DANC 3813 Midterm Edited

From what African-Argentine dance did the "ochos" come?

Candombe - succession of 8's drawn on the floor, no physical contact

What are the two main types of capoeira?

Capoeira Angola and Capoeira Regional

Emic

intrinsic ("inside view"), insider perspective; addresses understanding of the question: What values do members of a cultural group share? - personal emic: what the researcher already knows

What is the Big Adae?

is a ceremonial gathering of dignitaries in the Kumase in Ghana.

What is the Argentine city where tango was born?

Buenos Aires

What is Joann K.'s definition of dance? What is the central point of her article?

"Dance is a transient mode of expression performed in a given form and style by the human body moving in space. Dance occurs through purposefully selected and controlled rhythmic movements; the resulting phenomenon is recognized as dance by both the performer and the observing members of a given group."

How did the influx of immigrants to Argentina affect the tango?

"Lyric" tango: nostalgia, sadness (influenced by the homesickness of new immigrants)

What are fontomfrom drums?

"Talking Drums" five feet tall, deep tone chief of drums carry on dialogue with dancer through rhythmic and tonal mimicry War dances, heroic dances

Frank Boas

"father of american anthropology" all peoples have a complete and equally developed set of cultural traits believed that every group of people has a cultural network or shared knowledge system with: -social integration -history -governing rules

What was the Ghost Dance?

- A religious ritual that was supposed to lead to the destruction of whites and the return of the buffalo led by wovoka through his christian beliefs - a way to express their righteousness for those who felt their traditional lifeways were disrupted - Circle dance for 5 days, bathe in river, go home; repeated every 6 weeks

style of powwow

- Calm, Dignified - Emotional restraint - Dignity, strength, bravery

What role does dance play in the Big Adae?

- Dance pays tribute to the Asantehene - Dance defines roles within political hierarchy and strengthen political structure

posture of powwow

- Knees usually bent, body lifted forward toward the ground - Elaborate head movements, especially when miming animals - Arms close to body, except when imitating birds, opening shawls, etc.

King David Kalakaua

- Known as "The Merrie Monarch". - He is responsible for bring back Hawaiian culture through the hulu and ukelele "Hula is the language of the heart, and therefore the heartbeat of the Hawaiian people."

Who were the "niños bien"? How did their travels affect the development of tango?

- Ninos Bien (Rich kids) took tango to Europe, especially to Paris - Tango was "cleaned up" or made more respectable, and brought back to Argentina

What's the purpose of Candomble?

- allowed Afro-Brazilian slaves to maintain a connection with their African roots. To strengthened the worshipper's connection with a chosen saint/orixa, allowing them to call upon a specific saint/orixa for protection.

What is the Candomblé? Does it involve dance and music? In what way?

- is an Afro-Brazilian spirit possession religion, created by African slaves in Brazil and their descendants. - Dance-based festivals honoring Yoruba gods were often moved to the days dedicated to the corresponding Christian holidays or saints. Each orixa has specific drum beats, special colors, symbols and dance steps associated with it.

What are some of the main dances of the modern powwow?

-Ceremonial Dances.. - Grand Entry (victory and honor- dances which reflects the tradition of welcoming warriors or hunters returning to camp.) - Victory Dances - Honor Dances (recognize or honor a person, family or organization for sacrifice, personal achievement, or service and are an opportunity to give gifts at the powwow.) -Social dances (Intertribal Dances and Friendship or Round Dances) -Competition

Kamehameha I

-First king of Hawaii -Unified the Hawaiian islands by conquering all the tribes -hula is often done in honor of a significant person or deity

How did the modern powwow develop?

