De Paola - Arch Hist 2 exam 1 study guide
*What was the purpose of Structural Classicism in Neo- Classical heritage?
*Emphasize the importance of structural elements
*What happens in territorial transformations when there's mass production and cultivation through new technology?
*cities grow exponentially creating slums and other cheaply built tenements
What was purpose of Casa Vicens, Barcelona?
-Influence of Viollet-le-Duc -Gothic and Mediterranean -Very colorful Use of traditional techniques -was his first house design
Antoni Gaudi,and Catalan Modernism
-Influenced by the writings of Ruskin, Viollet-le-Duc, and Richard Wagner -Importance of Catalan identity (Spanish Civil War and independence of Catalonia) -Gaudi was also aware of socialist ideas before his meeting with Guell
Right-wing (Nazis) reaction to a communist Bauhaus
-They require the Bauhaus closed (oct 1932) -Asked for impeachment of most faculty
In Germany when did Bismark resign?
1890
Designs for dwellings of working class is addressed through generic models w stacked apartments called
"Housing of the working classes act 1890" When local authorities had to provide public housing
Louis Sullivan
"Severe simplicity necessary by financial policy" "I should say that it would be greatly for our aesthetic good if we should refrain entirely from the use of ornament for a period of years, in order that our thought might concentrate acutely on the production of buildings"
what does expressionism mean?
"artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse within a person"
When did cultural transformations of Neo classical Arch occur?
(1750-1900)
*Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, Entretiens sur l'architecture,1863-72
*"there are two necessary ways of being true. It must be true according to the programme and true according to the methods of construction... purely artistic questions of symmetry and parent form are only secondary conditions in the presence of our dominant principles"
*What was the purpose of Romantic Classicism in Neo- Classical heritage?
*Emphasize the importance of form
What happened after Van de Velde's trip to Greece and the middle East?
- after this tries to avoid Secessionist contaminations (ornaments) -impressed by the monumentality of the Acropolis -becomes professor of the Gran Ducal school of Arts and Crafts - curriculum and didactic will become the foundations of the Bauhaus school
Charles Rennie Mackintosh
- created "Glasgow School of Art" 🎉🎉-Importance of masonry (glass and iron will never take the place of stone) -Use of pure geometry/volumes -Importance of vertical fenestration🎉🎉
Olbrich, Hoffmann, Klimt /Sacred Spring (Vienna Secession)
- was formed by a group of Austrian artists who had resigned from the Association of Austrian Artists, housed in the Vienna Künstlerhaus -The Secession artists objected to the prevailing conservatism of the Vienna Künstlerhaus with its traditional orientation toward Historicism -Secession artists were concerned, above all else, with exploring the possibilities of art outside the confines of academic tradition. They hoped to create a new style that owed nothing to historical influence. 🎉🎉-Architects focused on bringing pure geometric forms into the designs of their buildings.🎉🎉
🎉🎉That is when the Deutsche Werkbund was founded🎉🎉
-12 independent artists and 12 craft firms: Peter Behrens, Josef Hoffmann, J.M. Olbrich -Improvement of craft education - Very heterogeneous (lots of different individual from different backgrounds) 🎉🎉Importance of designing cultural objects (quality design) for the middle class🎉🎉
What was Adolf Loos ideology?
-Against the methods of the Viennese Secession -The Story of a Poor Rich Man pp.90-91 - Loos is anti-Gesamtkunsterwerk (against the total work of art) 🎉🎉-Many buildings require no ornament at all🎉🎉 -Ornament is wasteful in labor, material, and create what Adolf Loos calls "craft slavery" -Loos was isolated from the conservative Secessionists -All cultures depend on a certain continuity with the past -Loos is initially looking at the Arts and Crafts movement
Frank Furness
-Designed more than 600 buildings -style very broad, muscular, and idiosyncratic (full of stylistic juxtapositions) -He was also influenced by the architectural concepts of the French engineer Viollet-le-Duc and the British critic John Ruskin. -The work of Frank Furness will influence Louis Sullivan, Frank Lloyd Wright, Louis Kahn and Robert Venturi -Centennial National Bank, Philidelphia
who were the most prominent Expressionists?
