Cultural Anthropology Final
What do environmental anthropologists study?
- the impact of pollution on certain groups - the effects of global economic changes on human nature relationships - the impact of sustainable development initiatives on certain groups
Descent groups are...
1.) unilineal descent: ancestry through mother or father's line (60%) 2.) cognatic descent: one can be a member of any several clans
Kinship
A social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
describe the three types of repressive change?
ACCULTURATION: culture changes that people are forced to make as a consequence of intestine, firsthand contact between societies ETHNOCIDE: violent eradication of an ethic group's cultural identity; occurs when a dominant society sets out to destroy another society's cultural heritage GENOCIDE: extermination of one people by another, in the name of "progress," either as a deliberate act or as the accidental outcome of activities carried out by people with little regard for their impact on others
Which of the following is a key argument of ethnobiologist Brent Berlin, who compared human classification systems?
All human classification systems are reflective of an underlying cognitive structure of the human brain that organizes information in systematic ways
Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned...
American Sign Language
______ is/are example(s) of non-verbal communication that we discussed in class.
Body posture, eye contact, and hand gestures
_____ is the abandonment of an existing practice or trait, with or without replacement
Cultural loss
_____ is one of the challenging mental aspects of doing fieldwork
Culture shock
______ refers to a linguistic situation where two variables of the same language are spoken by the same person at different times and under different social situations.
Diglossia
This American anthropologist rejected the idea that there are groups of people belonging to stable and unchanging races
Franz Boas
______ is the system of notation and analysis of postures, facial expressions, and bodily motions that convey meaning
Kinesics
Who was the first social scientist to distinguish between biological sex and culturally distinct gender roles?
Margaret Mead
______ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries
Migrants
Humans started producing their own food during the ______ transition/revolution
Neolithic
Race is not a valid biological concept when referring to modern humans because?
No subspecies with humans (Homo sapiens), No one group has a specific gene or genes as their own, Too young as a species, It's human variation
______ refers to the structure of speech sounds.
Phonology
_____ is the subfield of anthropology concerned with humans as biological organisms.
Physical Anthropology
_____ is a concept that organizes people into groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences
Race
What is the difference between how race is defined in the United States and how it is defined in Brazil? (rely on Fish's article-Mixed Blood to answer this
Race in US is defined by ethnicity/ancestry-role of parents and where from. Race in Brazil is defined by types (tipos) based on skin color categories
What does racism attempt to justify or accomplish?
Racism seeks to enforce prejudice and impose a hierarchy of superiority/inferiority of one group over another. Implies unequal access in terms of wealth, power, and prestige (social inequality) based on physical characteristic
consanguinal kin
Related by birth; often of primary importance
Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging?
Scientists and conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims
What are the factors or patterns that may affect diffusion?
Selectivity, reciprocity, modification, and likelihood
What is a person's habitual sexual attraction to, and sexual activities with, persons of the opposite sex, same sex, or both sexes?
Sexual Orientation
What was the Neolithic Revolution? When was it? Where was it? What were the results/consequences?
The profound culture change took place about 10,000 years ago and associated with the early domestication of plants and animals, settlement in permanent villages. RESULTS: cultivation of crops and domestication of animals as food sources and raised the carrying capacity of the environment. CONSEQUENCES: population boom, people have become more sedentary, development of individual property rights, social stratification arises and social inequalities develop, greater labor divisions and specialization, and health decreases as diseases increase. Mesopotamia,Egypt, India, and China and "Fertile Crescent"
An enthical approach to anthropological research would emphasize...
a commitment to do no harm, the rejection of clandestine research, and responsibilities toward the host country and the people you are studying
Hijras interest anthropologists mainly because they are
a reflection of a gender/sex system that sees meaning in combining male and female
"Foodways" describes a perspective that approaches food as....
a tangible object that provides nutrition, a conduit for social relationships, and symbolic
A society with no governmental head or hierarchical structure is a/an _____ society.
acephalous
The !Kung people of southern Africa are an example what kind of society?
acephalous
The process by which organisms adjust beneficially to their environment, or the characteristics by which they overcome hazards and gain access to the resources they need to survive, is called....
adaptation
Development anthropologists often think of themselves as...
advocates of poor and marginalized people
Intensive cultivation, relying more on animal power and technology defines:
agriculture
An anthropologist interested in a cultural insider's perspective on that insider's culture is seeking...
an emic perspective
How is communication between animals different from the human language?
