Cultural Anthropology Final 2020

2. How do religious rituals function politically?

(A) by legitimating community authority

What is "fortress conservation"?

an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature

On the north coast of Papua New Guinea, a religious cult leader name Barjani was remembered through which object?

his hat

Globalization is the

widening scale of cross cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of...

A surrogate mother is a

woman who agrees to have an embryo implanted in her womb

The main reason men of the Malaysian Langkawi fishing community hand over their money to women is that

women decontaminate money by using it to sustain the household

The way a people conceptualizes the world provides a set of unquestioned assumptions about the world and how it works. Anthropologists call these conceptualizations a

worldview

Which of the following groups is a prominent American Indian rights group founded in 1968?

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned

American Sign Language

Environmental anthropologists accept the idea that all indigenous people are environmentalists.

False

It has been proven that overpopulation will inevitably lead to global famine.

False

Three broad theories of social structure dominate the social sciences. They are

Functionalism, conflict, and interactional

What are people who belong to conservative religious movements that advocate a return to traditional principles called?

Fundamentalists

Which English philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder and argued that chaos is avoidable by creating strong government?

Hobbes and Locke

Long-term damage to soil quality is typical of

Intensification

14. Which of the following groups were considered nonwhite racial groups?

Jews, Italians, and Finns

Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings?

Planting practices

Repatriation is

The act of returning human remains or cultural artifacts to the communities of descendants of the people to whom they originally belonged

- is a form of persuasion in which patients believe they are taking a strong medication but they are actually taking an inert tablet, such as a sugar pill.

The placebo effect

The neo-evolutionary typology of political systems would classify the role of president of the city council in your hometown as

a bureaucrat in a centralized state

The concept that people have images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called

a cultural landscape

What is an "explanatory model" of a disease like cancer?

a general explanation held by individual patients and their families that accounts for the patient's symptoms, the causes of these symptoms, and how to best treat the cancer

A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is

a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience

In some cultures, bride price (wealth) or dowry is a way of acquiring a bride: dowry is

a large sum of money or in-kind gifts given to a daughter to ensure her well-being in her husband's family.

talking about sports as a battlefield is an example of

a metaphor

Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as

a pidgin language

Michael Rockefeller sought carved bij poles from the Asmat people because he thought they were beautiful art. The Asmat people thought of their carvings as

a ritual act that restored balance to their world.

according to anthropologist sherry ortner's analysis, the american flag is an example of

a summarizing symbol

The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as

a way of explaining how the world works

Food security refers to

access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active

the most important goal of the congolese sapeur is to

accumulate prestige

The Kung people of southern Africa are an example what kind of society?

acephalous

Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is

action anthropology

The legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision is

adjudication

A powerful method that uses objects to manipulate people is

advirtising

When workers make only part of an object rather than the whole product, they have less of a relationship with the fruits of their labor. Karl Marx suggested that this changed relationship with the objects they were producing created a feeling of

alienation

Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?

anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out

Soldiers returning from war often have which of the following symptoms

anxiety disorders

When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called

appropriation

In many societies people resolve disputes by restoring harmony, although people are not always satisfied with this resolution. Why

because of a preference for justice, fairness, and the rule of law

Fieldwork involves

becoming involved in people's lives

in the melanesian conception of time, the future is spatially located

behind the body

The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called

biological anthropology

Medical anthropologist Nancy Scheper-Hughes uncovered a large criminal network engaged in the black market sale of

body parts

Typically archaeologists find it easiest to study changing styles and fashions through which of the following classes of object?

burials

Throughout human history, humans have tended to adapt to the land in a way that is supportive of population size, a practice referred to as

carrying capacity

A key difference between caste and social class is

caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms

When Americans recognize that people are born into a particular social position due to the economic situations of their families, they are recognizing the existence of

class

When a doctor observes a patient's symptoms and prescribes a treatment that he or she thinks will act directly on the patient's body to cure the problem, the doctor is adopting which kind of treatment process?

clinical therapeutic process

Clans come in three types: matrilineal, patrilineal, and

cognatic

A clan that reckons descent through both their mother and father is called a

cognatic clan

Marx theorized that when objects begin to take on mystical powers and engender obsessive desire and worship it is called

commodity fetishism

Financial globalization has allowed for

corporations to move factories from one country to another

The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practices is called

cultural Anthropology

the process of promoting one culture over others, through formal policy or less formal means, is referred to as

cultural imperialism

Hybridization is about

cultural mixing

Push-pull factors

describe the factors that "push" people to migrate from their homes and that "pull" them to host countries

Negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is called

discrimination

animal call systems

do not combine to calls to make new call meanings

Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually

eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods

According to anthropologists, what social institution is the structured patterns and relationships through which people exchange goods and services?

economic systems

he importance of a phenomenon like "revenge suicide" in Papua New Guinea is that it

emonstrates that the nonpowerful have ways of exercising political power

The process of learning culture from a very young age is called

enculturation

A social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality is

environmental justice

What social distinction classifies people according to descent?

ethnicity

Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called

ethnocentrism

they study of how people classify things in the world is called

ethnoscience

When social norms dictate that someone from a particular clan must marry outside of that clan, anthropologists say that the clan is

exogamous

If you live in a household with your mom and dad, your grandfather, as well as your aunt and two cousins, you live in what kind of family

extended family

All humans are born with some culture.

false

Contemporary cultural anthropologists rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced" to categorize human diversity.

false

Doctors throughout the world enjoy a high degree of prestige

false

There are more undernourished people than obese and overweight people in the world.

false

when people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same.

false

which of the following is the defining methodology of the discipline of anthropology?

fieldwork

he structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food is referred to by anthropologists as

foodways

What do anthropologists call the structural process of forgetting whole groups of relatives?

genealogical amnesia

if you wanted to study patterns of kin relationships in a community, which method would you use?

genealogical method

One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that

global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves

A cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists

have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape

For anthropologists the most important aspect of any object is

how it emerges from and exists within a set of human social relationships

What is the "subjectivity of illness"?

how people understand and experience their condition on a personal level

According to Itzaj and many Native American beliefs

humans and nature exist in the same realm

The earliest engagement anthropologists had with material culture happened where?

in museums where objects from around the world were originally seen as evidence of how primitive or civilized different societies were

The "one drop rule" enlarged the slave population by

including the mixed-race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population

What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?

industrial revolution

A substantivist perspective on the economic life of a college fraternity would likely focus on the

informal exchange of favors and goods among members

The people anthropologists gather data from are called

informants

A process that increases yields and includes prepping soil, technology, a large labor force, water management, and plant and soil modification is

intensification

which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?

inter subjective

A symbol

is something that conventionally stands for something else

which of the following is a feature of language.

it consits of sounds orgnized in two words according to some sort of grammar

Anthropologists are interested in the nutrition transition because

it explains widespread changes in bodily form, eating patterns, and everyday life in urban settings

A world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except

it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology

Why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important?

it recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in

Anthropologists are interested in a situation like the way the new heart drug BiDil was created and approved because

it shows how cultural, political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based

A key reason anthropologists study people's pursuit of cool things is that

it's an important avenue through which people express and change their social relationships

During anthropological fieldwork, cultural anthropologists

learn the local language, record people's economic transactions, and study how environmental changes affect agriculture

Culture is

learned and shared

If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that

learning happens best when students are being talked at

The exercise of political power requires

legitimacy

which method is an extended conversation that can shed light on how social institutions change over time?

life histories

Until the 1920s anthropologists interpreted totemism as evidence of a group's

limited intellectual capacity

The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of a bride price is an example of the use of

limited-purpose money

A voodoo doll is a good illustration of

magic that follows the law of similarity

if you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady"

marginalizes womens voices in work contexts

Eating practices are

marked by identities such as gender, age, and ethnic group

You and your sibling are fighting over who gets to use the family car. When your parent intervenes and seeks a solution that is agreeable to both of you, it is an example of

mediation

What subfield of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings in different cultures?

medical anthropology

Religious ideas are typically associated with beliefs about the supernatural, but what secular argument is often used to explain the beliefs and worldviews of physicists or geneticists, who may consider themselves nonbelievers?

most religions are really no more than a particular worldview

Why were American birth rates low from 1942 to 1946?

most young married men were serving in the military

The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is referred to as

natural selection

Which economic theory studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time, labor, and money in order to maximize their personal satisfaction?

neoclassical economics

the human diet is

omnivorous

All biological approaches to race are problematic because

one trait is assumed to be representative of other characteristics like intelligence and personal character

when anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on

parole

___ is a key element of anthro fieldwork because it is a systematic research strategy of hanging out

participant observation

The ability to digest milk into adulthood is called lactase___

persistence

From an anthropological perspective, the main reason Wall Street banks are not the bastions of individualism and cold rationalism many think they are is that

personal relationships and local knowledge are critical to successful transactions

For a big man in a nonstate society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool?

