condition on a personal level

what is the "subjectivity of illness"?

meat consumption increased

what pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways?

mediation

you and your sibling are fighting over who gets to use the family car. When your parent intervenes and seeks a solution that is agreeable to both of you, it is an example of

nature and culture

Sherry Ortner, a feminist anthropologist, observed that the roots of female subordination lay in the distinction all societies make between

adjudication

The legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision.

the people or species they study

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to

Biological Anthropology

The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called

gender variance

Which term refers to expressions of sex and gender that diverge from the male and female norms that are predominant in most societies?

the processes involved in approving BiDil for use among African Americans

a good illustration of naturalization of race is

caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms

a key difference between caste and social class is

Theories

a key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is

false

a key feature of the theory pf primordialism is that ethnic groups are created by powerful interest groups in a society

sex-specific hormones cause particular behaviors

a misconception about hormones in society is that

clinical processes, symbolic processes, and social support

according the medical anthropologists Csordas and Kleinman, the several therapeutic processes that bring healing include which of the following?

Globalization

according to anthropologists, _____ is the contemporary widening of scale of cross-cultural interactions owing to the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas.

ignores differences among women in different cultural groups

according to some, a critical limitation of "second-wave" feminism is that it

one trait tends to be representative of other characteristics like intelligence and personal character

all biological approaches to race are problematic because

false

all feminist anthropologists agree that women's subordination is a human universal

false

health and illness are objective states

foraging

which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?

clinical therapeutic process

When a doctor observes a patient's symptoms and prescribes a treatment that he or she thinks will act directly on the patient's body to cure the problem, the doctor is adopting which kind of treatment process?

Hobbes and Locke

Which English philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder and argued that chaos is avoidable by creating strong government?

obstacles in access to birth control

an anthropologists who studies how societies control sexuality would likely be most interested in the following situations

the growth in profits for insurance and pharmaceutical companies

an explanation given for medicalizing the nonmedical is

seeing matters from the point of view of another culture

anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by

Financial globalization has allowed for

corporations to move factories from one country to another

false

cultural diversity persists in the world because cultures have been isolated from each other for so long but that diversity is bound to disappear as cultures intermingle more

Hybridization is about

cultural mixing

true

diversity, defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not the same thing as "difference"

false

doctors throughout the world enjoy a high degree of prestige

true

during the Civil War surgeons were little more than butchers who amputated with large, dirty saws, using no antibiotics, few painkillers, and no antiseptics

true

foragers tend to work less to survive that agriculturalists or pastoralists

new patterns in which people are dropping ethnic identification in favor of whiteness

if you wanted to study ongoing racialization processes in the United States, you would most likely focus on

because of preference for justice, fairness, and the rule of law

in many societies people resolve disputes by restoring harmony, although people are not always satisfied with this resolution. why?

true

in many societies, some people live their lives as neither male nor female

false

in some hunter-gatherer groups relations are egalitarian and women can become leaders of a band

true

it is unusual for human adults to be able to digest milk

what some people think is gay sex is not considered to be the case by others

one of the reasons it is important to develop culturally sensitive campaigns to address a health crisis like HIV/AIDS is that

different sexual forms, hormones, and chromosomal structures in men and women

sexual dimorphism refers to the

False

the scientific method is a research method in pursuit of ultimate truths

what is the most important thing that the core-legume-fringe dietary pattern indicated about how people eat?

there is a common general pattern of how people around the world eat

anthropologists agree on the theory to explain it

which of the following is not true about ethnicity

Bronislaw Malinowski

who was responsible for the theory of functionalism

E.B. Tylor

who was responsible for the theory of social evolutionism

it shows how cultural, political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based

anthropologists are interested in a situation like the way the new heart drug BiDil was created and approved because

cross-cultural

anthropologists believe that _________ approach, analyzing human societies' phenomena by comparing the phenomena with different societies, is necessary to appreciate how artificial our beliefs and actions are

both men and women

anthropologists understand that in order to understand gender/sex inequalities one must study

migrants

are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries

true

as children get older, cultural influences on behavior become much stronger; and as a result, it becomes difficult, if not impossible, to isolate biological influences on what it means to be male or female

Ethnocentrism

assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called

Why was symbolic anthropologist Mary Douglas so interested in Jewish dietary laws?

because they were a way to communicate symbolic piety

world systems theory helped anthropologists

better explain the historical emergence of development patterns throughout the world

kinship. marriage, and farming

examples of social institutions

barbers

in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries American doctors often had second jobs as

intersexed

individuals who diverge from male-female norm and exhibit sexual organs and functions somewhere between, including both male and female, are called

a world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except

it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology

Rapid increases in the scale and amount of communication

mean that people in remote places can be in contact with people all over the world

"owning" culture

means controlling symbols that give meaning

a structuralist approach to the study of a large banquet would emphasize the

oppositions and contrasts in foods that help people make sense of the banquet

false

people living in noncentralized political systems have generally welcomed their integration into centralized political systems because it provides greater security and prosperity for them

Intensification

process that increase agricultural yields and includes prepping soil, technology, a large labor force, water management, and plant and soil modification

shows that "sex" is constructed upon cultural assumptions

sex-assignment surgery is important because it

a key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is

the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within

omnivorous

the human diet is

a nutritional anthropologists who studies the nutrition transition would probably focus on all the following except

the labor conditions of migrant workers.

one of the main reasons agricultural intensification interests anthropologists is that

there are many strategies for achieving it

false

there are more undernourished people than obese and overweight people in the world

false

there is a biological connection between the trait of skin tone and other "racial" traits, such as certain facial features and bodily shapes.

doctors will focus on the clinical processes that explain the disease, while medical anthropologists will want to look at the illness from all perspectives

what is the most striking difference between a physician's approach to a sick patient and a medical anthropologist's perspective?

Medical Anthropology

what subfield of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistics factors shape the health of human beings in different culture?

class

when Americans recognize that people are born into a particular social position due to the economic situations of their families, they are recognizing the existence of

sorcery

when anthropologists Robert Welsch got sick in Papua New Guinea, most of the villagers attributed his symptoms to

false

when people around the world have disputes, they are most concerned with winning and losing

interpret violence as something without reason

when people describe violence as meaningless they

they are not expected to seek medical care from a professional or family caregiver

which of the following activities or behaviors is not part of the American sick role?

scientists

which of the following groups were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races?

the use of force to cause harm to someone or something

which of the following is an element of violence?

action theory

which of the following theories is most concerned with understanding how people maintain political power in their daily activities and decision-making processes?

structural-functionalism

which theory was used to explain how stateless societies maintained social order and equilibrium?


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