Cultural Anthropology Final

What do environmental anthropologists study?

- the impact of pollution on certain groups - the effects of global economic changes on human nature relationships - the impact of sustainable development initiatives on certain groups

Descent groups are...

1.) unilineal descent: ancestry through mother or father's line (60%) 2.) cognatic descent: one can be a member of any several clans

Kinship

A social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption

describe the three types of repressive change?

ACCULTURATION: culture changes that people are forced to make as a consequence of intestine, firsthand contact between societies ETHNOCIDE: violent eradication of an ethic group's cultural identity; occurs when a dominant society sets out to destroy another society's cultural heritage GENOCIDE: extermination of one people by another, in the name of "progress," either as a deliberate act or as the accidental outcome of activities carried out by people with little regard for their impact on others

Which of the following is a key argument of ethnobiologist Brent Berlin, who compared human classification systems?

All human classification systems are reflective of an underlying cognitive structure of the human brain that organizes information in systematic ways

Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned...

American Sign Language

______ is/are example(s) of non-verbal communication that we discussed in class.

Body posture, eye contact, and hand gestures

_____ is the abandonment of an existing practice or trait, with or without replacement

Cultural loss

_____ is one of the challenging mental aspects of doing fieldwork

Culture shock

______ refers to a linguistic situation where two variables of the same language are spoken by the same person at different times and under different social situations.

Diglossia

This American anthropologist rejected the idea that there are groups of people belonging to stable and unchanging races

Franz Boas

______ is the system of notation and analysis of postures, facial expressions, and bodily motions that convey meaning

Kinesics

Who was the first social scientist to distinguish between biological sex and culturally distinct gender roles?

Margaret Mead

______ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries

Migrants

Humans started producing their own food during the ______ transition/revolution

Neolithic

Race is not a valid biological concept when referring to modern humans because?

No subspecies with humans (Homo sapiens), No one group has a specific gene or genes as their own, Too young as a species, It's human variation

______ refers to the structure of speech sounds.

Phonology

_____ is the subfield of anthropology concerned with humans as biological organisms.

Physical Anthropology

_____ is a concept that organizes people into groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences

Race

What is the difference between how race is defined in the United States and how it is defined in Brazil? (rely on Fish's article-Mixed Blood to answer this

Race in US is defined by ethnicity/ancestry-role of parents and where from. Race in Brazil is defined by types (tipos) based on skin color categories

What does racism attempt to justify or accomplish?

Racism seeks to enforce prejudice and impose a hierarchy of superiority/inferiority of one group over another. Implies unequal access in terms of wealth, power, and prestige (social inequality) based on physical characteristic

consanguinal kin

Related by birth; often of primary importance

Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging?

Scientists and conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims

What are the factors or patterns that may affect diffusion?

Selectivity, reciprocity, modification, and likelihood

What is a person's habitual sexual attraction to, and sexual activities with, persons of the opposite sex, same sex, or both sexes?

Sexual Orientation

What was the Neolithic Revolution? When was it? Where was it? What were the results/consequences?

The profound culture change took place about 10,000 years ago and associated with the early domestication of plants and animals, settlement in permanent villages. RESULTS: cultivation of crops and domestication of animals as food sources and raised the carrying capacity of the environment. CONSEQUENCES: population boom, people have become more sedentary, development of individual property rights, social stratification arises and social inequalities develop, greater labor divisions and specialization, and health decreases as diseases increase. Mesopotamia,Egypt, India, and China and "Fertile Crescent"

An enthical approach to anthropological research would emphasize...

a commitment to do no harm, the rejection of clandestine research, and responsibilities toward the host country and the people you are studying

Hijras interest anthropologists mainly because they are

a reflection of a gender/sex system that sees meaning in combining male and female

"Foodways" describes a perspective that approaches food as....

a tangible object that provides nutrition, a conduit for social relationships, and symbolic

A society with no governmental head or hierarchical structure is a/an _____ society.

acephalous

The !Kung people of southern Africa are an example what kind of society?

acephalous

The process by which organisms adjust beneficially to their environment, or the characteristics by which they overcome hazards and gain access to the resources they need to survive, is called....

adaptation

Development anthropologists often think of themselves as...

advocates of poor and marginalized people

Intensive cultivation, relying more on animal power and technology defines:

agriculture

An anthropologist interested in a cultural insider's perspective on that insider's culture is seeking...

an emic perspective

How is communication between animals different from the human language?

