CVS 204 - Exam 1 Outline Review

CORONARY ARTERIES: The anterior cardiac vein drains blood from right ventricle into the:

(RA) Right Atrium

CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL: What is the difference between Adrenergic Stimulation & Cholinergic Signaling?

- Adrenergic activators activate the SYMPATHETIC nervous system - Cholinergic activators activate the PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system

What does P Wave stand for?

- Atrial Depolarization - Atrial Systole

CARDIAC CYCLE: During SYSTOLE, the AV valves are ______ and the Semilunar valves are _______.

- CLOSED - OPEN

CARDIAC CYCLE: During DIASTOLE, the AV valves are _______ and the Semilunar valves are _________.

- OPEN - CLOSED

CORONARY ARTERIES: Where are the Thebesian veins mainly found?

- RA (Right Atrium) - RV (Right Ventricle)

CORONARY ARTERIES: The right coronary artery (RCA) supplies blood to the:

- Right Ventricle - Right Atrium - SA Node - AV Node

What does the QRS Complex stand for?

- Ventricular Depolarization - Beginning of Ventricular Systole - End of Ventricular Diastole

What does the T Wave stand for?

- Ventricular Repolarization - Beginning of Ventricular Diastole - End of Ventricular Systole

CONDUCTION SYSTEM & ITS LOCATION: Where is the RT. & LT. Bundle Branches located?

- along the IVS (interventricular septum)

CONDUCTION SYSTEM & ITS LOCATION: Where is the AV Bundle of His located?

- extends from AV Node through fibrous skeleton into IVS (interventricular septum)

CONDUCTION SYSTEM & ITS LOCATION: Where is the AV Node located?

- floor/base of the right atrium just above the tricuspid valve

CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL: The myocytes are connected by ______________, which form channels that allow ions to __________________________.

- gap junctions - flow from one cell to another.

CONDUCTION SYSTEM & ITS LOCATION: Where are the Purkinje Fibers located?

- sub-endocardium; inner walls of the right and left ventricles

CONDUCTION SYSTEM & ITS LOCATION: Where is the SA Node located?

- upper posterior part of the right atrium

What are the names of the rudimentary valves?

1- Eustachian Valve 2- Thebesian Valve

MUSCLES OF THE HEART WALLS: What are the names of the 4 muscles of the heart walls?

1- Pectinate Muscle 2- Papillary Muscle 3- Trabeculae Carneae 4- Crista Supraventricularis

What are the names of the Semilunar Valves? Note: Semi-lu = leading to the 2 lungs

1- Pulmonic Valve 2- Aortic Valve

What are the names of the 3 coronary cusps in the Aortic Valve?

1- RCC (right coronary cusp 2- LCC (left coronary cusp) 3- NCC (non-coronary cusp)

What are the names of the Atrioventricular Valves? Note: Vent = Ventricles

1- Tricuspid Valve 2- Mitral/Bicuspid Valve

Between which two layers is the pericardial fluid located?

1- Visceral layer 2- Parietal layer

List the layers of the heart wall:

1. Endocardium - inner layer 2. Myocardium - middle layer, muscle layer 3. Epicardium - outer layer

CONDUCTION SYSTEM & ITS LOCATION: What is the in depth ORDER of the Conduction System?

1. SA Node 2. Internodal Pathways - Anterior (Front) Internodal Tract - Middle Internodal Tract (Wenckebacks Bundle) - Posterior (Back) Internodal Tract (Thorels Pathway) * Backmann's Bundle 3. AV Node 4. Bundle of His 5. Right and Left Bundle Branches 6. Purkinje Fibers

How many mL of fluid does the pericardium contain within the pericardial space?

10-50 mL fluid

CONDUCTION SYSTEM & ITS LOCATION: What is the intrinsic firing rate of the Purkinje Fibers?

20-40 bpm

How many layers are there in the heart?

3

CONDUCTION SYSTEM & ITS LOCATION: What is the intrinsic firing rate of the AV Node?

40-60 bpm

CONDUCTION SYSTEM & ITS LOCATION: What is the intrinsic firing rate of the SA Node?

60-100 bpm

What is the SECONDARY pacemaker of the heart?

AV Node (atrioventricular node)

MUSCLES OF THE HEART WALLS: Papillary Muscles are attached to what?