-Refers to a gathering of medicine men and/or spiritual leaders. "Pau-wauing" was a religious ceremony and often included dance -Modern powwows are usually up to four days long, have a casual atmosphere, and include ceremonial exchanges, artistic exchanges, socializing, and competitions. - uses Vocalbles

Sioux ghost dance

-Unsettled the indian agents -Lead to the death of sitting bull -Also lead to wounded knee massacre

Captain James Hook

-he is believed to be the first European to visit the island group - but there are no hulas dedicated to him -Cook's arrival heralded the beginning of the Hawaiians' trade with Europeans

Laban Movement Analysis (LBA)

-space, movement type, formation, patterns, body parts, body extensions, personal space, spatial relationships, size, design or shape of the movement, direction and level -time, rhythm, tempo, duration, pulse, accent, etc. -energy, dynamics of movement which can be categorized as sustained, percussive, swing, collapse, or vibratory

Who were the gauchos, compadres and compadritos?

1. Gauchos (Ranchers)- Milonga -- combined elements of Cuban habanera with the polka 2. Compadres (Cowboys) 3. Compadritos (City boys who dressed like cowboys - cowboy wannabes): Added fragments of African-Argentine dances to their own.

kaholo

4 count step, side to side; basic step of the hula dance

What is the Sambadrome?

634 yards of pavement flanked by bleachers for spectators, with television coverage, etc.

Ethnic

A group which holds in common genetic, linguistic, and cultural ties, with a special emphasis on cultural tradition. By definition, therefore, every dance form must be an ethnic form

What is a quilombo?

Are independent black communities in the backlands of Brazil. These communities were established by escaped African slaves, but over time, the escaped slaves (known as Quilombolas) welcomed others. The quilombo population eventually consisted of escaped slaves, native Brazilian Indians (Mestiços), and others of mixed races.

Why were the Plains Indians confined to reservations?

As a result of the American Indian Wars, many of the Plains Indian tribes were removed from their ancestral lands. Some tribes were forced to move off their lands to "Indian Territory," while other tribes were confined to reservations. The destruction of the buffalo, loss of land and confinement to reservations, and the presence of American settlers led to a cultural crisis among the Plains Indians.Dance played an important role in how Native Americans One of the male performers of responded to the crisis

What Brazilian state was instrumental in the development of capoeira and Candomblé?

Bahia

What ballet did you see an excerpt of?

Balanchine's Apollo

What is capoeira? Where is it played?

Based on martial art from African Congo and Angola regions, played in Brazil - strategic blend of fighting and dance; functioned as means of freedom - physically and figuratively liberated slaves from captivity

What is Samba?

Brazilian dance with African influences

Capoeira from Brazil, based on Barbara Browning's excellent article and the information you learned in class.

Capoeira was developed by African slaves as a means of protection and self-defense against their oppressors in Brazil. It is based on martial arts from African Congo and Angola regions, serving as a strategic blend of fighting and dance. It was disguised as a game-like dance in the Brazilian plantations, in order to preserve their cultural identity and liberate captivity.

Who were some of the major tango musicians?

Carlos Gardel- singer Astor Piazzolla

What are two different styles of samba?

Contemporary styles (elaborate and new) Ring samba (old style)

Gertrude Kurath

Dance ethnologist-- dancer, choreographer, teacher, and musician wrote "Journal of American Folklore" that began career emphasized cross-cultural studies of music and dance within their cultural, historical, and social contexts

What are some of the dances brought from Europe that influenced the tango?

Europeans brought dances including the waltz, polka and mazurka.

Gertrude Kurath was an early paleontologist.

False

King Kamehameha I brought hula back into favor in Hawaii

False

Pele is the patron goddess of hula

False

What happened at Wounded Knee?

Following Sitting Bull's death, those Lakota who had embraced the Ghost Dance religion assembled at Wounded Knee Creek on the Pine Ridge reservation to perform the ritual dance. Then American troops massacred hundreds of people who had gathered for the Ghost Dance surrounding the Lakota camp demanding them to surrender. However, when one ghost dancer refused to give up his rifle open fire ensued. In less than an hour, killed at least 150 Indians (more than half were women and children)

Who is the Asantehene?

Ghana - The Asante leader is called the Asantehene. The Asantehene is an intermediary between ancestors, natural forces, and people. "Master of music and drums"= master of the dance Head of state, head priest and commander-in- chief, but never an absolute monarch.

