Cultural Anthropology Final 2020
2. How do religious rituals function politically?
(A) by legitimating community authority
What is "fortress conservation"?
an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature
On the north coast of Papua New Guinea, a religious cult leader name Barjani was remembered through which object?
his hat
Globalization is the
widening scale of cross cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of...
A surrogate mother is a
woman who agrees to have an embryo implanted in her womb
The main reason men of the Malaysian Langkawi fishing community hand over their money to women is that
women decontaminate money by using it to sustain the household
The way a people conceptualizes the world provides a set of unquestioned assumptions about the world and how it works. Anthropologists call these conceptualizations a
worldview
Which of the following groups is a prominent American Indian rights group founded in 1968?
American Indian Movement (AIM)
Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned
American Sign Language
Environmental anthropologists accept the idea that all indigenous people are environmentalists.
False
It has been proven that overpopulation will inevitably lead to global famine.
False
Three broad theories of social structure dominate the social sciences. They are
Functionalism, conflict, and interactional
What are people who belong to conservative religious movements that advocate a return to traditional principles called?
Fundamentalists
Which English philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder and argued that chaos is avoidable by creating strong government?
Hobbes and Locke
Long-term damage to soil quality is typical of
Intensification
14. Which of the following groups were considered nonwhite racial groups?
Jews, Italians, and Finns
Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings?
Planting practices
Repatriation is
The act of returning human remains or cultural artifacts to the communities of descendants of the people to whom they originally belonged
- is a form of persuasion in which patients believe they are taking a strong medication but they are actually taking an inert tablet, such as a sugar pill.
The placebo effect
The neo-evolutionary typology of political systems would classify the role of president of the city council in your hometown as
a bureaucrat in a centralized state
The concept that people have images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called
a cultural landscape
What is an "explanatory model" of a disease like cancer?
a general explanation held by individual patients and their families that accounts for the patient's symptoms, the causes of these symptoms, and how to best treat the cancer
A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is
a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience
In some cultures, bride price (wealth) or dowry is a way of acquiring a bride: dowry is
a large sum of money or in-kind gifts given to a daughter to ensure her well-being in her husband's family.
talking about sports as a battlefield is an example of
a metaphor
Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as
a pidgin language
Michael Rockefeller sought carved bij poles from the Asmat people because he thought they were beautiful art. The Asmat people thought of their carvings as
a ritual act that restored balance to their world.
according to anthropologist sherry ortner's analysis, the american flag is an example of
a summarizing symbol
The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as
a way of explaining how the world works
Food security refers to
access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active
the most important goal of the congolese sapeur is to
accumulate prestige
The Kung people of southern Africa are an example what kind of society?
acephalous
Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is
action anthropology
The legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision is
adjudication
A powerful method that uses objects to manipulate people is
advirtising
When workers make only part of an object rather than the whole product, they have less of a relationship with the fruits of their labor. Karl Marx suggested that this changed relationship with the objects they were producing created a feeling of
alienation
Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?
anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out
Soldiers returning from war often have which of the following symptoms
anxiety disorders
When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called
appropriation
In many societies people resolve disputes by restoring harmony, although people are not always satisfied with this resolution. Why
because of a preference for justice, fairness, and the rule of law
Fieldwork involves
becoming involved in people's lives
in the melanesian conception of time, the future is spatially located
behind the body
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called
biological anthropology
Medical anthropologist Nancy Scheper-Hughes uncovered a large criminal network engaged in the black market sale of
body parts
Typically archaeologists find it easiest to study changing styles and fashions through which of the following classes of object?
burials
Throughout human history, humans have tended to adapt to the land in a way that is supportive of population size, a practice referred to as
carrying capacity
A key difference between caste and social class is
caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms
When Americans recognize that people are born into a particular social position due to the economic situations of their families, they are recognizing the existence of
class
When a doctor observes a patient's symptoms and prescribes a treatment that he or she thinks will act directly on the patient's body to cure the problem, the doctor is adopting which kind of treatment process?
clinical therapeutic process
Clans come in three types: matrilineal, patrilineal, and
cognatic
A clan that reckons descent through both their mother and father is called a
cognatic clan
Marx theorized that when objects begin to take on mystical powers and engender obsessive desire and worship it is called
commodity fetishism
Financial globalization has allowed for
corporations to move factories from one country to another
The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practices is called
cultural Anthropology
the process of promoting one culture over others, through formal policy or less formal means, is referred to as
cultural imperialism
Hybridization is about
cultural mixing
Push-pull factors
describe the factors that "push" people to migrate from their homes and that "pull" them to host countries
Negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is called
discrimination
animal call systems
do not combine to calls to make new call meanings
Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually
eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods
According to anthropologists, what social institution is the structured patterns and relationships through which people exchange goods and services?
