CYU 44, 45, 47, 51 & 52

Leakage of CSF from the nose or ears is commonly associated with

Basilar skull fracture

The chief pathogenic features of osteoarthritis are

a degeneration of articular cartilage, destruction of the bone under the cartilage, and thickening of the synovium

Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke include

acute hypertension

Secondary injury after head trauma refers to

brain injury due to the body's response to tissue damage

A compound, transverse fracture is best described as a bone that is

broken and protruding through the skin

Although skin manifestations may occur in numerous locations, the classic presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) includes

butterfly pattern rash on the face across the bridge of the nose.

The gate control theory of pain transmission predicts the activity in touch receptors will

decrease pain signal transmission in the spinal cord

The pathophysiology of rhuematoid arthritis involves

immune cells accumulating in pannus and destroying articular cartilage

Individuals diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at risk for developing numerous complications of various organs because of

immune injury to basement membranes.

It is true that scleroderma involves

inflammation and fibrosis of connective tissue

Assessment of an extremity six hours after surgical alignment and casting demonstrate pulselessness and pallor. The priority action to take is to

initiate action to have the cast split or removed.

Bone healing may be impaired by

nicotine use

The physiologic mechanisms involved in the pain phenomenon are termed

nociception

An example of inappropriate treatment for head trauma would be

hypoventilation

"Please explain the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis to me" says another nurse, "Is it just wear and tear so that the cartilage wears out?" Your best response is

"No; cells in bone, cartilage, and the synovial membrane all get activated and secrete inflammatory mediators that destroy cartilage and damage bone."

The person at highest risk of a greenstick fracture from falling off a tall ladder is age

8.

A severe complication of elevated intracranial pressure is

brain herniation

Although skin manifestations may occur in numerous locations, the classic presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus includes:

A butterfly pattern rash on the face across the bridge of the nose

Parkinson disease is associated with

A deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra

The dementia of Alzheimer disease is associated with structural changes in the brain, including

A deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain

What type of seizure usually occurs in children and is characterized by brief staring spells?

Absence

Which neurologic disorder is commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig disease?

Amytrophic lateral sclerosis

Rhuematoid arthritis is commonly associated with the presence of rhuematoid factor autoantibodies in the bloodstream. This indicates that rhuematoid arthritis is likely to be

An autoimmune process

The most common source of osteomyelitis is

An infection that migrates via the bloodstream

Which group of clinical findings indicates the poorest neurologic functioning?

Assumes decorticate posture with light touch, no verbal response

Inflammation of the sacs that overlie bony prominences is called

Bursitis

Following a bone fracture, the most likely event to occur is

Development of a blood clot beneath the periosteum

A risk factor for osteoporosis is

Early menopause

A tool used to assess levels of consciousness is

Glasgow Coma Sale (GCS).

What type of fracture generally occurs in children

Greenstick

Prosthetic joint infection is most often because of

Hematogenous transfer

The pathophysiology of osteomalacia involves

Inadequate mineralization in the osteoid

Ankylosing spondylitis causes

Intervertebral joint fusion

Which disorder usually causes skeletal pain and involves significant bone demineralization from vitamin D deficiency?

Osteomalacia

_____ is a form of spina bifida in which a saclike cyst filled with CSF protrudes through the spinal defect but does not involve the spinal cord.

Meningocele

_______ occurs when a brainstem impaired patient exhibits a persistent rhythmic or jerky movement in one or both eyes.

Nystagmus

The disorder characterized by softening and then enlargement of bones is referred to as

Paget's disease

The earliest manifestation of scleroderma is

Raynaud phenomenon

Complete healing of a bone fracture occurs when

The callus has been completely replaced with mature bone

A patient who experiences early symptoms of muscle twitching, cramping, and stiffness of the hands may be demonstrating signs of

amyotropic lateral sclerosis

Upper extremity weakness in association with degeneration of CNS neurons is characteristic of

amytrophic lateral sclerosis

Rheumatoid arthritis is commonly associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in the bloodstream. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis is likely to be

an autoimmune process

Rheumatoid arthritis involves joint inflammation caused by

autoimmune injury

People who have osteoporosis are at risk for

bone fractures.

The most common symptom of multiple myeloma is

bone pain.

Pain in fibromyalgia involves

changes in pain transmission in the spinal cord

Steroids may be used in the management of acute exacerbation of symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis, because

demylelination is mediated by immune mechanisms

Tophi are

deposits or urate crystals in tissues.

The pain of nonarticular rheumatism ("growing pain") is worse

during the night

In older women, osteoporosis is thought to be primarily because of

estrogen deficiency

Paget's disease is characterized by

excessive bone resorption followed by excessive formation of fragile bone

Pain that waxes and wanes and is exacerbated by physical exertion is likely related to

fibromyalgia syndrome

Acceleration-deceleration movements of the head often result in polar injuries in which

focal injuries occur in two places at opposite poles.

It is useful to conceptualize pain physiology according to the four stages because each stage provides an opportunity for

intervention

The stroke etiology with the highest morbidity and mortality is

intracranial hemorrhage.

Clinical manifestations of a stroke within the right cerebral hemisphere include

left-sided muscle weakness and neglect

The most common site affected in paget's disease is the

lower spine

The initial treatment of an individual experiencing a seizure is concentrated on

maintaining an airway

Healing of a fractured bone with a poor alignment is called

malunion.

A patient presenting with a severe, pounding headache accompanied by nausea and photophobia is likely experiencing a _________ headache.

migraine

Anticholinesterase inhibitors may be used to manage

myasthenia gravis

A bone disorder that results from insufficient vitamin D is referred to as

osteomalacia

Before making a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease

other potential causes of dementia must be ruled out

The most common presenting sign/symptom with rheumatic fever is

polyarthritis

Most sensory afferent pain fibers enter the spinal cord by way of the _____ nerve roots.

posterior

The disease that is similar to osteomalacia and occurs in growing children is

rickets

In the acute phase of stroke, treatment is focused on

stabilization of respiratory and cardiovascular function

Cerebral aneurysm is most frequently the result of

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Rupture of a cerebral aneurysm should be suspected if the patient reports

sudden, severe headaches

A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis would be

systemic manifestations of inflammation

The _____ is the level of painful stimulation required to be perceived.

threshold