AP Psychology Chapter 14

Deficiency Orientation

tend to focus on what you do not have

Walter Mischel

focused on cognitive person variables, 5 of them, encodings (beliefs/schema about anything) *which lead to expectancies*, expectancies (expectations), affects (feeling/emotions you have), goals and values (what do you want to achieve STM, LTM), competencies and self-regulatory plans (what are your abilities, what can you do)

Social Cognitive Approach

focuses on conscious thoughts, emphasizes NURTURE; the view that personality reflects learned patterns of thinking and behavior

Humanistic Approach

focuses on growth and potential (or perception)

Trait Approach

focuses on the consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions that form individual personalities, BELIEVE PERSONALITY COMES FROM NATURE

Latency (pre-puberty)

had feelings, naturally hide feelings from phallic stage, boys hang with boys, girls hang with girls, explains homosexuality

Personality

the pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted with others, in other words, personality is repeated actions and behaviors that a person does that can be similar or different from other people, unique (your own thoughts and behavior)

Sublimation

transferring unacceptable impulses into a socially acceptable option, ex. - decides to get his anger/sadness out through playing his guitar and/or drawing

Big 5 Model / Test

objective test, (OCEAN OR CANOE), openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, used to describe personality

Myers-Briggs Personality Test (MBPT)

objective test, based upon 4 types, introverts/extroverts, sensors/intuitives, thinking/feeling, judgers/perceivers , Carl Jung

MMPI

objective test, original intent / design to assess psychological disorders, and only uses true and false statements

Rationalization

offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real unconscious reasons (justify), ex. - explains that he wasn't working very hard in the tryouts and could have made the team if he really wanted to

5 Psychosexual Stages

oral (0-1), anal (2-3), phallic (3-6,7), latency (pre-puberty), genital (now)

Compensation

overachieving in one area to make up for failures in another, ex. - after yelling at his brother, he is extra nice to him and get him some ice cream

Rorschach Inkblot Test

projective test, 10 cards with inkblot, there could be color or black and white, you describe what you see, asks you a bunch of questions like describing it top to bottom, left to right, ask for your initial response, look for patterns and themes across the cards, very complex and take time to get answers

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

projective test, 10-12 cards with pictures/drawings/paintings, only black and white, have you tell stories about characters and what is going on in the scene

Pros and cons of Projective Tests

pros - lots of flexibility cons - not standardized, take a long time to score and can be interpreted differently based on different psychologists

Pros and cons of objective tests

pros - very efficient and reliable cons - you can trick / deceive the test, for example you can say you are an extrovert, but in reality you are a introvert

Sigmund Freud

psychoanalytic / psychodynamic approach, believed behavior/personality came from the unconscious (id, superego, ego)

Psychodynamic Approach

still deals with some of Freud's views on the unconscious, but makes some adjustments

Superego

"the angel" your ideal self, what you should do, (superego = superman) always does what is right

ID

"the devil" whatever makes you happy that is what you are going to do, controlled by the pleasure principle

Ego

"the middle man / mediator", find a balance, reality principle

NEO-PI-R

(3 of the Big 5) objective test, used for marriage, two types of tests - "private version" for yourself and "public version" for someone else such as a spouse

Behavioral Inhibition System

(Flight or Freeze System FSS), effects how sensitive people are to potential punishment and the motivation to avoid being punished and is responsible for how fearful or inhibited a person is (WORRIED)

Gordon Allport

(father of trait approach) attempted to describe personality, central and secondary traits

Phallic (3-6,7)

(penis) Oedipus complex, jealous type + deficiency orientation

Objective Tests

(personality inventories) contain direct and clear items to a person's personality, answer is right if front of your face, ex. - not open ended, and these type of tests will have multiple choice answers, true/false, this or that, the big 5, yes or no

Secondary Traits

(sometimes, depends) characteristics that are more specific to certain situations and control far less behavior, situational

Central Traits

(what you will always be) (c = core, c = central), you are you all the time

Hans Eysenck

2 dimensions, introversion-extraversion (are you introverted or extraverted) and emotionality-stability (emotional, you get mad easy/irrational vs. are you stable, calm and relaxed)

