DataSys+ Chapter 2

B. Functional, procedural, and logic programming all encapsulate logic into subcomponents. Object-oriented programming differs by focusing programming on data objects instead of procedural flow.

Sven is a development manager at a financial services firm. He wants to create a software system that is easy to maintain, scale, and modify. He's considering using a design principle focusing on object interaction and encapsulating data and behavior. What design principle should Sven user for his application? A. Functional programming B. Object-oriented programming C. Procedural programming D. Logic programming

Relational

You typically use a _____ database to store linear data.

Relational Database Service (RDS)

__ ___ ___ is another managed relational database offering from AWS that let's you run alternative relational database engines beyond Aurora, including MariaDB, PostgreSQL, Oracle, and Microsoft SQL Server.

Object-oriented programming (OOP)

___ ___ ___ is a software development paradigm that user the concept of "objects". With a traditional, procedural approach to writing software, code follows logical steps to achieve a business requirement.In ____, the software consists of objects that interact with other objects.

Object-relational mapping (ORM)

___ ___ ___ is a technique that presents relational data as objects in an object-oriented programming language. __ __ __ lets developers work with data store in relational databases using object-oriented programming languages, including Java, Python, and C++.

User Experience (UX)

___ ___ is a discipline that focuses on how people feel when they interact with a system. Career paths exist that focus solely on improving the ____ _____. Ease of use, efficiency, and usefulness are among the attributes that UX designers focus on as they strive to improve the customer experience.

Open-core

___ ___ is similar to open-source in that the core database technology remains freely available for people to use. My SQL is a popular open-core database that Oracle owns.

graph

___ database specialize in exploring relationships between pieces of data. While relational models focus on mapping the relationships between abstract entities, ______s map relationships between actual pieces of data.

Column-oriented

____ ___ databases store data in a column-based format, differing from the row-based approach of a relational database. Suppose you have millions of financial transactions you need to aggregate. A ____ ___ database, like Cassandra, is well-suited to that task.

Microsoft Access

____ ___ has limitations that exclude it from consideration for larger organizations. It was initially designed to support one person at a time.

NoSQL

____ databases are better suited to handling nonlinear data.

Graph

____ databases excel at exploring connected data, storing data as individual nodes, and connecting them with relationships. ____ databases, like Neo4j, are ideal choices when creating recommendation engines.

Cassandra

____ is one of the most broadly adopted column-oriented databases. It is an open-source, highly scalable, column-oriented database system that runs on hardware that you manage.

LINQ

____ lets .NET developers write queries using a syntax simliar to the syntax used in teh C# programming language.

Cassandra

____'s defining characteristics include its ability to handle large amounts of data while being highly available.

Nonlinear

_____ data formats are those in which data is organized in a hierarchical or nested structure, allowing for complex relationship between data entries. JSON is an example of a ____ data format. XML is another.

MongoDB

_____ is a popular document database you can run on servers you manage. It can scale across multiple servers and handle high volumes and velocities of data.

Neo4j

_____ is one of the leading graph database management systems. It stores and manages data in the form of nodes and relationships. It is well-suited for highly interconnected data, including social network and product recommendation data.

Cosmos

______ is a multimodel database that supports key-value, document, column-oriented and graph workloads. This multimodel approach lets you choose the best data model for your application. (offering from Microsoft Azure)

DynamoDB

______ is one of the leading key-value database options.

ORMs

_______ generate SQL code as part of abstracting the database to the programmer. One step that can help you assess impact is to review the SQL code generated by the ORM.

DynamoDB

A popular key-value database is Amazon ________, It is a highly available NoSQL database that supports the document data model and key-value pairs.

B. Relational databases are more suited for linear data, key-value databases store data as key-value pairs, and column-oriented database store data as columns instead of rows.

Gina is a developer in a growing organization that uses a relational database for its linear data. They have recently identified the need to store and manage highly interconnected data for product recommendations. Which type of database would be the most appropriate choice for this situation? A. Relational B. Graph C. Key-value D. Column-oriented

C. CSVs are simple, comma-separated files, ill-suited to storing and transmitting structured data. TSVs are similar to CSVs, using tabs instead of commas as the separator. While XML is a viable choice, JSON is more efficient.