-Edvard Munch -Vincent van Gogh -Franz Marc -Paul Klee -Vasily Kandinsky
Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
-French theorist and architect -Gothic Revivalist -Refuses moralist revival of Ruskin -More interested in building methods that free architecture from broad styles -Famous for his restorations of medieval buildings -Influence on historical preservation
what happens when Gropius steps down and leaves the Bauhaus to Adolf Meyer?
-Moholy-Nagy, Breuer, and Beyer leave as well leaving --Bauhaus's curriculum more focused on technology and specialization -turned into a left-wing communist institution
Auditorium Building Chicago
-Multi use complex -Hotel kitchen and dining facilities on the roof -Use of folding ceiling panels -Façade composition -From rusticated blocks to smooth Ashlar -Interiors show some oriental patterns
what was the Cologne Werkbund Exhibition?
-New generation of Werkbund Artists: Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer (both worked for Behrens)
William Morris (Arts and Crafts)
-Organized and est. a workshop with other Pre-Raphaelite artists (Webb) -objective to create murals to furniture, stained windows, and metal work 🎉creations of a total work of art (from furniture to wallpaper🎉 -Webb left workshop making Morris more involved w literature and poetry -Webb's broadness was too much for Morris
Umberto Boccioni
-Produces two futurist manifestos on painting -Manifesto Tecnico della Scultura Futurista 🎉🎉-Boccioni condemns the work of artists such as Olbrich🎉🎉
Peter Behrens
-Relationship to industry -appointed as architect and designer of the AEG - tried to revitalize German culture by redefining the working space
Who was Jacque Francois Blondel?
-School in Rue de la Harpe -Compostion, Type, and Character
Bauhaus ("House of Building" or "Building School)
-School that combined crafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the approach to design -1919 to 1933 -Very similar to Bruno Taut's Arbeitsrat für Kunst (Workers Council for Arts) -Reworking of Gesamtkunsterwerk (total work of art) by Walter Gropius - less about aesthetics and more about the creation of an ethical product
Antonio Sant'Elia, "Messaggio"
-Scientific concepts as they are related to materials and architecture -Railways and stations as the new building types (no more temples or churches) -We must rebuild ex novo -Importance of lifts and elevators -No ornaments at all, but exposed materials such as glass or concrete
Adolf Loos
-Trip to the States in 1893 to visit Chicago (Sullivan school) -Sullivan had written Ornament in Architecture in 1892 -Loos "Ornament and Crime" was published in 1908
John Ruskin
-Wrote "Seven Lamps of Architecture" and "stones of Venice"(3 vol on Venetian art and arch) -is against industrial division of labor (specialization) 🎉Was questioning ornament: was it done with enjoyment?🎉 -Moves away from High Anglican movements -becomes radical (socialist) like Carlyle
AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin
-a temple to industrial power -factory as a farm (gable roof) -large windows -redefinition of working space -extensive use of new technologies
what is the Workers Council for Arts?
-a union of architects, painters, sculptors and art writers, who were based in Berlin from 1918 to 1921 (Walter Gropius, Erich Mendelsohn, Bruno Taut, and Adolf Meyer) -developed as a response to the Workers and Soldiers councils and was dedicated to the goal of bringing the current developments and tendencies in architecture and art to a broader population
what are Guimard's accomplishments?
-awarded the commission for the Paris Metro stations -Use of naturalistic elements (like Horta) -Major achievements of Structural Rationalism -Best examples of Art Nouveau
Frank Lloyd Wright
-designed the Winslow House, Illinois -Street Façade is symmetrical -🎉Garden Façade and floor plan are asymmetrical🎉 -Different window style -Emphasis on fireplace (common in Japanese architecture) -initially struggling with the necessity to find a new style, a new American style -initially influenced by multiple style (Richardson Romanic style and Sullivan Monumentality) -finally implements style through prairie
Johannes Itten
-first charismatic instructor -🎉🎉taught at the Bauhaus, developing the innovative "preliminary course"which was to teach students the basics of material characteristics, composition, and color🎉🎉
Crystal Palace London (Paxton,Joseph)
-glass iron structure made for Great Exhibition in London's Hyde Park -head of society of arts wanted to impress the world with Britain's industrial achievements
1.Friedrich Naumann
-held that improved design in both crafts and industry was essential for modern Germany
Prairie School architects work characteristics
-horizontal lines (thought to evoke and relate to the native prairie landscape) -flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves -windows grouped in horizontal bands -integration with the landscape -solid construction -discipline in the use of ornament.
Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler
-mastering new methods of construction -cast-iron vulnerable to fire -🎉development of fire proof steel frame🎉 -🎉evolution of Architectural language appropriate for high rise buildings🎉
Expressionism in the Arts
-modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century -typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas -developed in the early twentieth-century mainly in Germany in reaction to the dehumanizing effect of industrialization and the growth of cities -the expressionists rejected the ideology of realism
Who was Etienne Louis Boulee'?
-monumentally and unadorned geometric purity -perception of light as a divine element -not impressed by rural and urban utopias (Did Cenotaph for Isaac Newton)
Who was Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand
-pupil of Boulee' -pursuit of normative and economical building typology ( universal building methodology through the use of fixed types and alternative elevations) (Did Durand, Précis)
Hector Guimard (France)
-pupil of both Labrouste and Viollet-le-Duc -applies principles of Greek architecture to the theories of Viollet-le-Duc - He is not fascinated by the Middle Ages - interested in the evolution of a National style (Art Nouveau)
Henry van de Velde
-single family house as a vehicle for social transformations 🎉🎉"Ugliness corrupts not only the eyes but also the heart and mind. "🎉🎉
what was Meyer interested in?
-socially responsible design practice - Social rather than aesthetic - More scientific courses were introduced
2.Hermann Muthesius
-was sent to London with a charge to study English architecture and design -Upon his return to Germany, reformed the national programme of education in applied arts
What was the first fundamental point in the shaping of modern architecture?
1. Cultural developments and transformations (England, France, and Germany)
What 4 Mediterranean cultures did Archeological research lead to?
1. Egyptians 2. Etruscans 3. Greeks (Sicily and Greece) 4. Romans (Pompeii)
What were main territorial transformations?
1. Mass production of cast iron rail (Abraham Darby) 2. Seed-drill of cultivation or crops in rows (Jethro Tull)
What were the two important Technical transformations
1. 🎉François Coignet: development of hydraulic cement.🎉 (First introduced as metal mesh to improve strength of his compound. And he later helped build infrastructures needed for Haussmann plan aka sewers etc.)(did sea wall in Saint-Jean-de-Luz) 2. 🎉Joseph Monier: use of ferro-concrete(reinforced) for flower pots.🎉 ( international developments in Germany and in the States)
what were Gaudi's two major methodological references?
1.The desire to revive indigenous architecture 2.The desire to create new forms of expression
what were main points of Cultural Manifesto about?
1.The essential elements of our poetry will be courage, audacity and revolt. 2. The beauty of speed. 3. There is no masterpiece that has not an aggressive character. 4.We want to glorify war — the only cure for the world — militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of the anarchists. 5.We want to demolish museums and libraries, fight morality, feminism and all opportunist and utilitarian cowardice. 6.We will sing of the great crowds agitated by work, pleasure and revolt; the multi-colored and polyphonic surf of revolutions in modern capitals.
when did Le Corbusier start working in the office of Perret Freres?
1907
What was the second fundamental point in the shaping of modern architecture?
2. Romantic Classicism and Structural Classicism (Schinkel and Labrouste)
What was the forth fundamental point in the shaping of modern architecture?
4. Technical transformations : steel and re-enforced concrete (Hennebrique)
who said "My architecture is not conceived in plans, but in spaces (cubes). I do not design floor plans, facades, sections. I design spaces. For me, there is no ground floor, first floor etc.... For me, there are only contiguous, continual spaces, rooms, anterooms, terraces etc."?
Adolf Loos
What did Cordemoy anticipate 200 years in advance?
Adolf Loos Writing "Ornament and Crime". "Many building requires no ornament at all" "free standing column is the essence of pure architecture"
who wrote Manifesto of Futurist Architecture, 1914?