Behavioral Approach System

Affects people's sensitivity to rewards and their motivation to seek those rewards and is responsible for how impulsive or uninhibited a person is (THRILL SEEKER)

Temperament

basic behavioral tendency (nature, how you react, what energy level you have, biological disposition, ex. - do you get mad easily, if so parent probably does too)

Reaction formation

behaving and/or thinking the opposite of one's feelings, ex. - makes of big show of expressing indifference about being on "the stupid soccer team"

Conditions of worth

Carl Rogers, (negative) feelings experienced whenever people are evaluated rather than their behavior (do not want this)

Actualizing tendency

Carl Rogers, built-in motivation, everyone has to achieve self-actualization (your drive towards growth and potential)

Self-concept

Carl Rogers, the way one thinks of oneself

Describes

Does the Big 5 Model/Test explain or describe personality?

Internal Locus of Control

Expecting events to be controlled by your own efforts (your hard work) (I = internal, I am in control)

External Locus of Control

Expecting events to be determined by external forces you have no control over (luck, fate, destiny)

Fixated / fixation

If you do not resolve conflict, you are fixated (stuck in a stage), but you can be stuck in multiple stages and move ahead

Displacement

Shifting aggressive impulses to a less threatening object or person (slam a door when you are mad, because it won't hit you back, someone cant yell at their boss, so they take it out on wife / kids), ex. - yells at his little brother and kicks the garbage can for no real reason

actualizing tendency, self-concept, and conditions of worth

These terms are related to Carl Rogers...

Personality creation

Unconscious conflicts lead to...

Explaining is produced and the why; Describe is listing it

What is the difference between explaining and describing?

Oedipus Complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Julian Rotter

believed that learning creates cognition (known as expectancies), which will then guide behavior, which leads to the creation of your personality, and called this his Expectancy Theory

Karen Horney and Womb Envy

believed that men suffer from this because they feel inadequate because they cannot give birth. This explains the "machoism" that men often show, called womb envy

Alfred Adler and Striving for Superiority

believed that we have an unconscious drive to always be better; called striving for superiority

Carl Jung and Collective Unconscious

believed that we share unconscious thoughts from our ancestor and these thoughts shape our personality; called collective unconscious. His "types" helped create the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Personality Test.

Pleasure Principle

controls id; tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification, do whatever you want with no consequences

Projection

disguising one's thoughts/feelings and attributing them to others (its not me, its them), ex. - the individual might say: "I'm not upset, but my parents are really mad at the coach."

Reality Principle

here is what I need to do, here is what i should do, but in reality I did this, and found a compromise (in reality)

Abraham Maslow

hierarchy of needs, 5 needs, physiological safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self- actualization

High Self-efficacy

high expectations of success, you have succeeded before, you believe you will succeed again

Genital stage (current)

in this stage now forever, have a goal you either achieve it or you do not, is to develop a mature / healthy relationship with another person for the rest of your life

Anal (2-3)

neat freak, things are organized well, control potty train years know when you can go, (anal expulsive = slob/unorganized)

Repression

pushing an unwanted thought or memory out of awareness, ex. - the individual forgets that he even tried out for the soccer team.

Albert Bandura

reciprocal determinism, believed in the social cognitive approach, known for the famous Bobo Doll study

Denial

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities, ex. - insists that there was an error on the team list and he doesn't believe that he was cut

Projective Tests

respond to vague stimuli to reveal unconscious, more open-ended

Regression

retreating to an earlier stage of life to feel happier, ex. - wants to go to grandma's house to play cards and eat her chocolate chip cookies

Reciprocal Determinism

said that thoughts, behavior, and the environment interact to create a person's personality (one thing affects another)

Growth Orientation

satisfied with what you have

Other Projective Tests

word association, doodling, sentence completion, house tree person test, hands test

Low Self-efficacy

you have struggled before, you have low expectations and feel you will fail again in the future

Oral (0-1)

you like to chew on things, eating disorder, ex. - Mr. K bites his nails