Definitive Test 3 quizlet
right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)
-3 cusps/flaps -between right atria and right ventricle -ensure one way flow -folds of endocardium -held in place by chordae tendonae
cervical
-C1-C8
synapse
-action potential -influx of calcium into presynaptic vesicle -sends synaptic vesicle membranes fuse with presynaptic terminal bouton and excrete neurotransmitter -if excitatory it will bind to receptors which will open the channels
layers of artery walls
-adventitia -media -intima
medium vein
-adventitia layer is the largest -contains elastic fibers -one way valves are present -alongside muscular arteries -ie: radial vein, tibial vein, popliteal vein
large vein
-adventitia layer is the largest and contains some smooth muscle -intima and media are v thin -no valves -ie: inferior and superior vena cava
sinusoids capillaries
-also called discontinuous -endothelial lining is not complete -contains pores and large gaps in the lining
coronary sulcus
-also known as atrioventricular sulcus -goes around the whole heart, -separate atria from ventricles -here coronary vessels are found
auricle
-appendages of the atria -increase capacity of each atria, which increases volume of blood that they are able to contain
median nerve
-arises from lateral cord and medial cord
arteries vs veins
-arteries have thicker walls -lumen of a vein is much wider -tunica media is much thicker in arteries= more smooth vessels. this is because arteries carry blood with higher pressure since they originate closer to the heart. -arteries have elastic membranes
collateral arteries
-arteries that fuse to form arterial anastamoses
thoracic aorta branches to form
-bronchial arteries -intercostal arteries -superior phrenic arteries
corpus callosum
-bundle of axons that connect the two hemispheres of the brain to allow for communication
superior and inferior vena cava
-cava: big vena: vein -arrive at right atrium -brings blood from the body
chemical synapse
-chemical (neurotransmitter) released and causes a neuron stimulating/inhibiting another structure
BBB is absent in
-choriod plexus bc there are no astrocytes -hypothalamus bc it has receptors that need to sense the chemical composition of the blood -pituitary and pineal glands because their hormones need to be released directly into bloodstream
medulla oblongata
-connects brain and spinal cord -relay station between spinal cord and brainstem/thalamus -cardiac reflex center: regulate HR and BP -respiratory reflex center: regulate breathing pattern -partial center for consciousness -nuclei for cranial nerves VII-XII
atria
-contain auricles
dorsal root ganglion
-contain cell body of neurons -satellite cells found here
anterior and posterior gray commissures
-contain fibers/nerves that pass from one side of spinal cord to the other
muscular artery
-contain many smooth muscle cells -diameter is under the control of the autonomic nervous system -examples: radial and ulnar artery, external carotid, brachial, femoral, mesenteric
fenestrated capillaries
-contain pores due to incomplete or perforated endothelial lining -found in the glomerulus
granular layer of cerebellar cortex
-contains axons of Purkinje cells -tightly packed small neurons
posterior gray horn
-contains sensory information that arrives from somatic and viscera -somatic info synapes before viscera
anterior gray horn
-contains somatic information that leaves through the ventral root
cranial meninges
-continuous with spinal meninges -dura mater -arachnoid mater -pia mater
frontal eye field of cerebrum
-controls voluntary eye movements
great cardiac vein
-coronary vein -anterior aspect between ventricles -goes up and surrounds left side of the heart in the coronary sulcus -runs parallel to the anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery whcih
trochlear nerve
-cranial nerve IV -moves eyeball up and down and outwards by innervating superior oblique
glossopharyngeal nerve
-cranial nerve IX -sensory function: taste posterior 1/3 of tounge, monitors oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood, monitors blood via baroreceptors and chemoreceptors -swallowing and saliva production -parotid glands and some myscles of pharynx
trigeminal nerve
-cranial nerve V 3 branches -opthalmic: sensory. superior orbital fissure -maxillary: sensation of upper teeth. foramen rotundum -mandibular:sensation of lower teeth AND motor mastication. foramen ovale
facial nerve
-cranial nerve VII -sensory function: sensation from anterior 2/3 of tongue -facial expression, production of tears and saliva by innervating lacrimal glands, submandibular glands, anf sublingual glands
vestibulocochlear nerve
-cranial nerve VIII -comes from inner ear -sensory function: hearing and equilibrium -adjusts sensitivity of hair cells