Katie is designing a web application requiring an efficient approach for exchanging structured data between clients and the server. The application must easily parse and generate data in this format. Which file format should she choose? Select the best option. A. XML B. CSV C. JSON D. TSV

D. Column-oriented databases are optimal for handling columnar data, and graph databases excel at handling connected data. While a key-value database could work, a document database is ideal for storing semi-structured data.

Katie works for a social network startup and needs a database to store social network profiles. While profiles are all JSON documents, each profile may contain different fields. Which type of NoSQL database would be Katie's best choice? A. Key-value B. Column-oriented C. Graph D. Document

key-value

Of the NoSQL options, a ___ ___ database takes the most simplistic approach to storing data.

linear

With a ____ data format, you organize data into a sequence of records where each record has a fixed number of fields. Tables in relational database are examples of a _____ data format, as each row represents the values for each column.

Describe common NoSQL database categories

- Key-value, document databases, column-oriented, and graph are four categories of NoSQL databases that store and manage data differently. - Key-value databases: store data in key-value pairs and are ideal for storing audio, image, and video data. - Document databases: are similar to key-value, restricting the values in a known, JSON-like document format. - Column-oriented databases: store data in columns rather than rows, making them suitable for the aggregations associated with data warehousing and business intelligence applications. - Graph databases store data in nodes and edges, representing the entities and relationships in a data set. Graph use cases include real-time recommendation engines, fraud detection, and identity and access management.

Describe the difference between linear and nonlinear data

- Linear and nonlinear data formats are two different ways of organizing and storing data. - Linear data formats are relatively straightforward to work with, given that the data is in a linear, sequential format. - A CSV file is an example of a linear data format. - Since relational databases are highly structured, they are well-suited to storing linear data. - Nonlinear data formats store data in a more complex, interconnected manner. Nonlinear data are more complicated to work with than linear data and allow for multiple connections and relationship between pieces of data. - Among the NoSQL database options, graph databases are particularly well-suited for storing and manipulating nonlinear data.

Describe the difference between relational and nonrelational databases

- Relational databases use a structure data model, which organizes data into tables with rows and columns. - Nonrelational databases used a variety of data models, including key-value, document, column-oriented and graph. - With relational databases, you need to define data structures before using the database. - Nonrelational databases often have a more flexible data structure, allowing them to store data in various formates. - From an operational standpoint, nonrelational databases are easier to scale than their relational counterparts.

explain plan

A SQL ___ ___ represents a database engine's steps to execute a SQL query. It provides information about the operations performed, the order in which they occur, and the database objects used to store and access data.

Relational database management system (RDBMS)

A __ ___ ___ ___ is a complex piece of software that lets people create, maintain, and operate relational databases.

Key-value

A __ ___ database stores data as a collection of keys and their corresponding values. Each key is unique index pointing to its associated value. Therefore, each key must be globally unique across the entire database.

nonrelational database

A ___ __ is any type that doesn't conform to the predefined tabular structure in relational databases. This approach results in a highly flexible manner of organizing and storing data. However, this unstructured approach means that consuming applications need to know more about the data than in relational environment.

foreign key

A ___ ___ creates a link between two table by adding an attribute to one table that references the primary key of another table.

key-value

A ___ ___ database is the most basic of the NoSQL options.

column-oriented

A ___ ___ database uses an index to identify data in groups of related columns. This design makes it easy to distribute data across multiple machines. This ability to scale enables the handling of massive amounts of data.

CSV

A ____ file is a text file that uses a simple format for storing data in a tabular form. In a ___ file, each line of text represents a record.

document

A _____ database uses globally unique keys while enforcing some structure on the values. For example, MongoDB is a ____ database based on the JSON structure.

tuple

A _____, or row, contains specific pieces of data about a single data subject.

relation

A _______, also known as an entity or table, is a structure containing a collection of attributes about a data subject.

