Definitive Test 3 quizlet

right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

-3 cusps/flaps -between right atria and right ventricle -ensure one way flow -folds of endocardium -held in place by chordae tendonae

cervical

-C1-C8

synapse

-action potential -influx of calcium into presynaptic vesicle -sends synaptic vesicle membranes fuse with presynaptic terminal bouton and excrete neurotransmitter -if excitatory it will bind to receptors which will open the channels

layers of artery walls

-adventitia -media -intima

medium vein

-adventitia layer is the largest -contains elastic fibers -one way valves are present -alongside muscular arteries -ie: radial vein, tibial vein, popliteal vein

large vein

-adventitia layer is the largest and contains some smooth muscle -intima and media are v thin -no valves -ie: inferior and superior vena cava

sinusoids capillaries

-also called discontinuous -endothelial lining is not complete -contains pores and large gaps in the lining

coronary sulcus

-also known as atrioventricular sulcus -goes around the whole heart, -separate atria from ventricles -here coronary vessels are found

auricle

-appendages of the atria -increase capacity of each atria, which increases volume of blood that they are able to contain

median nerve

-arises from lateral cord and medial cord

arteries vs veins

-arteries have thicker walls -lumen of a vein is much wider -tunica media is much thicker in arteries= more smooth vessels. this is because arteries carry blood with higher pressure since they originate closer to the heart. -arteries have elastic membranes

collateral arteries

-arteries that fuse to form arterial anastamoses

thoracic aorta branches to form

-bronchial arteries -intercostal arteries -superior phrenic arteries

corpus callosum

-bundle of axons that connect the two hemispheres of the brain to allow for communication

superior and inferior vena cava

-cava: big vena: vein -arrive at right atrium -brings blood from the body

chemical synapse

-chemical (neurotransmitter) released and causes a neuron stimulating/inhibiting another structure

BBB is absent in

-choriod plexus bc there are no astrocytes -hypothalamus bc it has receptors that need to sense the chemical composition of the blood -pituitary and pineal glands because their hormones need to be released directly into bloodstream

medulla oblongata

-connects brain and spinal cord -relay station between spinal cord and brainstem/thalamus -cardiac reflex center: regulate HR and BP -respiratory reflex center: regulate breathing pattern -partial center for consciousness -nuclei for cranial nerves VII-XII

atria

-contain auricles

dorsal root ganglion

-contain cell body of neurons -satellite cells found here

anterior and posterior gray commissures

-contain fibers/nerves that pass from one side of spinal cord to the other

muscular artery

-contain many smooth muscle cells -diameter is under the control of the autonomic nervous system -examples: radial and ulnar artery, external carotid, brachial, femoral, mesenteric

fenestrated capillaries

-contain pores due to incomplete or perforated endothelial lining -found in the glomerulus

granular layer of cerebellar cortex

-contains axons of Purkinje cells -tightly packed small neurons

posterior gray horn

-contains sensory information that arrives from somatic and viscera -somatic info synapes before viscera

anterior gray horn

-contains somatic information that leaves through the ventral root

cranial meninges

-continuous with spinal meninges -dura mater -arachnoid mater -pia mater

frontal eye field of cerebrum

-controls voluntary eye movements

great cardiac vein

-coronary vein -anterior aspect between ventricles -goes up and surrounds left side of the heart in the coronary sulcus -runs parallel to the anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery whcih

trochlear nerve

-cranial nerve IV -moves eyeball up and down and outwards by innervating superior oblique

glossopharyngeal nerve

-cranial nerve IX -sensory function: taste posterior 1/3 of tounge, monitors oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood, monitors blood via baroreceptors and chemoreceptors -swallowing and saliva production -parotid glands and some myscles of pharynx

trigeminal nerve

-cranial nerve V 3 branches -opthalmic: sensory. superior orbital fissure -maxillary: sensation of upper teeth. foramen rotundum -mandibular:sensation of lower teeth AND motor mastication. foramen ovale