vagus nerve
-cranial nerve X comes from medulla -sensory function: taste in pharynx, monitors O2 and CO2 in blood and BP -related to autonomic control of organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities -regulates BP, respiratory rate, HR and digestive functions -longest cranial nerve
accessory nerve
-cranial nerve XI -swallowing and speech -innervates palate, pharynx, layrnx and upper back (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
hypoglossal nerve
-cranial nerve XII -swallowing and speech
mechanisms for capillaries to have material exchange
-diffuse across cells -through gaps or pores -gaps between cells -via vesicular transport
elastic artery
-do not have v thick walls but are v resilient bc they have a high density of elastic fibers in media and intima -tunica media has few smooth muscle cells -recoil during diastole to help propel blood forward -examples: aorta and brachiocephalic, pulmonary trunk
dubb sound
-early ventricular diastole -av valves open and semilunar just closed
continuous capillaries
-endothelium completely surrounds lumen -tight junctions and desmosomes connect the endothelial cells -most common
interatrial septum and interventricular septum
-ensure blood from left and right side of the heart do not mix
anatomy of peripheral nerve
-epineurium(covers groups of fascicles -perineurium(covers a collection of nerves. fascicle) -endoneurium(covers the axons)
spinal cord
-extends from foramen magnum to L1
denticulate ligament
-extension of the pia meter -connects the pia mater to the arachnoid mater and dura mater in order to give the spinal cord stability
arachnoid granulations/villi
-extensions of arachnoid mater that go into superior sagittal sinus -allows CSF to reach the superior sagittal sinus and there it goes back into bloodstream due to fluid pressure
epicardium
-external surface of heart -consist of the visceral pericardium
chordae tendonae
-fibrous connective tissue that anchor atrioventricular valve cusps to papillary muscle in ventricle wall -prevent the valve from flipping inside out
ventricles of the brain function
-form and distribute CSF which transports water, glucose, gases, and ions throughout the CNS -fluid acts as a cushion to protect against physical damage
aortic semilunar valve
-from left ventricle to the aorta, then to the rest of the body
temporal lobe
-hearing and smell -auditory cortex -auditory association area -olfactory cortex -parallel to parallel sulcus
somatosensory association area
-helps understand size shape and texture
middle cardiac vein
-in posterior aspect of the heart -runs parallel to the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery
pericarditis
-inflammation of the pericardium which leads to painful friction when the heart beats
motor
-info exits at the ventral root
reflex arc
-info is processed at the level of spinal cord which makes it quicker -response doesn't vary much
endocardium
-inner lining of the heart -simple squamous epithelium
Purkinje layer of cerebellar cortex
-intermediate layer -contains Purkinje cell bodies
interoreceptors
-internal environment -digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, systems, -sensations of deep pressure and pain
proprioreceptors
-internal environment -plantaris -located close to joints which gives body sensation of where your body is in time and space
polysynaptic reflex
-interneurons involved in the process
function of the cardiovascular system
-keep blood circulating to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and heat to diff parts of the body -removes waste products -defense against infection through antibodies
venules
-lack or have thin tunica media -collect blood from capillaries
celiac trunk
-left gastric -splenic -common hepatic -provides blood to liver, stomach, esophagus, gallbladder, duodenum, pancreas, spleen
tunica intima
-lines the lumen of a blood vessel -simple squamous epithelium -makes up capillaries
right coronary artery
-main branch from the aorta, that runs towards the right side of the heart in the coronary sulcus -ends up on posterior aspect of the heart downwards between the right and left ventricles -branches off into an artery that goes deep into the right atria that supplies blood to the cells involved in the transduction system of the heart
visual association area
-matches something you see to something you already know ie: matching someone's face to their name
interneurons
-most are multipolar -smaller ones that are in between neurons usually between PNS and CNS neurons
motor neurons
-most are multipolar neurons -somatic or autonomic -send info to muscles/glands
sensory neurons
-most are psuedounipolar neurons -PNS -form afferent division bc its sensory -somatic or autonomic(visceral)
multipolar neuron
-most common -in CNS -myelinated axon