Antonio Sant'Elia -Proto-Fascist Manifesto and Italian Nationalism - In Italy, Futurism and its ideology will anticipate the advent of Mussolini and its Fascist Regime (importance of struggle and war) -Futurism's modern ideas will be developed in Russia by the constructivists (modernity)
As society becomes more complex what do people begin to question?
Architecture and the social character of buildings
who made Theatre de Champs-Elysees, Paris?
Auguste & Gustave Perret (Perret Freres) -Henry van de Velde failed to acknowledge importance of ferro-concrete -The firm Perret Freres was hired as contractor -Auguste and Gustave Perret designed a new scheme which was eventually used -Van de Velde's status went from architect chief to collaborator Façade: Classical elements Auditorium: structural work
who made 25 bis Rue Franklin, Paris?
Auguste Perret -Exposed reinforced concrete framework - structure is the quintessential expression of built form -Larger windows/openings -concrete- frame system allowed thin wall partitions and some saving in space
who said "We find in Germanic countries a ridiculous obsession with a Hellenized Gothic style."?
Boccioni -more interested in rhythm than pure form and representing the violence of technology -Replaces materials such as marble and bronze with transparent planes of glass, strips of metal, wires, and electric light in order to create a new reality
who created Glass Pavilion, Werkbund Exhibition?
Bruno Taut -Scheerbarts Glasarchitektur was dedicated to Bruno Taut -used Scheerbarts writings inside his pavilion "We feel sorry for brick culture" "Light wants crystal" "Glass brings a new era" -Designed in the spirit of a Gothic cathedral
who made the Reliance Building, Chicago?
Burnham and Root -first skyscraper offered electricity and phone service in every office
Walter Gropius
Dessau Bauhaus Building -Importance of glass as a continues membrane -Brick armature -Flat roof -Separation between administrative and productive elements -Different facades (unlike Behrens)
when did Bruno Taut and Adolf Behne organize Arbeitsrat für Kunst (Workers Council for Arts)?
End of World War I
who made Einstein Tower, Potsdam?
Erich Mendelsohn -Sculptural form -Influenced by Van de Velde's Theater (Form) -Influenced by Taut's Glass Pavilion (Profile) -Mendelsohn looks at Dutch Expressionism
who said "there are two necessary ways of being true. It must be true according to the programme and true according to the methods of...purely artistic questions of symmetry and apparent form are only secondary conditions in the presence of our dominant principles."?
Eugène Viollet-le-Duc "Entretiens sur l'architecture"
who wrote the Futurist Manifesto (Cultural Manifesto)?
Filippo Tommaso Marinetti -Triumph of industrialization -Cultural supremacy of a mechanized environment -view will influence Italian Futurism, and Russian Constructivism
3.Karl Schmidt
Foundation of Dresden Workshop for Manual Arts, 1898
who created Park Guell?
Gaudi -Irregularly shaped -use of grotesque elements -extensive use of serpentine elements in reference to the mountains that surround Barcelona -extensive use of mosaics -Gaudi is now departing from the principles of Viollet-le-Duc --Materials are transformed into sculptural elements
what was the Deutsche Werkbund?
German Exhibition of Arts and Crafts in Dresden
J.D.Roy (Greeks) VS
Giovanni Battista Piranesi (Etruscans, Romans)
who made the Exchange, Amsterdam?
Hendrik Petrus Berlage -stock exchange is considered the oldest "modern" securities market in the world.
who said " at what point do I have the right to impose on the world a taste and a wish which is so personal. Suddenly I no longer see the ties between my ideal and the world."?
Henry van de Velde
who made Werkbund Exhibition Theatre?
Henry van de Velde -The search for a new form and the importance of architecture as a shelter
who made the Tacoma Building, Chicago?
Holabird and Roche -established the use of a total steel skeleton as a framework for building skyscrapers—a significant advance over the pioneering use of metal supports
who made the McClurg Building, Chicago?
Holabird and Roche -steel skeleton and facade of windows
Who was a part of the visionary generation?
Jacque Francois Blondel, Eteinne Louis Boulee', and Jean-Nicholas-Louis Durand
who designed the Secession Building, Vienna?