animals cannot combine elements of 2 or more sounds in order to develop a new sound. This is called a closed system of communication. Humans use a open system of communication means that humans can send messages that have never been sent before
What are the cultural universals?
basic needs, marriage and family system, social control system, system of communication, economic system, educational system, and system of supernatural beliefs
vertical kinship
binding together successive generations (through time)
An approach that emphasizes humans that are made up of complex biological and cultural processes is ....
biocultural
All of the following are TRUE about biological sex, expect...
biological sex is always linked to gender and sexual preference
what is the difference between class and caste?
both are utilized to describe social inequality (access to wealth, power, and prestige) in a stratified society. With class, one as more control over these factors used to measure. Your own efforts can change your class as the social mobility aspect (achieved status). One could also have ascribed status in a class system and you could be born into it. In a caste system you are born into your caste and you can't change it
How do religious rituals function politically (accomplish that goal of social control)?
by legitimating community authority, by promoting fear, by resolving disputes
Which are examples of centralized types of political organizations?
chiefdoms and states
Which of the following is a contributing factor to the development of creoles, pidgins, and other hybrids forms of language?
colonialism, globalization, and migration
Besides being interested in descriptions of particular cultures, the cultural anthropologist is interested in...
cross-cultural comparsions
Humans' major or primary mode of adaptation, which enables them to live effectively in diverse environments, is....
culture
Richard Lee (in The Hunters: Scarce Resources in the Kalahari) feels that the key to successful subsistence for many hunter/gatherers, such as the !Kung, is...
dependence largely on a diet of edible plants
sexual dimorphism refers to the...
different sexual forms, hormones, and chromosomal structures in men and women
The spread of cultural elements from one culture to another through culture contact. It is also responsible for the greatest amount of culture change. This is referred to as:
diffusion
Negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is called...
discrimination
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called...
enculturation
Which of the following could be seen as a way to get people to conform their behaviors (social control)?
enforcement laws or threats of arrest, a supernatural consequence of one's behaviors, and gossiping about a neighbor to shame them for not fulfilling their obligations
A word that best describes participant observation is...
engaged
In his article on the !Kung, R. Lee claims that when he studied them in the 1960s...
enjoyed a large amount of leisure time
What social distinction classifies people according to descent?
ethnicity
The study of how people classify things in the world is called...
ethnoscience/ethnosemantics
If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would most likely to focus on....
everyday interaction
Which of the following are areas of social activity that globalization affects?
finances, communication, and migration
One of anthropology's insights about the foraging mode of subsistence is that...
foraging people have a cultural view of their environments as giving
The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society (i.e. what does it do for me...) is called.....
functionalism
All societies divide labor by these criteria:
gender and age
Expressions of sex and gender that diverge from the male and female norms that dominate in most societies is called...
gender variance
Eating practices can be an indicator of..
gender, age, and ethnic group
_______ can be defined as a society's separate legal and constitutional domain that is the source of law, order, and legitimate force
government
Anthropologists doing fieldwork typically involve themselves in many different experiences. They try to investigate not just one aspect of culture (such as political system) but how all aspects relate to each other (for example, how the political system fits with economic institutions, religious beliefs). This approach is called the _______ perspective.
holistic
The use of only hand tools combined with slash and burn cultivation defines:
horticulture
For anthropologists, political power refers to ____
how power is used to attain goals for the good of the community
Members of these groups have no concept of property rights and move to take advantage of seasonal changes.
hunters and gatherers
This type of food getting/subsistence strategy has accounted for about 99% of our human history.
hunting and gathering/food collecting/food foraging
People from Western cultures who try to eliminate various practices among people from other cultures should take a class in cultural anthropology to realize the possible effects they might be having on those cultures. They would realize that cultures is an integrated and interrelated whole, which means that....
if you alter one aspect of culture, you can drastically affect and possibly endanger the functioning of the whole
Why do foragers turn to agriculture?
increased population density causes too much competition for resources
A/An _____ occurs when production of marketable commondities escapes regulation, enumeration, or any other form of public monitoring
informal economy
In doing fieldwork, an anthropologist often relies on _____ to achieve their research goals.
informants or key consultants, photographs and video recordings, and interviews
Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and lanuage means that culture is....
integrated
People who have sexual organs and functions that are not just male or female, but often include elements from both, are classified as...
intersex
What is ethnocentrism?
is the belief that the ways of one's own culture are the only proper ones and that your culture is superior to others
Which of the following is/are true about ethnicity?
it can serve powerful interests, it is dynamic, and it tends to organize people in terms of common descent
Which of the following features are characteristics of language?