facial nerve

-cranial nerve VII -sensory function: sensation from anterior 2/3 of tongue -facial expression, production of tears and saliva by innervating lacrimal glands, submandibular glands, anf sublingual glands

vestibulocochlear nerve

-cranial nerve VIII -comes from inner ear -sensory function: hearing and equilibrium -adjusts sensitivity of hair cells

vagus nerve

-cranial nerve X comes from medulla -sensory function: taste in pharynx, monitors O2 and CO2 in blood and BP -related to autonomic control of organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities -regulates BP, respiratory rate, HR and digestive functions -longest cranial nerve

accessory nerve

-cranial nerve XI -swallowing and speech -innervates palate, pharynx, layrnx and upper back (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

hypoglossal nerve

-cranial nerve XII -swallowing and speech

mechanisms for capillaries to have material exchange

-diffuse across cells -through gaps or pores -gaps between cells -via vesicular transport

elastic artery

-do not have v thick walls but are v resilient bc they have a high density of elastic fibers in media and intima -tunica media has few smooth muscle cells -recoil during diastole to help propel blood forward -examples: aorta and brachiocephalic, pulmonary trunk

dubb sound

-early ventricular diastole -av valves open and semilunar just closed

continuous capillaries

-endothelium completely surrounds lumen -tight junctions and desmosomes connect the endothelial cells -most common

interatrial septum and interventricular septum

-ensure blood from left and right side of the heart do not mix

anatomy of peripheral nerve

-epineurium(covers groups of fascicles -perineurium(covers a collection of nerves. fascicle) -endoneurium(covers the axons)

spinal cord

-extends from foramen magnum to L1

denticulate ligament

-extension of the pia meter -connects the pia mater to the arachnoid mater and dura mater in order to give the spinal cord stability

arachnoid granulations/villi

-extensions of arachnoid mater that go into superior sagittal sinus -allows CSF to reach the superior sagittal sinus and there it goes back into bloodstream due to fluid pressure

epicardium

-external surface of heart -consist of the visceral pericardium

chordae tendonae

-fibrous connective tissue that anchor atrioventricular valve cusps to papillary muscle in ventricle wall -prevent the valve from flipping inside out

ventricles of the brain function

-form and distribute CSF which transports water, glucose, gases, and ions throughout the CNS -fluid acts as a cushion to protect against physical damage

aortic semilunar valve

-from left ventricle to the aorta, then to the rest of the body

temporal lobe

-hearing and smell -auditory cortex -auditory association area -olfactory cortex -parallel to parallel sulcus

somatosensory association area

-helps understand size shape and texture

middle cardiac vein

-in posterior aspect of the heart -runs parallel to the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery

pericarditis

-inflammation of the pericardium which leads to painful friction when the heart beats

motor

-info exits at the ventral root

reflex arc

-info is processed at the level of spinal cord which makes it quicker -response doesn't vary much

endocardium

-inner lining of the heart -simple squamous epithelium

Purkinje layer of cerebellar cortex

-intermediate layer -contains Purkinje cell bodies

interoreceptors

-internal environment -digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, systems, -sensations of deep pressure and pain

proprioreceptors

-internal environment -plantaris -located close to joints which gives body sensation of where your body is in time and space

polysynaptic reflex

-interneurons involved in the process

function of the cardiovascular system

-keep blood circulating to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and heat to diff parts of the body -removes waste products -defense against infection through antibodies

venules

-lack or have thin tunica media -collect blood from capillaries

celiac trunk

-left gastric -splenic -common hepatic -provides blood to liver, stomach, esophagus, gallbladder, duodenum, pancreas, spleen

tunica intima

-lines the lumen of a blood vessel -simple squamous epithelium -makes up capillaries

right coronary artery

-main branch from the aorta, that runs towards the right side of the heart in the coronary sulcus -ends up on posterior aspect of the heart downwards between the right and left ventricles -branches off into an artery that goes deep into the right atria that supplies blood to the cells involved in the transduction system of the heart

visual association area

-matches something you see to something you already know ie: matching someone's face to their name

interneurons

-most are multipolar -smaller ones that are in between neurons usually between PNS and CNS neurons

motor neurons

-most are multipolar neurons -somatic or autonomic -send info to muscles/glands

sensory neurons

-most are psuedounipolar neurons -PNS -form afferent division bc its sensory -somatic or autonomic(visceral)

multipolar neuron

-most common -in CNS -myelinated axon

Molecular layer of cerebellar cortex

-most superficial -contains dendrites of Purkinje cells

myocardium

-muscle layer of the heart -cardiac muscle cells nerves, connective tissue, blood vessels