animals cannot combine elements of 2 or more sounds in order to develop a new sound. This is called a closed system of communication. Humans use a open system of communication means that humans can send messages that have never been sent before

What are the cultural universals?

basic needs, marriage and family system, social control system, system of communication, economic system, educational system, and system of supernatural beliefs

vertical kinship

binding together successive generations (through time)

An approach that emphasizes humans that are made up of complex biological and cultural processes is ....

biocultural

All of the following are TRUE about biological sex, expect...

biological sex is always linked to gender and sexual preference

what is the difference between class and caste?

both are utilized to describe social inequality (access to wealth, power, and prestige) in a stratified society. With class, one as more control over these factors used to measure. Your own efforts can change your class as the social mobility aspect (achieved status). One could also have ascribed status in a class system and you could be born into it. In a caste system you are born into your caste and you can't change it

How do religious rituals function politically (accomplish that goal of social control)?

by legitimating community authority, by promoting fear, by resolving disputes

Which are examples of centralized types of political organizations?

chiefdoms and states

Which of the following is a contributing factor to the development of creoles, pidgins, and other hybrids forms of language?

colonialism, globalization, and migration

Besides being interested in descriptions of particular cultures, the cultural anthropologist is interested in...

cross-cultural comparsions

Humans' major or primary mode of adaptation, which enables them to live effectively in diverse environments, is....

culture

Richard Lee (in The Hunters: Scarce Resources in the Kalahari) feels that the key to successful subsistence for many hunter/gatherers, such as the !Kung, is...

dependence largely on a diet of edible plants

sexual dimorphism refers to the...

different sexual forms, hormones, and chromosomal structures in men and women

The spread of cultural elements from one culture to another through culture contact. It is also responsible for the greatest amount of culture change. This is referred to as:

diffusion

Negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is called...

discrimination

The process of learning culture from a very young age is called...

enculturation

Which of the following could be seen as a way to get people to conform their behaviors (social control)?

enforcement laws or threats of arrest, a supernatural consequence of one's behaviors, and gossiping about a neighbor to shame them for not fulfilling their obligations

A word that best describes participant observation is...

engaged

In his article on the !Kung, R. Lee claims that when he studied them in the 1960s...

enjoyed a large amount of leisure time

What social distinction classifies people according to descent?

ethnicity

The study of how people classify things in the world is called...

ethnoscience/ethnosemantics

If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would most likely to focus on....

everyday interaction

Which of the following are areas of social activity that globalization affects?

finances, communication, and migration

One of anthropology's insights about the foraging mode of subsistence is that...

foraging people have a cultural view of their environments as giving

The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society (i.e. what does it do for me...) is called.....

functionalism

All societies divide labor by these criteria:

gender and age

Expressions of sex and gender that diverge from the male and female norms that dominate in most societies is called...

gender variance

Eating practices can be an indicator of..

gender, age, and ethnic group

_______ can be defined as a society's separate legal and constitutional domain that is the source of law, order, and legitimate force

government

Anthropologists doing fieldwork typically involve themselves in many different experiences. They try to investigate not just one aspect of culture (such as political system) but how all aspects relate to each other (for example, how the political system fits with economic institutions, religious beliefs). This approach is called the _______ perspective.

holistic

The use of only hand tools combined with slash and burn cultivation defines:

horticulture

For anthropologists, political power refers to ____

how power is used to attain goals for the good of the community

Members of these groups have no concept of property rights and move to take advantage of seasonal changes.

hunters and gatherers

This type of food getting/subsistence strategy has accounted for about 99% of our human history.

hunting and gathering/food collecting/food foraging

People from Western cultures who try to eliminate various practices among people from other cultures should take a class in cultural anthropology to realize the possible effects they might be having on those cultures. They would realize that cultures is an integrated and interrelated whole, which means that....

if you alter one aspect of culture, you can drastically affect and possibly endanger the functioning of the whole

Why do foragers turn to agriculture?

increased population density causes too much competition for resources

A/An _____ occurs when production of marketable commondities escapes regulation, enumeration, or any other form of public monitoring

informal economy

In doing fieldwork, an anthropologist often relies on _____ to achieve their research goals.

informants or key consultants, photographs and video recordings, and interviews

Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and lanuage means that culture is....

integrated

People who have sexual organs and functions that are not just male or female, but often include elements from both, are classified as...

intersex

What is ethnocentrism?

is the belief that the ways of one's own culture are the only proper ones and that your culture is superior to others

Which of the following is/are true about ethnicity?

it can serve powerful interests, it is dynamic, and it tends to organize people in terms of common descent

