Defense againstpathogens
nieve helper T cell(
(before phagocyte phase) will release cytokines for more nerve helper T cells OR undergo clonal exapsion for memory T cells and effector helper T cells
effector helper T cells
- Stimulates both adaptive immune responses and become activated to humoral or cellular depends on cytokines
cytokines
- are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5-20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling. They are released by cells and affect the behavior of other cells, and sometimes the releasing cell itself.
MHC
- is a set of cell surface molecules encoded by a large gene family in all vertebrates which controls a major part of the immune system. MHC molecules mediate interactions of leukocytes, also called white blood cells (WBCs), which are immune cells, with other leukocytes or with body cells. MHC determines compatibility of donors for organ transplant as well as one's susceptibility to an autoimmune disease via crossreacting immunization. In humans, MHC is also called human leukocyte antigen (HLA).
antigen
- is any substance which provokes an adaptive immune response.[1] An antigen is often foreign or toxic to the body (for example, a bacterium) which, once in the body, attracts and is bound to a respective and specific antibody.
Monocytes
-A white blood cell that has a single nucleus and can take in (ingest) foreign material.-bone marrow
Explain the interactions between HIV infection, AIDS, and the immune system, and the difficulty in producing an effective vaccine against HIV.
-High Mutation rates-altered proteins on the surface of some mutated viruses refuse interactions with antibodies and cytotoxic T cells -HIV integrates DNA of host genome onto it so it is hard to recognize as a foreign body -Loss of T helper Cells
Macrophage:
-a large white blood cell, occurring principally in connective tissue and in the bloodstream, that ingests foreign particles and infectious microorganisms by phagocytosis.-Monocytes are agranular leukocytes which originate in the bone marrow
epitope
-a molecular region on the surface of an antigen capable of eliciting an immune response and of combining with the specific antibody produced by such a response —called also determinant, antigenic determinant
b-cells
-are a type of lymphocyte in the humoral immunity of the adaptive immune system. B cells can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as T cells and natural killer cells (NK cells), by the presence of a protein on the B cells outer surface known as a B cell receptor (BCR). This specialized receptor protein allows a B cell to bind to a specific antigen. -The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, to perform the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and to develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction-bone marrow
T-Cells
-bone marrow and mature in thymus
cell-mediated immunity
type of immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells
active immunity
Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response.
autoimmune disease
when body attacks own tissue
antimicrobial proteins
Proteins that inhibit microbial reproduction and provide short-term, nonspecific resistance to pathogenic bacteria and viruses
Leukocytes
white blood cells
barrier defenses-
Skin, mucous membranes,secretions
Parts of the innate immune system
Skin, saliva, acid
immunological memory
The capacity of the immune system to generate a secondary immune response against a specific antigen for a lifetime
dendrite and helper T cells
act as phagocyte, as engulfs it breaks down antigen= puts antigen onto receptors of dendrite
immunoglobin
any of a class of proteins present in the serum and cells of the immune system, which function as antibodies.
memory T cells
are a subset of antigen-specific T cells that persist long-term after an infection has resolved.
t helper cells
assist other white blood cells in immunologic processes, including maturation of B cells into plasma cells and memory B cells, and activation of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages
B cells and T cells produced
bone marrow
where B cells mature
bone marrow= have immunoglobulins on them and native bone marrow cells and have di
phagocytic cells
cells that engulf, ingest, and destroy foreign bodies or toxins
List the four major characteristics of adaptive immunity and how they are brought about.
characteristics of adaptive immunity and how they are brought about. 1-Response is antigen-dependent2-There is a lag time between exposure and maximal response3-Antigen-specific4-Exposure results in immunologic memory
cytotoxic T cells
destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells, and are also implicated in transplant rejection.
regulatory T cells
formerly known as suppressor T cells, are crucial for the maintenance of immunological tolerance. Their major role is to shut down T cell-mediated immunity toward the end of an immune reaction and to suppress auto-reactive T cells that escaped the process of negative selection in the thymus.