Lumbarsacral enlargement of spinal cord

-nerves supply info from pelvis and lower limbs

cervical enlargement of spinal cord

-nerves supply information from pectoral girdle

types of synapse

-neuron synapse w another neuron on the dendrite or on the cell body -neuromuscular synapse-can be excitatory or inhibitory -neuroglandular synapse-same

left atrium

-no pectinate muscle in atria, but it is present in the auricle

vasa vasorum

-occurs in larger blood vessels -blood vessels within a vessel to provide them with oxygen and nutrients -found in the tunica adventitia

monosynaptic reflex

-one motor neuron

lateral gray horn

-only present in T1-L2 -contains visceral information that is leaving via the ventral root

hypothalamus

-part of diencephalon -center of homeostasis, controls body temperature, hunger, thirst. induces shivers and sweat to regulate body temp -regulates secretion of growth, metabolic, and reproductive hormones from pituitary gland via infundibulum -greatly affected from emotional state bc part of limbic system -highest control center for autonomic motor neurons to keep rate of activity of organs proportional to body's needs

thalamus

-part of diencephalon -contains largest group of neuronal cell bodies making it the largest nuclei of CNS -right and left thalamus have third ventricle in between and are connected by interthalamic adhesion -relays all sensory input except smell to other parts of the brain (95% of all sensory info) -provide crude perception of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. -involved in some cognition, memory, and emotions

function of spinal cord

-pathway for information -integrates and processes information

white mater of spinal cord

-posterior white column -lateral white column -anterior white column

pressure difference between atria and ventricle

-present after ventricular contraction -allows 70% of blood to passively flow into the ventricles

ependymal cells function

-present in ventricles of the brain -cilia helps circulate the CSF within the ventricles -secrete CSF

pulmonary semilunar valve

-prevent backflow of blood from pulmonary trunk back to the heart

spinal cord

-processes reflexes -integrates excitatory and inhibitory nerve impulses -provides a "highway" for carrying sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses from the brain to the spinal nerves

oligodendrocytes

-produce myelin in the CNS -have cytoplasmic processes that wrap around axon of neuron -ensure that the info received by cell body gets passed on to other neurons bc the myelin isolates the information

cardiovascular system

-pulmonary circuit: receives blood from right side of the heart -systemic circuit: receives blood from the left side of the heart. all body systems receive this blood

frontal lobe

-reasoning, planning, behavior, morality -precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) -premotor cortex -prefrontal cortex

right atrium

-receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus -pectinate muscles: squeeze max amount of blood into ventricles when contract -fossa ovalis: scar that results from opening that was present between atria in utero

small cardiac vein

-runs parallel to the right coronary artery

parietal lobe

-sensations -postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex) -somatosensory association area

anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

-separate ventricles into right and left

interatrial groove

-separates atria into right and left

serous pericardium

-simple squamous epithelium -cells secrete a serous fluid known as pericardial fluid -formed by parietal(serous fluid is in contact with fibrous layer) and visceral layer( connects the top layer of the heart muscle and the serous fluid)

heart

-size of clenched fist: proportional to size of body -exercise can make it work harder, which makes it grow bigger -located between 2nd and 5th pair of ribs called the mediastinum -slightly shifted to the left which causes the left lung to have one less lobe than the right

arteriole

-small -thin tunica adventitia -media layer consists of scattered smooth muscle cells that may not even form a complete layer -control blood flow between arteries and capillaries