economic systems
he importance of a phenomenon like "revenge suicide" in Papua New Guinea is that it
emonstrates that the nonpowerful have ways of exercising political power
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
enculturation
A social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality is
environmental justice
What social distinction classifies people according to descent?
ethnicity
Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called
ethnocentrism
they study of how people classify things in the world is called
ethnoscience
When social norms dictate that someone from a particular clan must marry outside of that clan, anthropologists say that the clan is
exogamous
If you live in a household with your mom and dad, your grandfather, as well as your aunt and two cousins, you live in what kind of family
extended family
All humans are born with some culture.
false
Contemporary cultural anthropologists rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced" to categorize human diversity.
false
Doctors throughout the world enjoy a high degree of prestige
false
There are more undernourished people than obese and overweight people in the world.
false
when people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same.
false
which of the following is the defining methodology of the discipline of anthropology?
fieldwork
he structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food is referred to by anthropologists as
foodways
What do anthropologists call the structural process of forgetting whole groups of relatives?
genealogical amnesia
if you wanted to study patterns of kin relationships in a community, which method would you use?
genealogical method
One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that
global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves
A cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists
have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape
For anthropologists the most important aspect of any object is
how it emerges from and exists within a set of human social relationships
What is the "subjectivity of illness"?
how people understand and experience their condition on a personal level
According to Itzaj and many Native American beliefs
humans and nature exist in the same realm
The earliest engagement anthropologists had with material culture happened where?
in museums where objects from around the world were originally seen as evidence of how primitive or civilized different societies were
The "one drop rule" enlarged the slave population by
including the mixed-race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population
What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?
industrial revolution
A substantivist perspective on the economic life of a college fraternity would likely focus on the
informal exchange of favors and goods among members
The people anthropologists gather data from are called
informants
A process that increases yields and includes prepping soil, technology, a large labor force, water management, and plant and soil modification is
intensification
which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?
inter subjective
A symbol
is something that conventionally stands for something else
which of the following is a feature of language.
it consits of sounds orgnized in two words according to some sort of grammar
Anthropologists are interested in the nutrition transition because
it explains widespread changes in bodily form, eating patterns, and everyday life in urban settings
A world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except
it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology
Why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important?
it recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in
Anthropologists are interested in a situation like the way the new heart drug BiDil was created and approved because
it shows how cultural, political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based
A key reason anthropologists study people's pursuit of cool things is that
it's an important avenue through which people express and change their social relationships
During anthropological fieldwork, cultural anthropologists
learn the local language, record people's economic transactions, and study how environmental changes affect agriculture
Culture is
learned and shared
If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that
learning happens best when students are being talked at
The exercise of political power requires
legitimacy
which method is an extended conversation that can shed light on how social institutions change over time?
life histories
Until the 1920s anthropologists interpreted totemism as evidence of a group's
limited intellectual capacity
The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of a bride price is an example of the use of
limited-purpose money
A voodoo doll is a good illustration of
magic that follows the law of similarity
if you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady"
marginalizes womens voices in work contexts
Eating practices are
marked by identities such as gender, age, and ethnic group
You and your sibling are fighting over who gets to use the family car. When your parent intervenes and seeks a solution that is agreeable to both of you, it is an example of
mediation
What subfield of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings in different cultures?
medical anthropology
Religious ideas are typically associated with beliefs about the supernatural, but what secular argument is often used to explain the beliefs and worldviews of physicists or geneticists, who may consider themselves nonbelievers?
most religions are really no more than a particular worldview
Why were American birth rates low from 1942 to 1946?
most young married men were serving in the military
The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is referred to as
natural selection
Which economic theory studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time, labor, and money in order to maximize their personal satisfaction?
neoclassical economics
the human diet is
omnivorous
All biological approaches to race are problematic because
one trait is assumed to be representative of other characteristics like intelligence and personal character
when anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on
parole
___ is a key element of anthro fieldwork because it is a systematic research strategy of hanging out
participant observation
The ability to digest milk into adulthood is called lactase___
persistence
From an anthropological perspective, the main reason Wall Street banks are not the bastions of individualism and cold rationalism many think they are is that
personal relationships and local knowledge are critical to successful transactions
For a big man in a nonstate society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool?