Molecular layer of cerebellar cortex
-most superficial -contains dendrites of Purkinje cells
myocardium
-muscle layer of the heart -cardiac muscle cells nerves, connective tissue, blood vessels
Lumbarsacral enlargement of spinal cord
-nerves supply info from pelvis and lower limbs
cervical enlargement of spinal cord
-nerves supply information from pectoral girdle
types of synapse
-neuron synapse w another neuron on the dendrite or on the cell body -neuromuscular synapse-can be excitatory or inhibitory -neuroglandular synapse-same
left atrium
-no pectinate muscle in atria, but it is present in the auricle
vasa vasorum
-occurs in larger blood vessels -blood vessels within a vessel to provide them with oxygen and nutrients -found in the tunica adventitia
monosynaptic reflex
-one motor neuron
lateral gray horn
-only present in T1-L2 -contains visceral information that is leaving via the ventral root
hypothalamus
-part of diencephalon -center of homeostasis, controls body temperature, hunger, thirst. induces shivers and sweat to regulate body temp -regulates secretion of growth, metabolic, and reproductive hormones from pituitary gland via infundibulum -greatly affected from emotional state bc part of limbic system -highest control center for autonomic motor neurons to keep rate of activity of organs proportional to body's needs
thalamus
-part of diencephalon -contains largest group of neuronal cell bodies making it the largest nuclei of CNS -right and left thalamus have third ventricle in between and are connected by interthalamic adhesion -relays all sensory input except smell to other parts of the brain (95% of all sensory info) -provide crude perception of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. -involved in some cognition, memory, and emotions
function of spinal cord
-pathway for information -integrates and processes information
white mater of spinal cord
-posterior white column -lateral white column -anterior white column
pressure difference between atria and ventricle
-present after ventricular contraction -allows 70% of blood to passively flow into the ventricles
ependymal cells function
-present in ventricles of the brain -cilia helps circulate the CSF within the ventricles -secrete CSF
pulmonary semilunar valve
-prevent backflow of blood from pulmonary trunk back to the heart
spinal cord
-processes reflexes -integrates excitatory and inhibitory nerve impulses -provides a "highway" for carrying sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses from the brain to the spinal nerves
oligodendrocytes
-produce myelin in the CNS -have cytoplasmic processes that wrap around axon of neuron -ensure that the info received by cell body gets passed on to other neurons bc the myelin isolates the information
cardiovascular system
-pulmonary circuit: receives blood from right side of the heart -systemic circuit: receives blood from the left side of the heart. all body systems receive this blood
frontal lobe
-reasoning, planning, behavior, morality -precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) -premotor cortex -prefrontal cortex
right atrium
-receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus -pectinate muscles: squeeze max amount of blood into ventricles when contract -fossa ovalis: scar that results from opening that was present between atria in utero
small cardiac vein
-runs parallel to the right coronary artery
parietal lobe
-sensations -postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex) -somatosensory association area
anterior and posterior interventricular sulci
-separate ventricles into right and left
interatrial groove
-separates atria into right and left
serous pericardium
-simple squamous epithelium -cells secrete a serous fluid known as pericardial fluid -formed by parietal(serous fluid is in contact with fibrous layer) and visceral layer( connects the top layer of the heart muscle and the serous fluid)
heart
-size of clenched fist: proportional to size of body -exercise can make it work harder, which makes it grow bigger -located between 2nd and 5th pair of ribs called the mediastinum -slightly shifted to the left which causes the left lung to have one less lobe than the right
arteriole
-small -thin tunica adventitia -media layer consists of scattered smooth muscle cells that may not even form a complete layer -control blood flow between arteries and capillaries
microglia
-smallest glial cell -made by same stem cells that produce monocytes that produce macrophages -act as phagocytic cells -5% of total population of glial cells but can triple if there is an injury
tunica media
-smooth muscle layer of blood vessels -controlled by autonomic nervous system: controls how constricted or dilated it is
right and left common iliac arteries