microglia

-smallest glial cell -made by same stem cells that produce monocytes that produce macrophages -act as phagocytic cells -5% of total population of glial cells but can triple if there is an injury

tunica media

-smooth muscle layer of blood vessels -controlled by autonomic nervous system: controls how constricted or dilated it is

right and left common iliac arteries

-splits at terminal segment of aorta -internal:supplies walls of pelvis, urinary bladder, external genitalia, and medial side of the thigh -external: supplies blood to the legs

left coronary artery

-splits into 2 once it passes behind the pulmonary trunk -anterior interventricular artery: branch that goes down between the ventricles on the anterior portion of the heart -circumflex branch: wraps the heart towards the left side of the heart -supply blood to left atria and ventricle

cardiac muscle tissue

-striations -intercalated discs consist of desmosomes that connect cell membranes of neighboring cells -gap junction allow to electrically connect heart muscle cells

coronary arteries

-supply blood to the heart itself -they are first arteries branching off the aorta -this allows the heart to be the first muscle to receive the oxygenated blood/nutrients

function of pericardial fluid

-to reduce friction between the pericardial layers as they glide over each other when the heart beats

fibrous pericardium

-tough outer layer of the pericardium -tougher than duct tape -prevents overfilling of the heart -dense connective tissue -anchors the heart to other structures like the diaphragm, sternum, and lungs

tunica adventitia

-tunica externa -outside of blood vessels -dense fibrous connective tissue -helps anchor blood vessels to surrounding tissue

left ventricle

-v prominent trabeculae carnae -thicker wall means no need for moderator band -works 6x harder than other

capillaries

-vessels that interconnect arteries and veins -have very thin wall -where exchange of substances occurs between blood and tissue

central canal

-CSF passes through it

spinal nerve

-mixed spinal nerve since they contain efferent/afferent fibers

schwann cells

-secrete myelin -

melatonin

affects sleep-wake cycles

interventricular foramen

allows communication between lateral ventricles to third ventricle

ganglion

cluster of neuronal cell bodie

efferent

exiting the spinal cord

exteroreceptors

external environment sensation of touch, pressure, sight, smell, temperature

astrocytes in BBB

form BBB and play role in providing nourishment to neurons

dorsal ramus and ventral ramus

pathway for information to the spinal cord

diastole

relaxation

primary fissure

separate anterior and posterior lobes of cerebellum

veins keep blood flowing by

skeletal muscles of the leg help propel the blood back up to the heart -changes in thoracic pressure helps move blood from vena cavae to the heart -called capacitance vessels -act as blood reservoirs

arachnoid mater

spiderweb appearance bc of arachnoid trabeculae which are made up of collagen fiber -helps anchor cerebral blood vessels in place

divergence

split from one neuron into different directions and more neurons

shallow depression

sulcus -separate lobes of the brain

jugular vein

takes away deoxygenated blood from the brain

cardiac veins

the only veins that dont empty into superior or inferior vena cava

branch of subclavian

vertebral artery

dura mater

2 layers: -periosteal layer: attaches to inner surface of skull. layer felt within anterior fontanelle of baby. not in spinal cord -meningeal layer: covers brain and extends into vertebral canal as spinal dura mater

cerebellum

2nd largest part of brain communicates with brain via cerebellar peduncles

arteries and capillaries make up

30-35% of blood volume

veins make up

65-70% of blood volume

stretch reflex

A monosynaptic reflex. An example is the patellar (or knee-jerk) reflex.