In the ballet Apollo, we have references to:

Greco-Roman mythology Renaissance art The court of King Louis XIV

Shiva

Hindu god of creation and destruction, surrounded by a ring of fire (the universe); Shiva holds a drum - which symbolizes the sound that kindles creation - destroyer of the world

What is the dance called? (Hawaii)

Hula

What are the two major divisions in the hula dance?

Hula Kahiko (ancient, traditional) and Hula Auana (modern)

What role did the dance halls play in the development of tango?

In the Dance Halls there was a mixing of: - African candombe - European mazurka - Habanera - Milonga - Early Tangos

What are the commonalities in African dance from Asante's article?

Intrinsic in this commonality is the ancestral connection to africa through epic, memory, and oral tradition, even though these dances represent different languages, people, geographies and cultures.

Powwow Dance

Is the gathering of men and/or spiritual leaders, generally speaking, the gathering of Indians often involving a ceremony of dance. It began as a Plains Indian celebration, but has spread to many others tribes that now practice. The style and posture of the powwow distinguish each tribe and type of performance. One of the most popular powwows is the Grand Entry which continues today.

JoAnn Keali'inohomoku's essay "An Anthropologist Looks at Ballet as a Form of Ethnic Dance

Joann K wrote the famous essay to explore the relationship between ballet and ethnic dance. She argued that ballet, despite its European origins and global popularity, can be understood as a form of ethnic dance. She elaborated that it has been able to influence many cultures around the world, and examine world view, heritage, and performance. In all the relationship between ballet and ethnic dance is complex and multifaceted.

The two main styles of hula are

Kahiko and 'Auana

Who are some of the main deities of the traditional Hawaiian religion?

Laka - power of volcanoes Pele -goddess of hula

Who founded the first capoeira school?

Mestre Bimba

Why was Carnival controversial in Rio de Janeiro?

Migration of newly freed slaves to Rio de Janeiro Police regulations sought to limit black influence on carnival Carnival became a center of controversy

Native American Dance

Native Americans incorporated dance into their style of living as integral part of their religion and daily life. It is a gift from the Great Spirit, serving a role of understanding, celebration, dream cults, and socially. The role of dance changed over history through the great events of the Ghost Dance, Wounded Massacre, and the powwow. Today, the dances of native americans continue to evolve and even take place in non-Indian events- such as rodeos and fairs.

festival for Osun

Nigerian - Movements of dances to honor Osun are harmonious, graceful, and flowing (like water)

What is the three-stage history of Carnival in Brazil?

Originally, Carnival was a food festival, because it was the last time to eat abundantly before the 40 days of Lent, a period of frugality starting on Ash Wednesday Gradually the tradition was created to go once a year onto the streets to have a party together. Musical styles and other customs merged over time. Only in 1917 this culminated in the invention of the samba, very much a product of the mutual love for music of the former colonists and the former slaves.

What was Entrudo?

Rowdy portuguese tradition where revelers dressed up and threw food/water at each other - central theme of samba schools

Tango from Argentina, its history, etc.

Tango has evolved tremendously over generations, serving as a fusion of dances. It has become a very popular form of dance in popular culture, forming both lyric tango and tense tango. The evolution formed through gauchos, compadres, and compadritos. Following them were the Ninos Bien where they cleaned up the form of dance and made it much more respectable, returning it back to Argentina.

What is a bandoneon?

The bandoneon is an accordion-like instrument that was brought to Argentina from Italy.

Ghost Dance

The ghost dance was a religious ceremony practice that began from Wovoka and his strong Christian beliefs. He proclaimed a vision from God that told him the land would blossom, loved ones would return, buffalo would spawn, and evil would wash away. The Indians embraced this vision in order to live righteously through the destruction of whites.

What is the Yoruba traditional religion like?

There is a reciprocal relationship between people and the orishas; People need the orishas and the orishas need people to worship and propitiate them.

Anthropology is the study of all aspects of human life and culture

True

Dance and language are examples of symbolic representation.