-splits at terminal segment of aorta -internal:supplies walls of pelvis, urinary bladder, external genitalia, and medial side of the thigh -external: supplies blood to the legs
left coronary artery
-splits into 2 once it passes behind the pulmonary trunk -anterior interventricular artery: branch that goes down between the ventricles on the anterior portion of the heart -circumflex branch: wraps the heart towards the left side of the heart -supply blood to left atria and ventricle
cardiac muscle tissue
-striations -intercalated discs consist of desmosomes that connect cell membranes of neighboring cells -gap junction allow to electrically connect heart muscle cells
coronary arteries
-supply blood to the heart itself -they are first arteries branching off the aorta -this allows the heart to be the first muscle to receive the oxygenated blood/nutrients
function of pericardial fluid
-to reduce friction between the pericardial layers as they glide over each other when the heart beats
fibrous pericardium
-tough outer layer of the pericardium -tougher than duct tape -prevents overfilling of the heart -dense connective tissue -anchors the heart to other structures like the diaphragm, sternum, and lungs
tunica adventitia
-tunica externa -outside of blood vessels -dense fibrous connective tissue -helps anchor blood vessels to surrounding tissue
left ventricle
-v prominent trabeculae carnae -thicker wall means no need for moderator band -works 6x harder than other
capillaries
-vessels that interconnect arteries and veins -have very thin wall -where exchange of substances occurs between blood and tissue
central canal
-CSF passes through it
spinal nerve
-mixed spinal nerve since they contain efferent/afferent fibers
schwann cells
-secrete myelin -
melatonin
affects sleep-wake cycles
interventricular foramen
allows communication between lateral ventricles to third ventricle
ganglion
cluster of neuronal cell bodie
efferent
exiting the spinal cord
exteroreceptors
external environment sensation of touch, pressure, sight, smell, temperature
astrocytes in BBB
form BBB and play role in providing nourishment to neurons
dorsal ramus and ventral ramus
pathway for information to the spinal cord
diastole
relaxation
primary fissure
separate anterior and posterior lobes of cerebellum
veins keep blood flowing by
skeletal muscles of the leg help propel the blood back up to the heart -changes in thoracic pressure helps move blood from vena cavae to the heart -called capacitance vessels -act as blood reservoirs
arachnoid mater
spiderweb appearance bc of arachnoid trabeculae which are made up of collagen fiber -helps anchor cerebral blood vessels in place
divergence
split from one neuron into different directions and more neurons
shallow depression
sulcus -separate lobes of the brain
jugular vein
takes away deoxygenated blood from the brain
cardiac veins
the only veins that dont empty into superior or inferior vena cava
branch of subclavian
vertebral artery
dura mater
2 layers: -periosteal layer: attaches to inner surface of skull. layer felt within anterior fontanelle of baby. not in spinal cord -meningeal layer: covers brain and extends into vertebral canal as spinal dura mater
cerebellum
2nd largest part of brain communicates with brain via cerebellar peduncles
arteries and capillaries make up
30-35% of blood volume
veins make up
65-70% of blood volume
stretch reflex
A monosynaptic reflex. An example is the patellar (or knee-jerk) reflex.
brachial plexus
C5 (lower half)-T1 -innervation of pectoral girdle and upper limbs -trunks: superior (C5-C6), middle (C7), inferior (C8-T1) -cords: lateral, posterior, medial -nerve: radial nerve, axillary nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve
abducens nerve
Cranial nerve VI. Movement of the eye laterally via lateral rectus
lumbar
L1- L5
sacral
S1-S5
thoracic
T1- T12
oculomotor nerve
The cranial nerve (III) that innervates the muscles that cause motion of the eyeballs except superior oblique and lateral rectus and intrinsic muscles -accommodation of lens and pupillary constriction
artery
a vessel that carries blood AWAY from the heart
aqueduct of the midbrain (cerebral aqueduct)
allows communication between 3 and 4 ventricles
central canal function
allows communication between 4th ventricle and spinal cord 10% of CSF flows through here until the opening at the end of the spinal cord which allows it to go back to subarachnoid space
cardiac output
amount of blood ejected per minute
crista galli
anchors brain -point of attachment in inferior anterior aspect of falx cerebri
prefrontal cortex
anterior to the premotor cortex -thinking, problem solving, concentration, behavior, personality, morality, judgement
premotor cortex
anterior to the primary motor cortex -planning of motor movement -relays a plan to the primary motor cortex to then have it sent to the skeletal muscles