brachial plexus

C5 (lower half)-T1 -innervation of pectoral girdle and upper limbs -trunks: superior (C5-C6), middle (C7), inferior (C8-T1) -cords: lateral, posterior, medial -nerve: radial nerve, axillary nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve

abducens nerve

Cranial nerve VI. Movement of the eye laterally via lateral rectus

lumbar

L1- L5

sacral

S1-S5

thoracic

T1- T12

oculomotor nerve

The cranial nerve (III) that innervates the muscles that cause motion of the eyeballs except superior oblique and lateral rectus and intrinsic muscles -accommodation of lens and pupillary constriction

artery

a vessel that carries blood AWAY from the heart

aqueduct of the midbrain (cerebral aqueduct)

allows communication between 3 and 4 ventricles

central canal function

allows communication between 4th ventricle and spinal cord 10% of CSF flows through here until the opening at the end of the spinal cord which allows it to go back to subarachnoid space

cardiac output

amount of blood ejected per minute

crista galli

anchors brain -point of attachment in inferior anterior aspect of falx cerebri

prefrontal cortex

anterior to the premotor cortex -thinking, problem solving, concentration, behavior, personality, morality, judgement

premotor cortex

anterior to the primary motor cortex -planning of motor movement -relays a plan to the primary motor cortex to then have it sent to the skeletal muscles

heart murmur

at least one heart valve is not closing properly

carotid sinus

at the base of the internal carotid artery and contains baroreceptors

carotid body

at the bifurcation between internal and external carotid artieries and contains chemoreceptors

lubb sound

atrial diastole/early ventricular systole -semilunar valves are open and av valves just closed

capillary endothelial cells lining BBB

attach to each other through tight junctions which does not allow passage of material between the cells -only lipid soluble compounds are capable of passing through

why veins have smooth muscle

because veins constricting allow blood

insula

behind temporal lobe when it is pulled back -location of gustatory cortex

subarachnoid space

between arachnoid mater and pia mater -space where CSF flows

subdural space

between dura mater and arachnoid mater -a potential space, meaning it doesnt normally exist but can if necessary ie: subdural hematoma

central sulcus

between frontal and parietal lobes

superior sagittal sinus

between right and left cerebral hemispheres on superior side

sciatic nerve

branches at the level of the knee to form the tibial nerve that runs medially and common fibular nerve (branches into deep and superficial)

dural venous sinus

cavity between the 2 hemispheres of the brain where dura mater membranes separate between the 2 hemispheres. -fills with venous blood to be drained into venous blood

abdominal aorta branches to form

celiac trunk -renal arteries -superior mesenteric artery -gonadal arteries -inferior mesenteric artery -right and left common iliac arteries

CSF

cerebrospinal fluid -cushions brain -helps brain float within skull (buoyancy) -mixture of water, sugar, and electrolytes -prevents contact of neural tissue with surrounding bones -reduces weight of brain from 1500 g to 50 g

spinal nerves

cervical (8 pairs) thoracic (12 pairs) lumbar (5 pairs) sacral (5 pairs) coccygeal (1 pairs)

both semilunar valves

close at the same time dupp sound

both atrioventricular valves

close at the same time lubb sound

inferior cerebellar peduncle

communicates with medulla oblongata

superior cerebellar peduncle

communicates with mesencephalon, diencephalon, and cerebrum

middle cerebellar peduncle

communicates with pons

anterior commissure

connects the anterior parts of the cerebral cortex

epithalamus

contains pineal gland which secretes melatonin

psuedounipolar neuron

continuous dendrite but doesnt have to pass through cell body -found in PNS -send sensory info to CNS -myelinated axons

systole

contraction

Broca's speech area

controls movements required for speech

premotor area

controls repetitive skilled movements

primary motor area

controls voluntary contraction of muscles

commissure of fibers

corpus callosum + anterior commissure

parasympathetic neurons

decrease heart rate and force of contractions

longitundinal fissure

deep depression between left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum

bipolar neuron

dendrites fuse to form a long one and at the end it has the branching dendrites -rare neurons that play role in sensory info for special sense -unmyelinated axons

coronary sinus

directly connects to the right atrium

vermis

divides left and right hemispheres of cerebellum

sensory

dorsal -info arrives at the dorsal root

tentorium cerebelli

dura mater folds that run along transverse cerebral fissure

afferent

entering spinal cord

neuroglia in the CNS

ependymal cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia

moderator band

extends from interventricular septum to the side of the right ventricle -moderates how much the chamber expands since it is much thinner than the left