internal defenses
hagocytic cells, natural killers, Antimicroial proteins, inflammatory response, lysozyme, hemocrytes(phagocytosis), interferon
cells determine nonself(B)
have immunoglobulins on them and native bone marrow cells b cell doesn't bind with own body cell== leave bone marrow
cells determine self(B)
have immunoglobulins on them and native bone marrow cells and if B cell binds with own body cells= will induce apoptosis
complement proteins
helps or "complements" the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism. It is part of the immune system called the innate immune system[1] that is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime. However, it can be recruited and brought into action by the adaptive immune system.
helper T cells cellular response
immediate cell to cell combat IL-12
how autoimmune disease
immune system usually react foreign or dangerous antigen, malfunction causes own tissue to be seen as foreign and target these cells or parts of body
innate immune who has
insects and invertebrates
agranular leukocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
antibody humoral
make it easier macrophages eat antigens
cytotoxic T cells differing helper
more ability to attack or affect own cells gone haywire
apoptosis
natural occurring cell death
natural killer T cells
not to be confused with natural killer cells of the innate immune system) bridge the adaptive immune system with the innate immune system. Unlike conventional T cells that recognize peptide antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, NKT cells recognize glycolipid antigen presented by a molecule called CD1d. Once activated, these cells can perform functions ascribed to both Th and Tc cells (i.e., cytokine production and release of cytolytic/cell killing molecules). They are also able to recognize and eliminate some tumor cells and cells infected with herpes viruses.
antigenic determinants
parts of antigen that antibodies or lymphocyte receptors bind to
helper T cells humoral response
production of antibodies, IL-4 by helper t cell
inmate immune system
recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens, using small set of receptors to vince molecules or structures. Activates internal defiances enabling responses
antibody
s a large Y-shape protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, called an antigen.
t cells determine self and non self
same as B cell, but those that bind to tight and to lose killed= INTERMEDIATE CHOSEn
Cytotoxic T cells steps
1. dendrite(presenting) englufs virus and goes down chain again '(dendrite realizes cytokines) 2. dendrite binds to nieve cytotoxic T cell and once bound realses cytokines 3. this leads to recruitment and clonal exapnsion= memory and activated cytotoxic t cells 4. memory cells live on to fight future pathogen invansion 5. cytotoxic T cells destroy own bodies altered cells(and possibly cancer)
cellular resinose steps(bold means both)
1. dendritic cells eats antigen and travels along pathway to release cytokines 2. naive helper T cell undergoes clonal expansion to recruit memory helper T cell 3. nerve goes to activated helper T cells and relases IL-12 cytokines 4. IL-12 and il-7 recruits as many macrophages as it can 5. macrophages better destroy bacteria
humoral response steps(bold happen humoral and cellular)
1. dendritic cells eats antigen and travels along pathway to release cytokines 2. naive helper T cell undergoes clonal expansion to recruit memory helper T cell 3. nerve goes to activated helper T cells and relases IL-4 cytokines 4. cytokines recruits naive B cells 5. helper T cell binds and activates naive B cell 6. naive B cell produced more memory B cells by clonal expansion 7. naive B cell become place cells and produce specific antibody to antigen
Antigen
A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody
Phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells
Lymphocytes
A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections
vaccination
A vaccine stimulates a primary response against the antigen without causing symptoms of the disease
humoral and cellular and clonal(which immune system)
ACTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
dendritic cells
specialized white blood cells that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections (ONE OF FIRST WITH INNATE)
humoral immunity
specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids
humoral vs ceullar
CELLUAR NO B cells
clonal expansion
the rapid multiplication of B or T cell clones after activation by an antigen
passive immunity
the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal.
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm during cell division
where T cells mature
thymus
Allergies
Having a hypersensitivity to a substance that does not normally cause a reaction.