D. Key-value databases store data as a collection of keys and their corresponding values, a simplistic approach to storing data. Document databases extend the key-value concept by adding restrictions on the stored values, and column-oriented database use an index to identify data in groups of related columns. A recommendation engine requires analyzing relationships between users and items, exactly where graph databases excel.

Allison is working on building a database for a new online store. She is developing a feature to recommend products based on similar purchases and search history. Which type of database would be best suited for Allison's needs? A. Key-value B. Document C. Column-oriented D. Graph

ORM framework

An ____ ____ provides a layer of abstraction between the programming objects and the data in the database, making it easier for developers to work with the data work intuitively and naturally.

attribute

An ____ is an individual characteristic of a table. Building on the idea of storing customer information, sample attributes include title, first name, middle name, last name and date of birth.

C. MySQL and SQLite are relational databases, and MongoDB is a document database. Of the options, only Cassandra supports a column-oriented design.

Andy is building an environment to analyze five decades worth of financial transactions. If Andy uses commodity servers and a column-oriented design, which of the following databases best fits Andy's needs? A. MySQL B. MongoDB C. Cassandra D. SQLite

2

Another limitation is that Access store all of its data in a single file, with a size limit of ___ gigabytes.

A. Nonlinear data formats are ideal for hierarchical or nested structures, graph data formats map in the form of nodes and relationships, and tree data formats represent data in a hierarchical structure, similar to a nonlinear data format. As Christa is working with linear data, she should choose a linear data format.

Christa is working on an application that requires storing and managing a list of customer records, each with a fixed number of fields, such as name, email address, and phone number. The data will be used for simple data analysis and primarily accessed sequentially. Which type of data format should Christa choose for this task? A. Linear data format B. Nonlinear data format C. Graph data format D. Tree data format

node

Each person and address represents a ___ in the graph. Each ___ can have multiple properties. Properties store specific attributes for an individual node. The arrow that links nodes together represents a relationship.

primary key

Each row needs to have an attribute that uniquely identifies the row. This unique identifier is called a ____ ____.

B. Graph databases are specifically designed for handling highly interconnected datasets and would be the best choice in this scenario. Both relational and flat-file databases are better for linear data, and spreadsheets are not databases. Of the listed options, NoSQL databases are best suited to handling nonlinear data.

Enzo is a software developer working on a project incorporating nonlinear data to support a new initiative at his company. Which type of database would be the most appropriate choice for this situation? A. Relational database B. NoSQL database C. Flat file database D. Spreadsheet

globally unique

With a key-value database, there are no structural limitations to a key's values. A key can be a sequence of numbers, alphanumeric strings, or anything else, as long as it is ___ ___.

Individual

Graphs are optimal if you need to create a recommendation engine, as graphs explore relationships between ____ pieces of data.

A. Tuples contain specific data about a single data subject within a table. Relations are structures containing a collection of attributes about a data subject. Foreign Keys create a link between two tables by adding an attribute to one table that references the primary key of another table. Primary Keys uniquely identify individual rows within a table.

Howard is a database designer for an e-commerce website working on creating a table to store customer information. He wants to ensure that each customer can be uniquely identified within the table. Which database concept should Jack use to accomplish this goal? A. Primary Key B. Tuple C. Foreign Key D. Relation

JSON

JavaScript Object Notation (______) is a lightweight data-interchange format. It is a text-based format used to represent and store data in a structured manner. Exchanging data on the web is commonly done with ______. It is a language-independent format that many different programming languages can manipulate.

Open-source database

If you select an ___ ___ ___, there is no formal support structure. Instead you will have to rely on the community for bug fixes and feature enhancements.

Oracle

In 1979, ____ became the first commercially available RDBMS.

key-value

In a ___ ___ database, a globally unique key identifies a specific value. That value can contain virtually anything, including text, a file, an image or a video.

ORM

In practical terms, developers can write code that uses objects and classes to represent data rather than writing complex SQL queries that directly manipulate the data. The ____ framework translates the operations performed on these objects into the appropriate SQL commands.

B. Cassandra is a column-oriented database, MongoDB is a document database, DynamoDB is a key-value database and Neo4j is a graph database.