persuasion

the individual sounds used in languages to symbollically produce meaning are called

phonemes

For anthropologists, political power refers to how

power is used to attain goals for the good of the community

A preformed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different is

prejudice

animal call systems lack the ability to produce infinite number of word combinations. this ability in humans is called

productivity

Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as

proof of their primitive nature

An important ethical concern for anthropologists is to

protect their informants

ethical issues facing ethnographers include all of the following EXCEPT

protecting informants blood samples and...

the purpose of fieldnotes is to

provide written records of info an anthro collects

Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a __________ study.

qualitative

Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing

quantitative data

The social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings is called

racialization

Brent Berlin and Paul Kay found that if language had only three color terms, they would always be black, white, and

red

The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of a society is called

redistribution

In Malaysia capitalist entrepreneurship is

respectful of Islamic and Malay obligations and values

Censuses interest anthropologists because they

reveal the government's role in classifying and categorizing people

Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by

seeing matters from the point of view of another culture

4. A good example of disguised discrimination is when

shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores

a stoplight is a visual example of which of the following

sign

The idea that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complex is known as _______________.

social evolution

A major social impact of industrial agriculture is

social stratification

Violence is

socially constructed

When anthropologist Robert Welsch got sick in Papua New Guinea, most of the villagers attributed his symptoms to

sorcery

In some Pentecostal and charismatic Christian religions adherents experience an ecstatic religious happening (often associated with shamanism), which is known as

speaking in tongues

The core of Anthony F. C. Wallace's understanding of religion was belief in

supernatural things

Which of the following do Americans traditionally inherit patrilineally?

surnames

Clifford Geertz proposed an interpretive approach to religion, arguing that religion was a system of __.

symbols

Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because

the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture

A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal

the cultural constructions of insects as food

According to Marshall Sahlins, when production is organized by families it is

the domestic mode of production

The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because

the exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies

The idea that things have social lives refers to which of the following?

the fact that objects are deeply intertwined with people's lives

Matrilineal descent is traced through which relative?

the mother

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to

the people or species they study

A good illustration of the naturalization of race is

the processes involved in approving BiDil for use among African Americans

Why do films take on new meanings when shown to overseas audiences?

the specific cultural content and images in the film lead audiences to draw different conclusions because their culture is different

Hawaiians and other Polynesian islanders traditionally believed that mana, sacred or supernatural power, existed within certain objects, at sacred spaces, and in persons, including all of the following except

the sun

A rise in fundamentalism is often seen when

there are many changes in society

an anthropologist might consider doing anthro at a distance because

there is conflict or violence in the field site

One of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model for administering protected environmental areas is

they (the administrators) assume nature must be uninhabited by people

Which of the following activities or behaviors is not part of the American sick role?

they are not expected to seek medical care from a professional or family caregiver

James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists

to expand state power

The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as

traditions

Some social networks are so spatially disbursed that migrants participate in a community that spans multiple countries, referred to as a

transnational community

All knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally based

true

Beliefs, (and unbelief) get most of their power from being socially enacted repeatedly through rituals and other group behaviors.

true

Buddhism is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic.

true

Foragers tend work less to survive than agriculturalists or pastoralists.

true

Nuclear family units occur in and are important to nearly every society around the world

true

The stereotype that Tahitian women were sexually promiscuous emerged almost overnight after the arrival of Captain Samuel Wallis in 1767, when Tahitians recognized that the British had steel that the crew would exchange for sexual favors.

true

most people are unaware of the structure of a language until someone speaking makes a mistake.

true

The main difference between economists and economic anthropologists is that economists

try to understand and predict economic patterns

Using life history interviews, researchers are able to

understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community

a word that best describes participant observation is

unstrctured

Arthur Kleinman, a medical anthropologist who conducted research in Taiwan, argued that the key to understanding differences in perspective between doctors and patients is that healers and patients often have different

ways of explaining what is happening to the sick persons

Does race have biological consequences?

yes, because of racism

A key feature of political anthropologist Maxwell Owusu's perspective on democracy in Ghana is that the state will work better if village chiefs play a role in decision-making

True

Anthropologists think of bride price as being about not buying anyone but compensation for rights in women-her labor, her support for family affairs, her looking after children, and rights of sexual access. What other social payment is structurally most dissimilar to a bride price payment from this perspective?

a father's purchase of a new car for his daughter when she goes off to college

Which project would be best suited to parachute ethnography?

a study of community response to a disaster

Development anthropologists often think of themselves as

advocates of poor and marginalized people

Early British settlers in the 1600's mistakenly perceived the new landscape in North America as an unpeopled wilderness when, in fact, is was a/an

an anthropogenic landscape

an anthropologist interested in a cultural insider's prospective on that insider's culture is seeking

an emic perspective

Advertisers have trained American consumers to focus on the newest and most exciting products through their

attempts to constantly frame their products as new and improved

Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called

cognate words

Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?

