Damaged Brain Areas
Damage to the hypothalamus could result in
Damage in the hypothalamus can result in the following symptoms: lack of motivation, lack of appetite or thirst with the result that the person eats/drinks too little, excessive hunger or feeling of thirst with the result that the person eats or drinks too much, rapid digestion, changed libido, changed sleep-wake schedule, sleepiness, altered menstrual pattern, feelings of euphoria, hyperactivity
Use this doc if you wanna study the brain functions/locations/symptoms of damage:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eowrvf6mkQp-bQulzmiLFCyziMmPBXkj9IRptxJKTGg/edit?usp=sharing
Use this doc for everything else:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qtmUPKw8Dj6X8ujC33099Ek0_KC7Ex6NV3D9MyiWzoY/edit?usp=sharing
Damage to the orbitofrontal visual cortex could result in
Those suffering damage to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) are often described as impulsive and usually undergo extreme personality changes. The most famous example is Phineas Gage, a railway worker, who in 1848 suffered extreme frontal lobe damage when a long iron rod was projected through his skull after an accidental explosion.
What is Broca's aphasia?
Those with Broca's Aphasia (language disturbance caused by damage to Broca's Area in the frontal lobe) would likely be able to comprehend speech and sing familiar songs but would have minimal fluency in constructing sentences. Their speech would be telegraphic, meaning they would tend to express just a few words at a time, typically nouns. Most would be frustrated by a "tip of the tongue" phenomenon, in which they struggle to find the right words to convey their thoughts. Writing is typically similarly affected, and reading may be reduced.
Damage to the hippocampus could result in
hippocampus damage can influence a person's past memories as well as their ability to form new memories. Hippocampus damage can particularly affect spatial memory, or the ability to remember directions, locations, and orientations.
Damage to the reticular formation could result in
Damage to the RT could cause changes to one's state of consciousness, resulting in coma or death.
Damage to the amygdala could result in
Damage to the amygdala could result in issues with memory formation, loss aversion, lack of judgement in regards to risk taking and decision making, and a lack of emotional sensitivity, especially towards emotions like fear and anger.
Damage to the angular gyrus cortex could result in
Damage to the angular gyrus can result in problems with arithmetic, as well as writing, telling left from right, and the inability to tell one's fingers apart. This syndrome is called Gerstmann syndrome, and may also manifest from damage to the fusiform gyrus.
Damage to the corpus callosum could result in
Damage to the corpus callosum might lead to loss of contact between bilateral hemispheres that cause mental disorders, pseudobulbar palsy, speech and movement, and imparted balance/coordination.
What is Wernicke's aphasia?
Functionally, (fluent) Wernicke's Aphasia differs from (nonfluent) Broca's in that it impairs the patient's language comprehension. Someone afflicted will typically display "word salad" expression (as opposed to Broca's "Tip of the Tongue" phenomenon): their words come relatively rapidly but in a somewhat jumbled array, in extreme cases not making any sense at all as if the words are just tossed together like the ingredients of a salad. What's more, they don't understand that their sentences are incoherent or nonsensical, believing instead that the communication problem lies with the listener.
Damage to the left/right motor cortex could result in
If a person has damaged their left motor cortex, their right side will be weakened significantly, and vice versa.
Damage to the omatosensory cortex could result in
If one's somatosensory cortex is damaged, one would lose sensation in the area of the body corresponding to the area of the cortex that is damaged. Additionally, damage to the proprioception system can result in the loss of knowledge of the space your limbs occupy. For instance, many people eat cereal with a spoon whilst reading a newspaper or a book. You know where your hand and mouth are even though you are not looking at them. Someone who has lost their proprioception system would not be able to complete such an action effortlessly.
Damage to the pons could result in
If pons is damaged, it may cause loss of all muscle function except for eye movement. Other symptoms of pons damage include coma or death.
Damage to the medulla could result in
If your medulla oblongata becomes damaged, it can lead to respiratory failure, paralysis, loss of sensation, coma, or death
Damage to the angular gyrus cortex could result in
Limited damage to the lobe includes an inability to identify colors, difficulty with recognizing drawn objects, difficulties with reading and writing, and hallucinations. Severe damage to the occipital lobe generally leads to total blindness.
Damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex could result in
A dysfunction in this area may lead to problems with working memory, processing in the hippocampus, and long-term memory, as well as the integration of verbal expression with emotions. Such memory deficits have been associated with PTSD due to an underactive left DLPFC. Other DLPFC deficits can manifest as a lack of spontaneity, and attention deficit—due to an inability to maintain sufficient attention to see a task through to completion. In obsessive-compulsive disorder, the DLPFC plays an important role in strengthening attentional skills to momentarily break the compulsion circuit and give the orbitofrontal cortex a chance to inhibit the runaway activation of the amygdala.
Damage to the posterior association areas could result in
Damage to posterior association areas also sometimes including parts of the unimodal association areas can result in agnosia, a Greek word meaning "not knowing." Lesions of the visual posterior association area can result in the inability to recognize familiar faces or learn new faces while at the same time leave other aspects of visual recognition intact—a deficit called prosopagnosia. These patients can identify a face as a face, its parts, and specific emotions from facial expressions, but they cannot identify a face as a particular person. They often cannot recognize relatives such as parents or children and in some instances cannot recognize their own face. They have not lost knowledge about their close relatives and friends because they use sound of the voice and other cues to recognize them. Lesions causing prosopagnosia are always bilateral on the inferior surface of both occipital lobes and extend forward to the inner surface of the temporal lobes.
Damage to the ventromedial visual cortex could result in
Damage to the VMPFC seriously disrupt social life by affecting decision-making abilities and emotion processing. Patients with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex deliver abnormal judgments in response to moral dilemmas, and are especially impaired in triggering emotional responses to inferred or abstract events (e.g., intentions), as opposed to real or actual outcomes
Damage to the auditory cortex could result in
Damage to the auditory cortex can disrupt various facets of auditory perception. For example, damage (e.g., like that caused by a stroke) might cause deficits in the ability to detect changes in pitch, localize sounds in space, or understand speech.
Damage to the basal ganglia could result in
Damage to the basal ganglia cells may cause problems controlling speech, movement, and posture. This combination of symptoms is called parkinsonism. A person with basal ganglia dysfunction may have difficulty starting, stopping, or sustaining movement.
Damage to the cerebellum could result in
Damage to the cerebellum can lead to loss of coordination of motor movement (asynergia), the inability to judge distance and when to stop (dysmetria), the inability to perform rapid alternating movements (adiadochokinesia), movement tremors, lack of balance and equilibrium, weak muscles (hypotonia), slurred speech (ataxic dysarthria), and abnormal eye movements (nystagmus).
Damage to the cingulate gyrus could result in
Damage to the cingulate gyrus may result in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disorders. the patient will struggle to associate certain actions with emotions such as fear or sadness. This can lead to antisocial behavior, because the person does not realize that their actions can hurt others or cause them distress.
Damage to the fusiform gyrus (face area) could result in
Damage to the fusiform face area has been known to cause prosopagnosia, an acute form of agnosia commonly known as face blindness The fusiform gyrus is also famous for its connection to synesthesia. Synesthesia is characterized by one form of sensory stimulation eliciting stimulation of parts of the brain related to different senses. For instance, a synesthete might look at black and white letters and associate certain colors with each grapheme, or fundamental unit of written language. These grapheme-color synesthetes experience activity in their fusiform gyri when they experience synesthesia. The activity seems to arise from the fact that the fusiform gyrus assists in processing colors. Only the synesthetes would process colors when exposed to colorless stimuli, so only they would experience activity in the fusiform gyrus.
Damage to the midbrain could result in
Damage to the midbrain can result in a wide variety of movement disorders, difficulty with vision and hearing, and trouble with memory.
Damage to the thalamus could result in
Damage to the thalamus could cause sensory changes in one or multiple areas of the body (such as visual field loss, decreased taste, reduced pain sensation, decreased sensation in one side of the body), movement disorders, and coma.
Damage to the ventricles could result in
Damage to the ventricles could result in a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid leading to head and brain injuries
Damage to the temporal lobe could result in
Individuals with temporal lobes damage have difficulty placing words or pictures into categories. Language can be affected by temporal lobe damage. Left temporal lesions disturb recognition of words. Right temporal damage can cause a loss of inhibition of talking.