dura septum

extensions of dura mater that go deep inside brain -subdivide cranial cavity -support brain and limits brain movement

reverbation

feedback loop with option of going to third neuron

deep depression

fissure

falx cerebri

folds of dura mater found along longitudinal fissure

falx cerebelli

folds of dura mater that are between left and right hemispheres of the cerebellum

folia of the cerebellum

folds of the cerebellum

prosencephalon

forebrain divides into telencephalon and diencephalon

external iliac arteries

form the deep femoral artery which branches in to circumflex -also forms the femoral artery which bcomes popliteal , tibial, and then the fibular

medial cord

formed by inferior trunk -gives rise to ulnar nerve

lateral cord

formed by superior and middle trunks gives rise to musculocutaneous nerve

posterior cord

formed by superior, middle, AND inferior trunks -moves more dorsally -gives rise to radial nerve and axillary nerve

anterior tibial artery

forms dorsalis pedis

posterior tibial artery

forms medial and lateral plantar arteries

internal/external network of elastic fibers

found in the tunica media of arteries -give the arteries more elasticity to withstand the higher blood pressure

ependymal cells

glial cells responsible for producing CSF -take nutrients from blood (plasma nd blood components) and turn it into CSF

bundle of his (common av bundle)

goes into right and left bundle branches which then reaches the purkinje fibers

cerebellar cortex

gray mater of cerebellum -contains cell bodies of Purkinje cells and has 3 layers

nuclei

group of neuronal cell bodies

projection fibers

groups of axons that link the cerebrum with other regions of the brain and spinal cord

elevation

gyrus (singular) -increase surface area of the cerebrum

pons

helps medulla control breathing via the respiratory reflex center in medulla -nuclei for cranial nerves V-VIII -relay station between cerebrum and cerebellum -plays role w cerebellum in coordinating movement

sella turcica

holds pituitary gland and is encased by diaphragma sellae(fold of dura mater) -anchors dura mater to sphenoid bone

neurosecretory cells

in hypothalamus that secrete hormones (ADH and oxytocin) that are transported to the pituitary gland and then released into bloodstream

sympathetic neurons

increase heart rate increase force of contractions

white mater of the cerebrum

inner layer of the brain -composed of myelinated axons

somatosensory association area of cerebrum

integrates body sensations to determine size, shape, and texture of objects and their orientation

prefrontal area of the cerebrum

integrative area for intellect, personality, cognition and judgement

arterial anastomosis

interconnection of capillaries -colateral arteries -critical in situation where blood flow is restricted

collateral circulation

internal carotid artery anf vertebral artery supply blood to the brain

common integrative area of cerebrum

interprets sensory information from all sources to provide for a suitable response

coronary veins

join together and dump their blood into the coronary sinus

convergence

joining of neurons

sternal angle

junction between the manubrium and body of sternum -to the side of this bump lies the 2nd pair of ribs, which is the location of the base of the heart

pyramidal cells

large neurons of the primary motor cortex that allow for conscious control of skeletal muscle movements

ventricles of the brain

lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle

directionality of CSF movement

lateral ventricles-3-4 -due to ciliated movements of ependymal cells

serial processing

lined up neurons. one neuron to one neuron linear

auscultation

listening to the internal sounds of the body

conus medullaris

located below lumbarsacral enlargment -end of spinal cord -cone shaped

meningitis

may cause problems w reabsorption of CSF which can b fatal bc there is no connection bc of inflamed meninges

mesencephalon

midbrain -plays a role in moving eyes -processes sight and auditory data -reflexive motor responses

astrocytes

most abundant glial cells in CNS -form BBB -creates 3D framework bc of microfilaments -performs repairs in damages in neural tissue -controls interstitial environment -allow neurons to use its microfilaments to get from one location to another

anterior side

motor

trabeculae carneae

muscular ridges on the internal surface of ventricles -help squeeze max amount of blood out of the ventricle

coronary thrombosis

obstruction of a coronary artery by a clot -leads to myocardial infarction -blocks blood supply to myocardial cell