persuasion
the individual sounds used in languages to symbollically produce meaning are called
phonemes
For anthropologists, political power refers to how
power is used to attain goals for the good of the community
A preformed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different is
prejudice
animal call systems lack the ability to produce infinite number of word combinations. this ability in humans is called
productivity
Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as
proof of their primitive nature
An important ethical concern for anthropologists is to
protect their informants
ethical issues facing ethnographers include all of the following EXCEPT
protecting informants blood samples and...
the purpose of fieldnotes is to
provide written records of info an anthro collects
Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a __________ study.
qualitative
Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing
quantitative data
The social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings is called
racialization
Brent Berlin and Paul Kay found that if language had only three color terms, they would always be black, white, and
red
The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of a society is called
redistribution
In Malaysia capitalist entrepreneurship is
respectful of Islamic and Malay obligations and values
Censuses interest anthropologists because they
reveal the government's role in classifying and categorizing people
Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by
seeing matters from the point of view of another culture
4. A good example of disguised discrimination is when
shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores
a stoplight is a visual example of which of the following
sign
The idea that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complex is known as _______________.
social evolution
A major social impact of industrial agriculture is
social stratification
Violence is
socially constructed
When anthropologist Robert Welsch got sick in Papua New Guinea, most of the villagers attributed his symptoms to
sorcery
In some Pentecostal and charismatic Christian religions adherents experience an ecstatic religious happening (often associated with shamanism), which is known as
speaking in tongues
The core of Anthony F. C. Wallace's understanding of religion was belief in
supernatural things
Which of the following do Americans traditionally inherit patrilineally?
surnames
Clifford Geertz proposed an interpretive approach to religion, arguing that religion was a system of __.
symbols
Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because
the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture
A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal
the cultural constructions of insects as food
According to Marshall Sahlins, when production is organized by families it is
the domestic mode of production
The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because
the exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies
The idea that things have social lives refers to which of the following?
the fact that objects are deeply intertwined with people's lives
Matrilineal descent is traced through which relative?
the mother
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to
the people or species they study
A good illustration of the naturalization of race is
the processes involved in approving BiDil for use among African Americans
Why do films take on new meanings when shown to overseas audiences?
the specific cultural content and images in the film lead audiences to draw different conclusions because their culture is different
Hawaiians and other Polynesian islanders traditionally believed that mana, sacred or supernatural power, existed within certain objects, at sacred spaces, and in persons, including all of the following except
the sun
A rise in fundamentalism is often seen when
there are many changes in society
an anthropologist might consider doing anthro at a distance because
there is conflict or violence in the field site
One of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model for administering protected environmental areas is
they (the administrators) assume nature must be uninhabited by people
Which of the following activities or behaviors is not part of the American sick role?
they are not expected to seek medical care from a professional or family caregiver
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists
to expand state power
The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as
traditions
Some social networks are so spatially disbursed that migrants participate in a community that spans multiple countries, referred to as a
transnational community
All knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally based
true
Beliefs, (and unbelief) get most of their power from being socially enacted repeatedly through rituals and other group behaviors.
true
Buddhism is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic.
true
Foragers tend work less to survive than agriculturalists or pastoralists.
true
Nuclear family units occur in and are important to nearly every society around the world
true
The stereotype that Tahitian women were sexually promiscuous emerged almost overnight after the arrival of Captain Samuel Wallis in 1767, when Tahitians recognized that the British had steel that the crew would exchange for sexual favors.
true
most people are unaware of the structure of a language until someone speaking makes a mistake.
true
The main difference between economists and economic anthropologists is that economists
try to understand and predict economic patterns
Using life history interviews, researchers are able to
understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community
a word that best describes participant observation is
unstrctured
Arthur Kleinman, a medical anthropologist who conducted research in Taiwan, argued that the key to understanding differences in perspective between doctors and patients is that healers and patients often have different
ways of explaining what is happening to the sick persons
Does race have biological consequences?
yes, because of racism
A key feature of political anthropologist Maxwell Owusu's perspective on democracy in Ghana is that the state will work better if village chiefs play a role in decision-making
True
Anthropologists think of bride price as being about not buying anyone but compensation for rights in women-her labor, her support for family affairs, her looking after children, and rights of sexual access. What other social payment is structurally most dissimilar to a bride price payment from this perspective?
a father's purchase of a new car for his daughter when she goes off to college
Which project would be best suited to parachute ethnography?
a study of community response to a disaster
Development anthropologists often think of themselves as
advocates of poor and marginalized people
Early British settlers in the 1600's mistakenly perceived the new landscape in North America as an unpeopled wilderness when, in fact, is was a/an
an anthropogenic landscape
an anthropologist interested in a cultural insider's prospective on that insider's culture is seeking
an emic perspective
Advertisers have trained American consumers to focus on the newest and most exciting products through their
attempts to constantly frame their products as new and improved
Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called
cognate words
Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?