True

Movement knowledge is a kind of cultural knowledge.

True

What are a couple of the ceremonial objects of the Asante?

Umbrellas - rank and dwo Golden stool - spirit of the people and unity Fontonfrom drums

What are Orishas?

Yoruban deities are called Orishas. Orishas are often associated with forces of nature, like the river. ex. Sango (Thunder God, "Hot", unpredictable, capricious, exstatic movement) Osun (River Goddess, "cool", graceful movement)

Egungun dance

a Nigerian dance-drama form that honors family and ancestors. It is characterized by the use of elaborate masks and costumes. The masked dancer acts as the intermediary between life and the spirit/ancestral world

Who started the Ghost Dance?

a Northern Paiute man named Wovoka (known also as Jack Wilson) - messiah (infused with Christian beliefs)

Who was Zumbi?

a legendary leader, freedom fighter, and hero to many Afro-Brazilians from Bahia, was born free inside the "Quilombo dos Palmares" in 1655 - led the quilombo resistance against the Portuguese colonists in Brazil during the latter half of the 17th century - he is remembered as a national hero and symbol of freedom in Brazilian history

lei'a'i

a neck ornament made from flowers, nuts, shells, feathers, etc

What is a Samba School?

create enormous floats, have musical groups and groups of dancers dressed in elaborate costumes .... Samba schools are NOT just dance schools; they engage in: - Fund-raising - Rehearsing - Making costumes - Rehearsing the bateria

pa'u

a women's skirt, originally made from pounded kapa bark

Hula Kahiko

ancient, traditional hula (before colonization) - low steps, drums and chats, sharp directions in hips, arms, and eyes

the Aladura

are "the ones who pray"; ecstatic worship that is a synthesis of traditional Yoruba (Nigerian) religious practices and teachings of English protestant missionaries

Etic

extrinsic (perspectives of the dance scholarly community), outsider perspective; addresses understanding via a framework of ideas and concepts that have universal application

ipu

hollowed out gourd drum

kuma hula

hula master or teacher; "kuma" means "the source"

contained dance event

is a theatrical performance or competition that has been transformed from informal to formal performance by means of rules, structure, specific purpose, etc. ex. powwow

grass dance

is named for the custom of some tribes who wore braided grass in their belts when performing the dance. - predecessor of modern powwow dance

extended dance event

is one that "creates cultural continuity, strengthens social organization, and governs behavior before, during, and after the event."

Cross-cultural studies

is the comparison of different cultural knowledge systems. It is informed by looking at cultures from two perspectives: emic vs. etic. An understanding of culture must include consideration of both its emic and etic characteristics.

What is the cavalaria?

is the musical warning rhythm that was strongly associated with early capoeira; warned police were near

Hula 'Auana

modern hula (after kapu was lifted) - smooth flowing movements, music not chants

Culture

the ways of life learned and shared by people in social groups

What is a berimbau?

single string bowed instrument with resonant gourd attached used in capoeira

southern plains powwow style

powwow music usually has a low pitch, a slower beat, and is more reserved.

northern plains powwow style

powwow music usually has a very high pitch and a fast beat

What are Oriki?

songs of praise (Nigeria)

What is dwo?

spiritual coolness

Anthropology

study of all aspects of human life and culture

What is ginga?

swaying dance step; the basic step of capoeira

What is a terreiro?

temple or center where Candomble ceremonies are held

Mise-en-scene

the arrangement of activities in the total environment that occur before, during and after the actual dancing

kahea

the first lines of a chant, called out by a dancer or as a cue line

Micro Features

the movements.. how the dancer relates to the ground Laban Movement Analysis (LBA)

Dance ethnology/ethnochoreology

the scientific study of ethnic dances in all their cultural significance, religious function or symbolism, or social place - brings together aspects of anthropology, history, biology, art, etc.

Symbolic Representation

used in cultural groups to communicate complex thoughts, to pass knowledge from one generation to the next

Macro Features

who, what, where, when, why, how