DE English II Final Exam Review

Rhetorical Triangle

A visual representation of the interrelationship among ethos, pathos, and logos

Index

An alphabetical list of important and recurring concepts with page numbers of which they appear

Secondary source

An analysis of information reported in a primary source

Premise

An assumption that you expect your readers to agree with that is either true or false

Peer Review

An evaluation done by one's peers or other experts in the academic conversation

Focus Group

An interview style designed for small groups addressing a particular topic of interest

Ethos

Appeals from character

Pathos

Appeals to emotion

Logos

Appeals to reason

Deductive Argument

Argument in which the premises support the conclusion

Inductive Argument

Argument that relies on evidence and observation to reach a conclusion

Fallacy of the Middle Ground

Argument that the middle ground between two extremes is true because it is the middle ground

Popular Source

Articles written for the general audience

Modifying Others Model

Assumes that a mutual understanding is possible; modifies the claims of others

Fallacy of Division

Assuming that what is true of the whole is true for the parts.

Sweeping Generalizations

Author attempts to draw a conclusion without providing sufficient evidence or examining counterarguments

Shifting the Issue

Author draws attention away from the issue instead of offering evidence that will help people draw their own conclusion

Context

Background understanding of an issue or situation

Hypothesis Testing Model

Begins with the assumption that writers may have good reasons for supporting their argument, but there are also legitimate reasons why it is/ is not the case

Either/or Fallacy

Black and white fallacy; Occurs when author builds an argument on the idea that there are only two possible choices or outcomes rather than several

Appeal to Fear

Fallacy in which the writer attempts to create support by increasing fear towards the alternative

Confusing Cause and Effect

Fallacy that assumes that one event must cause another just because two events often occur together

Working Thesis

First attempt at an assertion for your position

Primary Source

Firsthand/eyewitness account of a situation

Logical Fallacies

Flaws in the chain of reasoning that lead to a conclusion that does not necessarily follow the premises or evidence

Begging the Question

Informal fallacy in which an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion instead of supporting it

Skimming

Looking over a document to get a general idea of its contents.

The Straw Man Argument

Makes a generalization about what a group believes without citing a specific writer's work; goes hand in hand with fallacy of division

Filling the Gap Model

Points to what other writers have overlooked or ignored in discussing the given issue - Makes a claim of value usually

Scholarly Sources

Sources written by experts, evaluated by peer experts, and intended for a scholarly/academic audience

Sarcasm

The use of heavy-handed irony to ridicule or attack something

Irony

The use of language to say one thing while meaning something else

Original Research

Use of primary research you gathered yourself

Correcting Misinterpretations Model

Used to correct writers whose arguments you believe have misconstrued important aspects of an issue - Makes factual claim

Technical Jargon

Using technical words to convince the reader without providing evidence

False Analogy

When an author tries to persuade us that something is true by using a comparison

Ad Hominem

an argument directed against a person rather than the position they are maintaining

Erroneous Appeal to Authority

an author who claims to be an authority but is not, or someone an author cites as an authority who is not

Bandwagon

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Idea Sheet

A form of exploratory writing that can serve as the basis for a more formal research proposal

Proposal

A formal plan that outlines your objectives for conducting a research project, specifies the methods, and describes the implications of your work

Annotated Bibliography

A list of sources that you plan to consult and use in your research paper

Hasty Generalization

A person draws a conclusion about a group with a sample too small to be representative