Joseph Maria Olbrich -Designed after a sketch of Klimt
Louis Sullivan
MIT: first school of architecture in the states -education also at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris -met Dankmar Adler had to fix urgent demands of Booming Chicago (post fire) -Chicago fire -4 sq miles ruined
Who said "the elevator doubled the height of the office building and the steel frame doubled it again"?
Montgomery Schuyler, 1899
🎉🎉1906 German Exhibition of Arts and Crafts in Dresden (Deutsche Werkbund)🎉🎉
Naumann, Muthesius, and Schmidt are against the conservative Alliance for German Applied Arts They advocate the adoption of mass production
Bruno Taut becomes city architect of Magdeburg in 1921 (implementation of anarchic socialism)
New models of city planning based on authoritarian social institutions (Stadtkrone or City Crown)
where was the ideological split in the werkbund?
Normative mode (Gropius) VS Kunstwollen (will to form of Van de Velde and Taut)
What did the France Abbe' de Cordemoy Treatise (1706) replace the vetruvian principles of (utility, solidarity, and beauty) with?
Order, distribution, and décor
When and where was elevator patented?
Otis Safety Elevator 1854 NYC
who says "In order to raise our culture to a higher level, we are forced to change our architecture. This, however, we can only do by introducing a glass architecture."?
Paul Scheerbart "Glasarchitektur"
Romans raised architecture to a higher level
Piranesi (Carceri d'invenzioni,1761...Imaginary Prisons romanticism and surrealism)
who said "Let us create a new guild of craftsmen, without the class distinction"?
Programm des Staatlichen Bauhauses im Weimar
What was François Hennebique's contribution to technical transformations?
Reinforced concrete -use of steel bar that can bend and hook together; use of stirrups to hold bars together. -details published on his firm official magazine "Le Beton Arme' "reinforced concrete"
who made Margarete Steiff AG Factory?
Richard Steiff -first true curtain wall -thin, usually aluminum-framed wall, containing in-fills of glass, metal panels, or thin stone. The framing is attached to the building structure and does not carry the floor or roof loads of the building.
The utopian solutions for housing problems
Robert Owen, Charles Fourier (Phalanstery(charles fourier) "as minniature towns")
What did the emergence of Neo-Classicism mean for style?
Search for a true style after the over-elaboration of Rococo's Architectural language
Who made the Guaranty Building, Chicago?
Sullivan and Adler -Blending structure and ornaments = Decorative structure -Nature manifests herself in arts through structure and ornamentation (influenced F.L. Wright) - 🎉Form follows Function🎉 -Ideal society based on Assyrian model (ignored by people)
What was the third fundamental point in the shaping of modern architecture?
Territorial transformations : new urban developments (urban issues)
what structure becomes incompatible with Socialist needs?
The Glass Paradise (Scheerbarts Glasarchitektur )
In Décor what did Cordemoy warn against?
The inappropriate application of Classical elements to utilitarian or commercial structures
who taught at the Bauhuas under Itten?
Theo Van Doesburg and Wassily Kandinsky
who said "Painters, sculptors break down the barriers around architecture and becomes co-builders."?
Walter Gropius
In the formal expression of different types of buildings
What is considered appropriate?
who did Van Doesburg's ideas influence?
Work of Walter Gropius
when did the Arbeitsrat für Kunst (Workers Council for Arts) end?
after the Spartacist Uprising of 1919 (workers revolt)
🎉🎉what is the glass chain?
series of letters (manifestos) that keep the Arbeitsrat für Kunst spirit alive🎉🎉
who said "Let us create a new guild of craftsmen, without the class distinction which raise an arrogant barrier between craftsman and artist. Together let is conceive and create a new building of the future, which will embrace architecture and sculpture and painting in one unity."?
the Weimar Bauhaus
Tech transformations improve life conditions but
🎉Cities grow exponentially creating slums and other cheaply built tenements🎉 (like in England when authorities has to take care of the sewage and garbage collection)
Hendrik Petrus Berlage (Holland)
🎉🎉-Educated at the E.T.H. in Zurich where he studied under Gottfried Semper -He received an extremely rational education -In Holland, Middle class is perfectly integrated with working class🎉🎉
What is Adolf Loos known for?
🎉🎉-Raum-plan or plan of volumes -Displacement of planes🎉🎉 aka Pilsen design