colonial history
People's fascination with having the newest Nike shoes or iPhone is an example of which of the following
commodity fetishism
Anthropologists have studied hundreds of different kinship systems around the world over the past century, but they can all be grouped into six different patterns based on terms for which group of relatives?
cousins
When a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaged in
generalized reciprocity
Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is
integrated
What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways?
meat consumption increased
Nearly all societies draw on more than one medical tradition simultaneously, a process which is called
medical pluralism
"Mother nature" and "natural resources" are a good example of
metaphors of human-nature interaction
___are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries
migrants
The study of how sounds are combined into meaningful units
morphology
anthropologist sherry ortner distinguished thee kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all the following EXCEPT
narrative symbols
Which of the following refers to the family into which one is born and raised?
natal family
When a woman marries more than one man she is practicing
polyandry
The view that nature and environmental conditions shape the characteristics and lifeways of a group of people is known as environmental _____________.
relativism
Which of the following social structures was identified as a way that African societies maintained
religious practices and beliefs
Which of the following groups of people were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races?
scientists
A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is
the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within
An explanation given for medicalizing the nonmedical is
the growth in profits for insurance and pharmaceutical companies
Geertz's approach to religion is a style of analysis that looks at the underlying symbolic and cultural interconnections within a society; this is often referred to as
the interpretive approach
1. Women who practice polyandry tend to marry
two or more male friends
If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would be most likely to focus on
everyday interactions
Why was meat eating important for human biological development?
it provides high-quality protein for human brain development
The social processes that make race part of the natural order of things—by producing theories, schemes, and typologies about human differences is
the naturalization of race
A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that
they explain the rise of cultural conflict in the world
Diabetics often have better control of their blood sugar when they are with supportive family members but poorer control when feeling isolated.
true
A good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is
a worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but gets paid only $15
The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures is called
archaeology
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is called
cultural relativism
For the Ningerum patient to get help with his or her care and treatment, the main thing to do is
display visible signs of his or her illness
What is the most striking difference between a physician's approach to a sick patient and a medical anthropologist's perspective
doctors will focus on the clinical processes that explain the disease, while medical anthropologists will want to look at the illness from all perspectives
Foodways are subject to large-scale industrial processes, trade relationships, and trends, suggesting that they are
dynamic
Interest within environmental anthropology concerned with how non-Western societies classify natural phenomena is called ___________.
ethnoscience
Health and illness are objective states
false
In order to study culture one must travel to distant, far off places
false
Which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?
foraging
One of anthropology's insights about the foraging mode of subsistence is that
foraging people have a cultural view of their environments as giving
Health and illness
have much variation throughout different cultures and societies
The Serpent Mound in Ohio, and Woodhenge in Missouri are examples of
information about solar and lunar patterns embedded in art and religion
Cultural differences are often caused and amplified by
interconnections between societies
An ____________ approach to culture, such as that promoted by Geertz, Turner, and Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings.
interpretive
The social system that organizes people in families based on descent and marriage is called
kinship
Examples of social institutions are
kinship, marriage, and farming
The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called
linguistic anthropology
The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of __________________.
localization
"Owning" culture
means controlling symbols that give meaning
Traditional ecological knowledge is
not well known in the West because some species and ecological interactions exist in only one place
Gift exchange for Marcel Mauss is based in
obligation
Norms are stable because
people learn them when they are young
3. Control over symbolic, material, and human resources are important dimensions of
political power
Economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth are known as
prestige economies
What is a life cycle ritual that marks a person's or group of persons' transition from one social state to another?
rite of passage
Stylized performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities are calle
rituals
Eijian objects were seen by most collectors as evidence of a
savage and bloodthirsty society
Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging?
scientists and conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims
The importance of structural functionalism is that it
showed that non-Western societies have order without formal government
Anthropologist Daniel Miller suggested that shopping for and consuming objects are fundamentally as much _ acts as they are economic acts.
social
A key feature of religious beliefs and behavior is that they are rooted in
social behavior and social action
In Latin America, "blackness" and "whiteness" are based on
social behaviors
The earliest anthropologist to compare religious and spiritual beliefs around the world was E. B. Tylor. For him the heart of religious beliefs was the belief in
spirits
Which of the following is an example of American totemism?
sports team mascots
Which theory was used to explain how stateless societies maintained social order and equilibrium?
structural-functionalism