Attached to AV valve leaflets by chordae tendineae. Papillary Muscles help pull the leaflets together and downward during ventricular contraction

The only way for electricity to travel down through the ventricles is through the:

Bundle of His

CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL: Ca++ stands for:

CALCIUM

CARDIAC CYCLE: Systole is the:

Contraction phase

LOCATION OF RUDIMENTARY VALVES: Where is the Thebesian Valve located?

Coronary Sinus (CS)

CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL: When membrane voltage INCREASES and becomes LESS negative, the cell is LESS polarized, and is said to be:

DEPOLARIZED

CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL: What is the job of parasympathetic impulses?

Decrease HR (heart rate)

MUSCLES OF THE HEART WALLS: What does the Pectinate Muscle do?

Forms appendages/auricles

CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL: The myocytes are connected by what?

Gap junctions

BLOOD FLOW: 16 words In Some Cool --> Really --> Trendy --> Resorts --> People --> Play --> Loud --> Perfect --> Lullabies --> Making --> Lads --> And --> Adults --> Sleep

IVC, SVC, Coronary Sinus --> RA --> TV --> RV --> PV --> (M)PA --> LUNGS --> PV --> LA --> MV --> LV --> AOV --> Aorta --> Systemic Circulation (rest of body)

MUSCLES OF THE HEART WALLS: Where is the Pectinate Muscle located?

In the Atria

MUSCLES OF THE HEART WALLS: Where is the moderator band located?

In the Right Ventricle (RV)

MUSCLES OF THE HEART WALLS: Where is the Papillary Muscle located?

In the ventricles

CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL: What is the job of sympathetic impulses?

Increase HR (heart rate)

LOCATION OF RUDIMENTARY VALVES: Where is the Eustachian Valve located?

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)

What is the most posterior (back) angle of the heart?

Left Atrium (LA)

CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL: In a RESTING cell, the membrane voltage, known as the resting membrane potential, is usually:

NEGATIVE (-) This means the cell is more negative on the inside.

CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL: K+ stands for:

POTASSIUM

CARDIAC CYCLE: During ISOVOLUMIC RELAXATION, all valves are closed, the volume stays the same and ____________ ____________.

PRESSURE DECREASES

CARDIAC CYCLE: During ISOVOLUMIC CONTRACTION, all valves are closed, the volume stays the same and __________ __________.

PRESSURE INCREASES

MUSCLES OF THE HEART WALLS: What heart muscle forms appendages/auricles?

Pectinate Muscle

CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL: Phase 4: ____ Phase 0: ____ Phase 1: ____ Phase 2: ____ Phase 3: ____

Phase 4: Resting Phase 0: Depolarization Phase 1: Partial Repolarization Phase 2: Plateau Phase 3: Rapid Repolarization

CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL: When membrane potential becomes MORE negative, the cell is said to be:

REPOLARIZED

MUSCLES OF THE HEART WALLS: Crista Supraventricularis is the thick muscle that separates the:

RVIT from the RVOT

CARDIAC CYCLE: Diastole is the:

Relaxation phase

What is the PRIMARY pacemaker of the heart?

SA Node (sinoatrial node)

CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL: Na+ stands for:

SODIUM

MEMORIZE/LABEL THE ANTERIOR VIEW OF THE HEART:

SVC (Superior Vena Cava) IVC (Inferior Vena Cava) RA (Right Atrium) RV (Right Ventricle) Aorta Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Trunk Pulmonary Veins Left Ventricle Apex of the Heart

Behind each coronary cusp is a pouch called the:

Sinus of Valsalva.

CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL: For an action potential to be generated, the membrane voltage must depolarize to a critical value called the:

THRESHOLD

CORONARY ARTERIES: Where do the right and left coronary arteries originate from?

They originate from the Sinus of Valsalva, behind the aortic valve

MUSCLES OF THE HEART WALLS: What is the name of the ridged rounded/irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the ventricles of the heart?

Trabeculae Carneae

CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL: Action potential generation and conduction are essential for all myocytes to:

act in synchrony.

CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL: The cells of the SA Node fire spontaneously, generating action potentials that spread through the:

contractile myocytes of the atria.

CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL: Cardiac myocytes (aka. Cardiac Muscle Cells) are responsible for:

generating contractile force in the intact heart. They allow for the heart to function as a pump following the rhythmic beating of the heart. Myocyte is the smallest subunit of all muscular tissues and organs throughout the body.

The apex is formed by the tip of the left ventricle, which points:

inferiorly, anteriorly, and to the left.

CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL: Cells are polarized, meaning:

there is an an electrical voltage across the cell membrane.