Inaya wants to use a graph database to build an identity and access management system. Which of the following is a viable options? A. Cassandra B. Neo4j C. MongoDB D. DynamoDB

Aurora

It is possible to outsource the operational aspects of an RDBMS platform to a public cloud provider. For example, AWS offers ______ , and RDBMS that supports open-source database engines, including MySQL and PostgreSQL. You don't have to worry about installing and configuring that database software when using ____.

C. JSON is a file format used for representing structured data, XML represents data in a tree-like structure of nested objects and elements, and BSON (Binary JSON) is a binary serialization format user for storing JSON documents. CSVs are simple, easy to create, read and write, and are a popular choice for storing and exchanging data.

Jane is a software developer working on a file-based interface sending employee data to her company's insurance provider. She needs a format that is easy to create, read, and write. Which file format should she choose? A. JSON B. XML C. CSV D. BSON

physical computer

Like any pice of software, a database runs on a ____ ____.

C. Key-Value Databases are ideal for storing audio, image and video data. Document databases store data in a JSON-like structure. Graph databases excel as exploring the relationships between data. With data store in columns instead of rows, column-oriented databases are well-suited for aggregations in a data warehouse.

Lionel is creating a financial data warehouse. Which type of database should he consider? A. Key-value B. Document C. Column-oriented D. Graph

B. Access is Windows only, and SQL Server is primarily for the Windows operating system. Aurora is a cloud-only database offering. PostgreSQL runs on Linux and supports thousands of concurrent connections.

Lisa is a database administrator for a growing online retail company that requires a relational database management system to handle hundreds of concurrent connections. Lisa's company make extensive use of Linux. Which RDBMS platform should Lisa consider for her company's needs? A. Access B. PostgreSQL C. SQL Server D. Aurora

B. ORM frameworks don't have a direct impact on size of the database and do not inherently improve security. While ORM frameworks can help make the code more portable and adaptable to different platforms, their primary purpose is to provide and abstraction layer that allows developers to work with data using object-oriented programming languages.

Luca is a software developer working on an application that requires interaction with a relational database. He is considering using an ORM framework to simplify his work. What is the primary benefit of using an ORM framework in this context? A. Reduces the size of the database. B. Allows developers to work with data using object-oriented programming languages C. Increases the number of supported database platforms. D. Makes the database more secure.

D. Access is Windows only, and SQL Server is primarily for the Windows operating system. While PostgreSQL runs on Linux and can run in the cloud, Aurora is a cloud-only database offering.

Miguel is responsible for database strategy for a growing online retail company that requires a relational database to handle what will eventually be a petabyte-scale database. Most of the company's infrastructure runs Linux in the cloud, and Miguel prefers a cloud-based solution that minimized administrative overhead. Which RDBMS platform should Miguel consider for his company's needs? A. Access B. PostgreSQL C. SQL Server D. Aurora

C. Primary keys uniquely identify individual rows within a table and do not directly help associate data between separate tables. Tuples contain specific data about a single data subject within a table. Relations are structures containing a collection of attributes about a data subject. Foreign Keys create a link between two tables by adding an attribute to one table that references the primary key of another table

Monique is a database administrator for a company managing customer information. She is optimizing the existing database structure to make it easier to retrieve customer addresses. Which database concept should she use to associate customer information with their addresses while maintaining data integrity. A. Primary Key B. Tuple C. Foreign Key D. Relation

C. LINQ is an ORM for .NET, ActiveRecord is built into Ruby on Rails, and Django is an ORM for Python. Hibernate is an ORM for Java

Monique is a development manager for a group of Java programmers. Which of the following ORM frameworks should she evaluate to abstract away the structural details of a relational database and facilitate more reusable and maintainable code. A. ActiveRecord B. Django C. Hibernate D. LINQ

programmer

ORMS generate SQL code as part of abstracting the database to the ____.