it developed over time, it is flexible, and it is dynamic
sustainable development for indigenous people involves which of the following elements?
it must address local people's
The U.S. government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous language in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to....
language death/language loss
The exercise of political power requires
legitimacy
The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called...
linguistic anthropology
If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady"...
marginalizes women's voices in work contexts
You and your siblings are fighting over who gets to use the family car. When your parent intervenes and seeks a solution that is agreeable to both of you, it is an example of...
mediation
"Mother Nature" and "natural resources" are a good example of
metaphors of human-nature interaction
How words fit together to make meaningful units is called...
morphology
What are 5 characteristics of food foraging/food collecting/hunting and gathering and the impacts on society?
move about a great deal, small size of local groups, populations stabilize at numbers well below the carrying capacity of their land, egalitarian, populations have few possessions and share what they have Impacts: division of labor by gender, food sharing, and the camp as the center of daily activity and the place where food is shared
An anthropologist who studies how societies control sexuality would likely be most interested in the following situations...
obstacles in access to birth control or attempts to control the number of children a couple have
The human diet is typically....
omnivorous
What relationship between nature and human docs Western thought emphasize?
oppositional
This type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants...
participant observation
For the big man/woman in a nonstate society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool?
persuasion/mediation
As part of your job, you may study the frequency of blood types in human populations, or watch the behavior of monkeys and apes, or dig for early hominin bones in East Africa. You are a/an...
physical anthropologist
What encompasses the relationships and processes of cooperation, conflict, and power that are fundamental aspects of human life.
politics
A preformed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different is...
prejudice
The social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings is called...
racialization
What is an important factor in making race real?
racism
The simplest mode of distribution is called_____
reciprocity
Goods and services are allocated by:
reciprocity, redistribution and market exchange/market economy
affinial kin
related by marriage
What is repressive change?
repressive change: is people don't always have the liberty to make their own choices and changes are forced upon them by some other group, in the course of conquest and colonialism.
How are males and females different?
sex, gender, and hormones
what are the assumptions/characteristics of culture?
shared, learned, based on symbols, integrated, dynamic, and adaptive
Historically, race justified social inequalities as natural. What actions and policies in the U.S. were seen as justified?
slavery, extermination of Native Americans, and the institutionalization of racial practices within American government, laws, and society
Violence is...
socially constructed
horizontal kinship
solidify and tie together across a single generation through time (across time)
Foodways are dynamic because....
some foods become trendy, they are subject to large-scale industrial processes, and trade relationships change
Doing fieldwork with a particular culture or group means that ethnographers might...
stay in their country of origin and interview immigrants from their country they wish to study, go to the country and interview members of a particular culture, and live in the country but try to maintain a balance between participation and observation
An archaeologist might attempt to...
study material remains to reconstruct past cultures
According to anthropologists, economies are shaped by which forces?
the decision people make, social relationships, and culture and morality
economic anthropologists study....
the decisions people make about earning a living, what types of work people choose to do, and the creation of value
Linguistic Anthropology is concerned with...
the description of languages, the history of languages, and how languages reflects a people's worldview
Anthropologists study food holistically, which means that they focus on....
the diversity of diets, complex interactions between nutrition and the environment, and cultural beliefs surrounding food
A key difference between anthropologists of development and development of anthropologists is...
the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within
In most non-industrial societies the main unit of production is:
the household
Promoters of globalization highlight which of the following?
the more open a country is to foreign trade, the better the economy will be
What is cultural relativism?
the notion that one must suspend judgement on other peoples' practices in order to understand them in their own cultural terms
If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably emphasize...
the overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to...
the people or species they study
incest taboo
the prohibition of sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives
Anthropology is...
the study of humankind everywhere, throughout time
When anthropologists go into the field...
they go with a set of questions they want to ask and have answered, they often change the focus of their question to fit what they are seeing, and they often go with the flow of everyday life, even if it seems off-topic at the time
Cultural models/cultural framework/culture help us make sense of the world because...
they provide a pattern for one's own behavior and interpreting other's actions
partilineal descent
through the father's side
matrinlineal descent
through the mother's side
This type of pastoralism, or movement pattern, is practiced when the men take the herd to better grazing land while the rest of the people remain in the settlement.
transhumance
Characteristics of market exchange are:
value of goods determined through principle of supply and demand, it's found mostly in sedentary societies, and money is used for payment for goods and services
residence patterns
where married couples are expected to reside in a given culture