Cultural Anthropology
through systematic connections of different parts
The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture
false
all humans are born with some culture
traditions
the most enduring and ritualized aspects of a culture
socially constructed
violence is
it distinguishes them from the government's soldiers
why did Liberian rebel soldiers cross-dress during the civil war in the 1990s?
increased population density causes too much competition for resources
why do foragers turn to agriculture?
it provides high-quality protein for human brain development
why was meat eating important for human evolution?
created; born
A number of societies have the notion that men are _______ and women are _________
prejudice
A preformed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different
those meanings are only sensible within culturally specific set of ideas about religion and spirituality
A relativistic perspective on the meanings of Coca-Cola in Tzotzil Maya communities in Chiapas, Mexico would emphasize that
holistically
Anthropologists study diversity of diets, cultural beliefs surrounding food, and complex interactions between nutrition and environment, which means they study it
yes, because of racism
Does race have biological consequences?
power is used to attain goals for the good of the community
For anthropologists, political power refers to how
display visible signs of his or her illness
For the Ningerum patient to get help with his or her care and treatment, the main thing to do is
social behaviors
In Latin America, "blackness" and "whiteness" are based on
medical pluralism
Nearly all societies draw on more than one medical tradition simultaneously, a process which is called
people learn them when they are young
Norms are stable because
AIDS
Paul Farmer's work was originally focused on what disease?
acephalous
The !Kung people of southern Africa are an example what kind of society?
racialization
The social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings.
shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores
a good example of disguised discrimination is when
Alcoholism
a good example of the process of medicalization is found in the changing understanding of which of the following conditions as a "disease"?
a means of creating and maintaining social order
a structural functionalist would be most likely to analyze violence as
development anthropologists often think of themselves as
advocates of poor and marginalized people
of cross-cultural research that shows sexual practices and sexuality is variable throughout a lifetime
anthropologists reject the idea that same-sex sexuality is a fixed and exclusive condition because
integrated
because our values and beliefs include many elements such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is
false
big men can transfer their power and status through inheritance when they die
false
cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do
true
culture consists of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural
true
diabetics often have better control of their blood sugar when they are supportive family members but poorer control when feeling isolated
dynamic
foodways are subject to large-scale industrial processes, trade relationships, and trends, suggesting that they are
persuassion
for a big man in a nonstate society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool?
false
for antidiscrimination activists and educators, it is usually enough to simply demonstrate the existence of prejudice and discrimination
true
genetically speaking, humans are a remarkably homogenous species: there is far greater variation within human groups that there is between them
false
globalization is so exciting to anthropologists right now because they have never studied interconnectivity before.
have much variation throughout different cultures and societies
health and illness
Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?
history
by legitimating community authority
how do religious rituals function politically?
Symbol
is something that conventionally stands for something else
How would a critical relativist explain Native American criticisms of cultural appropriation?
it is important to understand Native American claims from their point of view through it doesn't necessarily mean we should accept them as the only way to view the issue
Intensification
long-term damage to the soil quality is typical of
Eating Practices
marked by identities such as gender, age, and ethnic group
which of the following is not true of how food preferences relate to gender?
men always love meat, no matter which culture they are from
true
most human diets follow a common pattern
Discrimination
negative or unfair treatment of a person of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is called
transnational
often, anthropologists use the term "_______" rather that "globalization" to refer to the "global" circulation of goods and people.