Described object-relational mapping

Object relational mapping is a technique that allow developer to work with databases using object-oriented programming languages rather than writing SQL statements. Available for many object-oriented programming languages, ORM frameworks provide a layer of abstraction between a relational database and an application, allowing developers to work with objects in their code. Meanwhile the ORM handles the translation of these objects into SQL statements. ORM frameworks make it easier for developers to work with databases, allowing them to use familiar object-oriented concepts and syntax rather than learning the details of SQL. It can also improve the maintainability and flexibility of an application as it decouples the application's data access logic from the underlying database structure.

reusable, maintainable

One of the main benefits of using an ORM framework is that it allows developers to write more ___ and ____ code. Since ORM frameworks abstract away the data's structural details, the generated code can work with different proprietary and open-source relational databases.

multiple servers

One of the most significant benefits of a nonrelational database is that, as a category, they are easier to distribute across ___ ____ than their relational counterparts. As a result of this design, scaling nonrelational databases is less complicated than scaling a relational database.

applications

One of the things _____ do is abstract the structure of a database from an end user.

D. CSVs are simple, comma-separated files, ill-suited to storing complex data. DOCX is an Open Office XML document specific for word processing. While JSON is a viable choice, it may not be as easily readable as XML, particularly when working with more complex data structures. The tags within an XML document facilitate readability.

Ron is developing an application that requires storing complex data structures with hierarchical relationships. He needs a file format that can effectively represent these relationships and be easily readable. Which file format should he choose? Select the best answer. A. CSV B. DOCX C. JSON D. XML

B. A relational database with linear data format is ideal for tabular data, and a relational database with nonlinear data format and a NoSQL database with linear data format are not recommended approaches. As JSON objects are nonlinear, a NoSQL database is the best option.

Sameer is a software developer working on a project that requires storing and managing JSON data. He is considering different approaches to storing the data. Which of the following best describes what Sameer should choose for this project. A. Relational database with linear data format. B. NoSQL database with nonlinear data format. C. Relational database with nonlinear data format D. NoSQL database with linear data format.

SQL

Since nonrelational databases don't have defined table structures, using ___ isn't possible. As a result, peope refer to any nonrelational database as a NoSQL database.

A. Database optimization involves improving the performance of a database system, and load balancing distributes network traffic across multiple resources. APIs allow different software components to interact with each other. UX focuses on enhancing the experience users have with an application.

Swan is a software developer working on a project to improve his company's application. He is enhancing the overall user interaction and ensuring that the application is intuitive and user-friendly. Which aspect of the application should Swan focus on? A. UX B. Database optimization C. APIs D. Load balancing

True

T/F Since there are no underlying table structures and few data storage limitations, operating a key-value database is much simpler than a relational database.

OOP

Taking an ____ approach can make software more modular, reusable, and scalable, which makes it easier to develop and maintain.

Entity Framework

The ___ ___ is an open-source ORM framework for the .NET programming language. As with all ORM frameworks, it provides a layer of abstraction over a relational database. One unique feature of the Entity Framework is that it supports Language Integrated Query (LINQ).

Document

The value in a key-value database can contain virtually anything. On the other hand, the value in a document database must conform to a specific structured format.

Postgres, Maria DB

There are open-source database platform alternatives if an organization wants to avoid expensive licensing fees. The most popular open-source platforms include ____ and ___.

execution plan

To determine the ORM's impact on the database server, you can user database performance tools to examine the efficiency of the ORM-generated SQL. One thing to pay close attention to is SQL's explain plan, also known as an ____ ____.

Describe the impact of using an object-relational mapping framework.

To gauge the impact of using an object-relational mapping framework, you first need to decide how to assess the ORM's impact. You need to select a performance measure, such as response time, throughput, or resource utilization, as the basis for comparison. You can then compare database performance between the ORM's SQL and the SQL a human writes. If you have multiple applications using the same database, be sure to include the effect of the ORM's caching layer in your evaluation, as stale data in the cache can cause inconsistent application behavior. You can also incorporate other factors, incluyding code maintainability, in your assessment. If you determine the ORM is having an outsized impact on performance, you decide whether it is viable to evaluate a different ORM framework of use human-generated SQL.

ORMs

When building applications, it is possible to use an object-relational mapping framework to let software developer manipulate data in their preferred programming language instead of directly in SQL. _____ translate data manipulations from object-oriented programming languages such as C++, Python, and Java into SQL.