colonial history

People's fascination with having the newest Nike shoes or iPhone is an example of which of the following

commodity fetishism

Anthropologists have studied hundreds of different kinship systems around the world over the past century, but they can all be grouped into six different patterns based on terms for which group of relatives?

cousins

When a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaged in

generalized reciprocity

Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is

integrated

What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways?

meat consumption increased

Nearly all societies draw on more than one medical tradition simultaneously, a process which is called

medical pluralism

"Mother nature" and "natural resources" are a good example of

metaphors of human-nature interaction

___are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries

migrants

The study of how sounds are combined into meaningful units

morphology

anthropologist sherry ortner distinguished thee kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all the following EXCEPT

narrative symbols

Which of the following refers to the family into which one is born and raised?

natal family

When a woman marries more than one man she is practicing

polyandry

The view that nature and environmental conditions shape the characteristics and lifeways of a group of people is known as environmental _____________.

relativism

Which of the following social structures was identified as a way that African societies maintained

religious practices and beliefs

Which of the following groups of people were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races?

scientists

A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is

the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within

An explanation given for medicalizing the nonmedical is

the growth in profits for insurance and pharmaceutical companies

Geertz's approach to religion is a style of analysis that looks at the underlying symbolic and cultural interconnections within a society; this is often referred to as

the interpretive approach

1. Women who practice polyandry tend to marry

two or more male friends

If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would be most likely to focus on

everyday interactions

Why was meat eating important for human biological development?

it provides high-quality protein for human brain development

The social processes that make race part of the natural order of things—by producing theories, schemes, and typologies about human differences is

the naturalization of race

A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that

they explain the rise of cultural conflict in the world

Diabetics often have better control of their blood sugar when they are with supportive family members but poorer control when feeling isolated.

true

A good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is

a worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but gets paid only $15

The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures is called

archaeology

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is called

cultural relativism

For the Ningerum patient to get help with his or her care and treatment, the main thing to do is

display visible signs of his or her illness

What is the most striking difference between a physician's approach to a sick patient and a medical anthropologist's perspective

doctors will focus on the clinical processes that explain the disease, while medical anthropologists will want to look at the illness from all perspectives

Foodways are subject to large-scale industrial processes, trade relationships, and trends, suggesting that they are

dynamic

Interest within environmental anthropology concerned with how non-Western societies classify natural phenomena is called ___________.

ethnoscience

Health and illness are objective states

false

In order to study culture one must travel to distant, far off places

false

Which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?

foraging

One of anthropology's insights about the foraging mode of subsistence is that

foraging people have a cultural view of their environments as giving

Health and illness

have much variation throughout different cultures and societies

The Serpent Mound in Ohio, and Woodhenge in Missouri are examples of

information about solar and lunar patterns embedded in art and religion

Cultural differences are often caused and amplified by

interconnections between societies

An ____________ approach to culture, such as that promoted by Geertz, Turner, and Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings.

interpretive

The social system that organizes people in families based on descent and marriage is called

kinship

Examples of social institutions are

kinship, marriage, and farming

The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called

linguistic anthropology

The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of __________________.

localization

"Owning" culture

means controlling symbols that give meaning

Traditional ecological knowledge is

not well known in the West because some species and ecological interactions exist in only one place

Gift exchange for Marcel Mauss is based in

obligation

Norms are stable because

people learn them when they are young

3. Control over symbolic, material, and human resources are important dimensions of

political power

Economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth are known as

prestige economies

What is a life cycle ritual that marks a person's or group of persons' transition from one social state to another?

rite of passage

Stylized performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities are calle

rituals

Eijian objects were seen by most collectors as evidence of a

savage and bloodthirsty society

Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging?

scientists and conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims

The importance of structural functionalism is that it

showed that non-Western societies have order without formal government

Anthropologist Daniel Miller suggested that shopping for and consuming objects are fundamentally as much _ acts as they are economic acts.

social

A key feature of religious beliefs and behavior is that they are rooted in

social behavior and social action

In Latin America, "blackness" and "whiteness" are based on

social behaviors

The earliest anthropologist to compare religious and spiritual beliefs around the world was E. B. Tylor. For him the heart of religious beliefs was the belief in

spirits

Which of the following is an example of American totemism?

sports team mascots

Which theory was used to explain how stateless societies maintained social order and equilibrium?

structural-functionalism