false
one of the reasons intersex individuals interest anthropologists is how unusual and strange it is in a sexually dimorphic species
social performance
people everywhere establish their gender/sex identities, including normative categories like "man" or "woman", through
false
people in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion
false
people rarely hold conflicting values
serving as a treasurer during a game of Monopoly
political acts include all of the following except
true
race can become biology, by shaping people's biological outcomes due to disparities in access to certain kinds of healthcare and diets, exposure to certain kinds of diseases, and other factors that can make people sick or healthy
false
sex is a simple product of nature and biology
anxiety disorders
soldiers returning from war often have which of the following symptoms
foodways
structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food
social institutions
the "natural" order represented in social hierarchies of any society is supported by
persistence
the ability to digest milk into adulthood is called lactase
Ethnocentrism
the experience of feeling that the way your culture does things is the right way and any different way of doing things is wrong is called
demonstrates that the nonpowerful have ways of exercising political power
the importance of a phenomenon like "revenge suicide" in Papua New Guinea is that it
cultural relativism
the moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices
true
the prestige and social authority doctors enjoy is relatively new
natural selection
the process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is referred to as
true
the process of capital accumulation and the expansion of European colonialism disrupted many societies.
Functionalism
the theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society
Charles Darwin
the thinker, who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was
cultural appropriation
the unilateral decision of one social group to take control over the symbols, practices, or objects of another
Globalization
the widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries
If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that
this way of teaching organizes people to shared cultural goals
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists
to expand state power
the availability of weapons and cultural attitudes toward violence
to understand aggression in society, we have to understand which of the following factor(s)?
how people understand and experience their condition on a personal level
what is the "subjectivity of illness"?
meat consumption increased
what pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways?
mediation
you and your sibling are fighting over who gets to use the family car. When your parent intervenes and seeks a solution that is agreeable to both of you, it is an example of
nature and culture
Sherry Ortner, a feminist anthropologist, observed that the roots of female subordination lay in the distinction all societies make between
adjudication
The legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision.
the people or species they study
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to
Biological Anthropology
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called
gender variance
Which term refers to expressions of sex and gender that diverge from the male and female norms that are predominant in most societies?
the processes involved in approving BiDil for use among African Americans
a good illustration of naturalization of race is
caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms
a key difference between caste and social class is
Theories
a key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is
false
a key feature of the theory pf primordialism is that ethnic groups are created by powerful interest groups in a society
sex-specific hormones cause particular behaviors
a misconception about hormones in society is that
clinical processes, symbolic processes, and social support
according the medical anthropologists Csordas and Kleinman, the several therapeutic processes that bring healing include which of the following?
Globalization
according to anthropologists, _____ is the contemporary widening of scale of cross-cultural interactions owing to the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas.
ignores differences among women in different cultural groups
according to some, a critical limitation of "second-wave" feminism is that it
one trait tends to be representative of other characteristics like intelligence and personal character
all biological approaches to race are problematic because
false
all feminist anthropologists agree that women's subordination is a human universal
false
health and illness are objective states
foraging
which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?
clinical therapeutic process
When a doctor observes a patient's symptoms and prescribes a treatment that he or she thinks will act directly on the patient's body to cure the problem, the doctor is adopting which kind of treatment process?
Hobbes and Locke
Which English philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder and argued that chaos is avoidable by creating strong government?
obstacles in access to birth control
an anthropologists who studies how societies control sexuality would likely be most interested in the following situations
the growth in profits for insurance and pharmaceutical companies
an explanation given for medicalizing the nonmedical is
seeing matters from the point of view of another culture
anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by
Financial globalization has allowed for
corporations to move factories from one country to another
false
cultural diversity persists in the world because cultures have been isolated from each other for so long but that diversity is bound to disappear as cultures intermingle more
Hybridization is about
cultural mixing
true
diversity, defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not the same thing as "difference"
false
doctors throughout the world enjoy a high degree of prestige
true
during the Civil War surgeons were little more than butchers who amputated with large, dirty saws, using no antibiotics, few painkillers, and no antiseptics
true
foragers tend to work less to survive that agriculturalists or pastoralists
new patterns in which people are dropping ethnic identification in favor of whiteness
if you wanted to study ongoing racialization processes in the United States, you would most likely focus on
because of preference for justice, fairness, and the rule of law
in many societies people resolve disputes by restoring harmony, although people are not always satisfied with this resolution. why?
