Defense againstpathogens

nieve helper T cell(

(before phagocyte phase) will release cytokines for more nerve helper T cells OR undergo clonal exapsion for memory T cells and effector helper T cells

effector helper T cells

- Stimulates both adaptive immune responses and become activated to humoral or cellular depends on cytokines

cytokines

- are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5-20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling. They are released by cells and affect the behavior of other cells, and sometimes the releasing cell itself.

MHC

- is a set of cell surface molecules encoded by a large gene family in all vertebrates which controls a major part of the immune system. MHC molecules mediate interactions of leukocytes, also called white blood cells (WBCs), which are immune cells, with other leukocytes or with body cells. MHC determines compatibility of donors for organ transplant as well as one's susceptibility to an autoimmune disease via crossreacting immunization. In humans, MHC is also called human leukocyte antigen (HLA).

antigen

- is any substance which provokes an adaptive immune response.[1] An antigen is often foreign or toxic to the body (for example, a bacterium) which, once in the body, attracts and is bound to a respective and specific antibody.

Monocytes

-A white blood cell that has a single nucleus and can take in (ingest) foreign material.-bone marrow

Explain the interactions between HIV infection, AIDS, and the immune system, and the difficulty in producing an effective vaccine against HIV.

-High Mutation rates-altered proteins on the surface of some mutated viruses refuse interactions with antibodies and cytotoxic T cells -HIV integrates DNA of host genome onto it so it is hard to recognize as a foreign body -Loss of T helper Cells

Macrophage:

-a large white blood cell, occurring principally in connective tissue and in the bloodstream, that ingests foreign particles and infectious microorganisms by phagocytosis.-Monocytes are agranular leukocytes which originate in the bone marrow

epitope

-a molecular region on the surface of an antigen capable of eliciting an immune response and of combining with the specific antibody produced by such a response —called also determinant, antigenic determinant

b-cells

-are a type of lymphocyte in the humoral immunity of the adaptive immune system. B cells can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as T cells and natural killer cells (NK cells), by the presence of a protein on the B cells outer surface known as a B cell receptor (BCR). This specialized receptor protein allows a B cell to bind to a specific antigen. -The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, to perform the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and to develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction-bone marrow

T-Cells

-bone marrow and mature in thymus

cell-mediated immunity

type of immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells

active immunity

Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response.

autoimmune disease

when body attacks own tissue

antimicrobial proteins

Proteins that inhibit microbial reproduction and provide short-term, nonspecific resistance to pathogenic bacteria and viruses

Leukocytes

white blood cells

barrier defenses-

Skin, mucous membranes,secretions

Parts of the innate immune system

Skin, saliva, acid

immunological memory

The capacity of the immune system to generate a secondary immune response against a specific antigen for a lifetime

dendrite and helper T cells

act as phagocyte, as engulfs it breaks down antigen= puts antigen onto receptors of dendrite

immunoglobin

any of a class of proteins present in the serum and cells of the immune system, which function as antibodies.

memory T cells

are a subset of antigen-specific T cells that persist long-term after an infection has resolved.

t helper cells

assist other white blood cells in immunologic processes, including maturation of B cells into plasma cells and memory B cells, and activation of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages

B cells and T cells produced

bone marrow

where B cells mature

bone marrow= have immunoglobulins on them and native bone marrow cells and have di

phagocytic cells

cells that engulf, ingest, and destroy foreign bodies or toxins

List the four major characteristics of adaptive immunity and how they are brought about.

characteristics of adaptive immunity and how they are brought about. 1-Response is antigen-dependent2-There is a lag time between exposure and maximal response3-Antigen-specific4-Exposure results in immunologic memory

cytotoxic T cells

destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells, and are also implicated in transplant rejection.

regulatory T cells

formerly known as suppressor T cells, are crucial for the maintenance of immunological tolerance. Their major role is to shut down T cell-mediated immunity toward the end of an immune reaction and to suppress auto-reactive T cells that escaped the process of negative selection in the thymus.

internal defenses

hagocytic cells, natural killers, Antimicroial proteins, inflammatory response, lysozyme, hemocrytes(phagocytosis), interferon

cells determine nonself(B)

have immunoglobulins on them and native bone marrow cells b cell doesn't bind with own body cell== leave bone marrow

cells determine self(B)

have immunoglobulins on them and native bone marrow cells and if B cell binds with own body cells= will induce apoptosis

complement proteins

helps or "complements" the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism. It is part of the immune system called the innate immune system[1] that is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime. However, it can be recruited and brought into action by the adaptive immune system.

helper T cells cellular response

immediate cell to cell combat IL-12

how autoimmune disease

immune system usually react foreign or dangerous antigen, malfunction causes own tissue to be seen as foreign and target these cells or parts of body

innate immune who has

insects and invertebrates

agranular leukocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

antibody humoral

make it easier macrophages eat antigens

cytotoxic T cells differing helper

more ability to attack or affect own cells gone haywire

apoptosis

natural occurring cell death

natural killer T cells

not to be confused with natural killer cells of the innate immune system) bridge the adaptive immune system with the innate immune system. Unlike conventional T cells that recognize peptide antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, NKT cells recognize glycolipid antigen presented by a molecule called CD1d. Once activated, these cells can perform functions ascribed to both Th and Tc cells (i.e., cytokine production and release of cytolytic/cell killing molecules). They are also able to recognize and eliminate some tumor cells and cells infected with herpes viruses.

antigenic determinants

parts of antigen that antibodies or lymphocyte receptors bind to

helper T cells humoral response

production of antibodies, IL-4 by helper t cell

inmate immune system

recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens, using small set of receptors to vince molecules or structures. Activates internal defiances enabling responses

antibody

s a large Y-shape protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, called an antigen.

t cells determine self and non self

same as B cell, but those that bind to tight and to lose killed= INTERMEDIATE CHOSEn

Cytotoxic T cells steps

1. dendrite(presenting) englufs virus and goes down chain again '(dendrite realizes cytokines) 2. dendrite binds to nieve cytotoxic T cell and once bound realses cytokines 3. this leads to recruitment and clonal exapnsion= memory and activated cytotoxic t cells 4. memory cells live on to fight future pathogen invansion 5. cytotoxic T cells destroy own bodies altered cells(and possibly cancer)

cellular resinose steps(bold means both)

1. dendritic cells eats antigen and travels along pathway to release cytokines 2. naive helper T cell undergoes clonal expansion to recruit memory helper T cell 3. nerve goes to activated helper T cells and relases IL-12 cytokines 4. IL-12 and il-7 recruits as many macrophages as it can 5. macrophages better destroy bacteria

humoral response steps(bold happen humoral and cellular)

1. dendritic cells eats antigen and travels along pathway to release cytokines 2. naive helper T cell undergoes clonal expansion to recruit memory helper T cell 3. nerve goes to activated helper T cells and relases IL-4 cytokines 4. cytokines recruits naive B cells 5. helper T cell binds and activates naive B cell 6. naive B cell produced more memory B cells by clonal expansion 7. naive B cell become place cells and produce specific antibody to antigen

Antigen

A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

Lymphocytes

A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections

vaccination

A vaccine stimulates a primary response against the antigen without causing symptoms of the disease

humoral and cellular and clonal(which immune system)

ACTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM

dendritic cells

specialized white blood cells that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections (ONE OF FIRST WITH INNATE)

humoral immunity

specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids

humoral vs ceullar

CELLUAR NO B cells

clonal expansion

the rapid multiplication of B or T cell clones after activation by an antigen

passive immunity

the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal.

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division

where T cells mature

thymus

Allergies

Having a hypersensitivity to a substance that does not normally cause a reaction.