Which of the following features are characteristics of language?

it developed over time, it is flexible, and it is dynamic

sustainable development for indigenous people involves which of the following elements?

it must address local people's

The U.S. government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous language in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to....

language death/language loss

The exercise of political power requires

legitimacy

The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called...

linguistic anthropology

If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady"...

marginalizes women's voices in work contexts

You and your siblings are fighting over who gets to use the family car. When your parent intervenes and seeks a solution that is agreeable to both of you, it is an example of...

mediation

"Mother Nature" and "natural resources" are a good example of

metaphors of human-nature interaction

How words fit together to make meaningful units is called...

morphology

What are 5 characteristics of food foraging/food collecting/hunting and gathering and the impacts on society?

move about a great deal, small size of local groups, populations stabilize at numbers well below the carrying capacity of their land, egalitarian, populations have few possessions and share what they have Impacts: division of labor by gender, food sharing, and the camp as the center of daily activity and the place where food is shared

An anthropologist who studies how societies control sexuality would likely be most interested in the following situations...

obstacles in access to birth control or attempts to control the number of children a couple have

The human diet is typically....

omnivorous

What relationship between nature and human docs Western thought emphasize?

oppositional

This type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants...

participant observation

For the big man/woman in a nonstate society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool?

persuasion/mediation

As part of your job, you may study the frequency of blood types in human populations, or watch the behavior of monkeys and apes, or dig for early hominin bones in East Africa. You are a/an...

physical anthropologist

What encompasses the relationships and processes of cooperation, conflict, and power that are fundamental aspects of human life.

politics

A preformed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different is...

prejudice

The social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings is called...

racialization

What is an important factor in making race real?

racism

The simplest mode of distribution is called_____

reciprocity

Goods and services are allocated by:

reciprocity, redistribution and market exchange/market economy

affinial kin

related by marriage

What is repressive change?

repressive change: is people don't always have the liberty to make their own choices and changes are forced upon them by some other group, in the course of conquest and colonialism.

How are males and females different?

sex, gender, and hormones

what are the assumptions/characteristics of culture?

shared, learned, based on symbols, integrated, dynamic, and adaptive

Historically, race justified social inequalities as natural. What actions and policies in the U.S. were seen as justified?

slavery, extermination of Native Americans, and the institutionalization of racial practices within American government, laws, and society

Violence is...

socially constructed

horizontal kinship

solidify and tie together across a single generation through time (across time)

Foodways are dynamic because....

some foods become trendy, they are subject to large-scale industrial processes, and trade relationships change

Doing fieldwork with a particular culture or group means that ethnographers might...

stay in their country of origin and interview immigrants from their country they wish to study, go to the country and interview members of a particular culture, and live in the country but try to maintain a balance between participation and observation

An archaeologist might attempt to...

study material remains to reconstruct past cultures

According to anthropologists, economies are shaped by which forces?

the decision people make, social relationships, and culture and morality

economic anthropologists study....

the decisions people make about earning a living, what types of work people choose to do, and the creation of value

Linguistic Anthropology is concerned with...

the description of languages, the history of languages, and how languages reflects a people's worldview

Anthropologists study food holistically, which means that they focus on....

the diversity of diets, complex interactions between nutrition and the environment, and cultural beliefs surrounding food

A key difference between anthropologists of development and development of anthropologists is...

the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within

In most non-industrial societies the main unit of production is:

the household

Promoters of globalization highlight which of the following?

the more open a country is to foreign trade, the better the economy will be

What is cultural relativism?

the notion that one must suspend judgement on other peoples' practices in order to understand them in their own cultural terms

If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably emphasize...

the overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to...

the people or species they study

incest taboo

the prohibition of sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives

Anthropology is...

the study of humankind everywhere, throughout time

When anthropologists go into the field...

they go with a set of questions they want to ask and have answered, they often change the focus of their question to fit what they are seeing, and they often go with the flow of everyday life, even if it seems off-topic at the time

Cultural models/cultural framework/culture help us make sense of the world because...

they provide a pattern for one's own behavior and interpreting other's actions

partilineal descent

through the father's side

matrinlineal descent

through the mother's side

This type of pastoralism, or movement pattern, is practiced when the men take the herd to better grazing land while the rest of the people remain in the settlement.

transhumance

Characteristics of market exchange are:

value of goods determined through principle of supply and demand, it's found mostly in sedentary societies, and money is used for payment for goods and services

residence patterns

where married couples are expected to reside in a given culture