true
in many societies, some people live their lives as neither male nor female
false
in some hunter-gatherer groups relations are egalitarian and women can become leaders of a band
true
it is unusual for human adults to be able to digest milk
what some people think is gay sex is not considered to be the case by others
one of the reasons it is important to develop culturally sensitive campaigns to address a health crisis like HIV/AIDS is that
different sexual forms, hormones, and chromosomal structures in men and women
sexual dimorphism refers to the
False
the scientific method is a research method in pursuit of ultimate truths
what is the most important thing that the core-legume-fringe dietary pattern indicated about how people eat?
there is a common general pattern of how people around the world eat
anthropologists agree on the theory to explain it
which of the following is not true about ethnicity
Bronislaw Malinowski
who was responsible for the theory of functionalism
E.B. Tylor
who was responsible for the theory of social evolutionism
it shows how cultural, political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based
anthropologists are interested in a situation like the way the new heart drug BiDil was created and approved because
cross-cultural
anthropologists believe that _________ approach, analyzing human societies' phenomena by comparing the phenomena with different societies, is necessary to appreciate how artificial our beliefs and actions are
both men and women
anthropologists understand that in order to understand gender/sex inequalities one must study
migrants
are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries
true
as children get older, cultural influences on behavior become much stronger; and as a result, it becomes difficult, if not impossible, to isolate biological influences on what it means to be male or female
Ethnocentrism
assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called
Why was symbolic anthropologist Mary Douglas so interested in Jewish dietary laws?
because they were a way to communicate symbolic piety
world systems theory helped anthropologists
better explain the historical emergence of development patterns throughout the world
kinship. marriage, and farming
examples of social institutions
barbers
in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries American doctors often had second jobs as
intersexed
individuals who diverge from male-female norm and exhibit sexual organs and functions somewhere between, including both male and female, are called
a world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except
it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology
Rapid increases in the scale and amount of communication
mean that people in remote places can be in contact with people all over the world
"owning" culture
means controlling symbols that give meaning
a structuralist approach to the study of a large banquet would emphasize the
oppositions and contrasts in foods that help people make sense of the banquet
false
people living in noncentralized political systems have generally welcomed their integration into centralized political systems because it provides greater security and prosperity for them
Intensification
process that increase agricultural yields and includes prepping soil, technology, a large labor force, water management, and plant and soil modification
shows that "sex" is constructed upon cultural assumptions
sex-assignment surgery is important because it
a key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is
the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within
omnivorous
the human diet is
a nutritional anthropologists who studies the nutrition transition would probably focus on all the following except
the labor conditions of migrant workers.
one of the main reasons agricultural intensification interests anthropologists is that
there are many strategies for achieving it
false
there are more undernourished people than obese and overweight people in the world
false
there is a biological connection between the trait of skin tone and other "racial" traits, such as certain facial features and bodily shapes.
doctors will focus on the clinical processes that explain the disease, while medical anthropologists will want to look at the illness from all perspectives
what is the most striking difference between a physician's approach to a sick patient and a medical anthropologist's perspective?
Medical Anthropology
what subfield of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistics factors shape the health of human beings in different culture?
class
when Americans recognize that people are born into a particular social position due to the economic situations of their families, they are recognizing the existence of
sorcery
when anthropologists Robert Welsch got sick in Papua New Guinea, most of the villagers attributed his symptoms to
false
when people around the world have disputes, they are most concerned with winning and losing
interpret violence as something without reason
when people describe violence as meaningless they
they are not expected to seek medical care from a professional or family caregiver
which of the following activities or behaviors is not part of the American sick role?
scientists
which of the following groups were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races?
the use of force to cause harm to someone or something
which of the following is an element of violence?
action theory
which of the following theories is most concerned with understanding how people maintain political power in their daily activities and decision-making processes?
structural-functionalism
which theory was used to explain how stateless societies maintained social order and equilibrium?