cranial nerves

olfactory(I), optic(II), oculomotor(III), trochlear(IV), trigeminal(V), abducens(VI), facial(VII), vestibulocochlear(VIII), glossopharyngeal(IX), vagus(X), accessory(XI), hypoglossal(XII)

multiple sclerosis

oligodendrocytes malfunction and dont produce myelin as efficiently -destroys connection of transmission of info

parallel processing

one neuron diverges into 3 and then its linear

anaxonic neurons

only present in CNS -small and hard to differentiate between dendrites and axon -specifically in special senses organs

median and lateral apertures

openings leading from the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space outside of the brain 90% of CSF flows through here

apertures

openings where CSF can leave ventricular system found at roof of 4th ventricle

hydrocephalus

overproduction of CSF obstruction in ventricular system problems with CSF reabsorption Tx: drain CSF through hole in ventricles into abdomen

SA node

pacemaker cells -cell membrane depolarize spontaneously

blood brain barrier (BBB)

physiological barrier between the circulatory system and the central nervous system that establishes a privileged blood supply, restricting the flow of substances into the CNS -made up of capillary endothelial cells surrounded by astrocytes

optic chiasm

point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain

visual cortex

posterior to parieto-occipital sulcus -where you see

satellite cells

present in ganglions -give support to neurons -help regulate exchange of nutrients and waste products of the neuronal cell bodies

precentral gyrus

primary motor cortex -anterior to the central sulcus -sends nerve impulses down spinal cord towards muscle to initiate movement -pyramidal cells are found here

postcentral gyrus

primary somatosensory cortex -posterior to central sulcus -allows us to consciously feel sensations -sensations of skin, muscle, joints

carotid artery

provides oxygen rich blood to brain

vertebral veins

recieve blood from posterior skull and cervical spinal cord -drain into the brachiocephalic veins

gray mater of the cerebrum

referred to as the cerebral cortex -gets the color from the bodies of neuronal cells

midbrain

reflexive movements of eyeball, head, trunk in response to visual and auditory stimuli -nuclei for cranial nerves III-IV

brain stem

relays sensory and motor impulses between parts of the brain and spinal cord -mesencephalon -pons -medulla

association fibers

responsible for connecting areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere ie: arcuate fibers (look like arcs) longitudinal fasciculi (long bend fibers)

pericardium

sac that surrounds the heart -2 parts: outer fibrous and inner serous

layers of physical protection of the brain

scalp - epicranial aponeurosis - periosteum of cranium - cranium - dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mater

neuroglia in the PNS

schwann cells and satellite cells

optic nerve II

sense of sight -only one that comes together, crosses and splits off between both hemispheres of brain in order to receive sensations on both sides simultaneously

olfactory nerve I

sense of smell -only cranial nerve exposed to the exterior and its the shortest -goes straight to brain as opposed to relaying info to the thalamus -form neuronal masses on sides of the crista galli -cribiform plate: where bundles of axons pass through

posterior side

sensory

transverse cerebral fissure

separates cerebrum and cerebellum

parieto-occipital sulcus

separates parietal and occipital lobes

parallel sulcus

separates temporal lobe from the others

AV node

slow impulses -electrical impulse propagation slows down -allows time for blood to flow down to the ventricles

pericardial cavity

space between the parietal layer and the visceral layer of the heart

anterior cerebral artery

supplies frontal and parietal lobes of the brain

internal carotid

supply blood to the brain by entering the skull -branches to form: ophthalmic artery, anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery

external carotid

supply neck and outside of the skull with blood

diencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

apex of the heart

the end of the heart which is located at the 5th ribs -points towards the left hip

choriod plexus

vascularized membrane found inside all 4 ventricles -surrounded by ependymal cells

lateral ventricles

ventricle 1 and 2 -extend from anterior horn to posterior horn and inferior horn -majority found in parietal lobe -do NOT communicate with each other because they are separated by septum pellucidum

veins

vessels that carry blood TO the heart

occipital lobe

visual cortex and visual association area

arbor vitae

white mater of the cerbellum