heart murmur
at least one heart valve is not closing properly
carotid sinus
at the base of the internal carotid artery and contains baroreceptors
carotid body
at the bifurcation between internal and external carotid artieries and contains chemoreceptors
lubb sound
atrial diastole/early ventricular systole -semilunar valves are open and av valves just closed
capillary endothelial cells lining BBB
attach to each other through tight junctions which does not allow passage of material between the cells -only lipid soluble compounds are capable of passing through
why veins have smooth muscle
because veins constricting allow blood
insula
behind temporal lobe when it is pulled back -location of gustatory cortex
subarachnoid space
between arachnoid mater and pia mater -space where CSF flows
subdural space
between dura mater and arachnoid mater -a potential space, meaning it doesnt normally exist but can if necessary ie: subdural hematoma
central sulcus
between frontal and parietal lobes
superior sagittal sinus
between right and left cerebral hemispheres on superior side
sciatic nerve
branches at the level of the knee to form the tibial nerve that runs medially and common fibular nerve (branches into deep and superficial)
dural venous sinus
cavity between the 2 hemispheres of the brain where dura mater membranes separate between the 2 hemispheres. -fills with venous blood to be drained into venous blood
abdominal aorta branches to form
celiac trunk -renal arteries -superior mesenteric artery -gonadal arteries -inferior mesenteric artery -right and left common iliac arteries
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid -cushions brain -helps brain float within skull (buoyancy) -mixture of water, sugar, and electrolytes -prevents contact of neural tissue with surrounding bones -reduces weight of brain from 1500 g to 50 g
spinal nerves
cervical (8 pairs) thoracic (12 pairs) lumbar (5 pairs) sacral (5 pairs) coccygeal (1 pairs)
both semilunar valves
close at the same time dupp sound
both atrioventricular valves
close at the same time lubb sound
inferior cerebellar peduncle
communicates with medulla oblongata
superior cerebellar peduncle
communicates with mesencephalon, diencephalon, and cerebrum
middle cerebellar peduncle
communicates with pons
anterior commissure
connects the anterior parts of the cerebral cortex
epithalamus
contains pineal gland which secretes melatonin
psuedounipolar neuron
continuous dendrite but doesnt have to pass through cell body -found in PNS -send sensory info to CNS -myelinated axons
systole
contraction
Broca's speech area
controls movements required for speech
premotor area
controls repetitive skilled movements
primary motor area
controls voluntary contraction of muscles
commissure of fibers
corpus callosum + anterior commissure
parasympathetic neurons
decrease heart rate and force of contractions
longitundinal fissure
deep depression between left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum
bipolar neuron
dendrites fuse to form a long one and at the end it has the branching dendrites -rare neurons that play role in sensory info for special sense -unmyelinated axons
coronary sinus
directly connects to the right atrium
vermis
divides left and right hemispheres of cerebellum
sensory
dorsal -info arrives at the dorsal root
tentorium cerebelli
dura mater folds that run along transverse cerebral fissure
afferent
entering spinal cord
neuroglia in the CNS
ependymal cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia
moderator band
extends from interventricular septum to the side of the right ventricle -moderates how much the chamber expands since it is much thinner than the left
dura septum
extensions of dura mater that go deep inside brain -subdivide cranial cavity -support brain and limits brain movement
reverbation
feedback loop with option of going to third neuron
deep depression
fissure
falx cerebri
folds of dura mater found along longitudinal fissure
falx cerebelli
folds of dura mater that are between left and right hemispheres of the cerebellum
folia of the cerebellum
folds of the cerebellum
prosencephalon
forebrain divides into telencephalon and diencephalon
external iliac arteries
form the deep femoral artery which branches in to circumflex -also forms the femoral artery which bcomes popliteal , tibial, and then the fibular
medial cord
formed by inferior trunk -gives rise to ulnar nerve
lateral cord
formed by superior and middle trunks gives rise to musculocutaneous nerve
posterior cord
formed by superior, middle, AND inferior trunks -moves more dorsally -gives rise to radial nerve and axillary nerve
anterior tibial artery
forms dorsalis pedis
posterior tibial artery
forms medial and lateral plantar arteries
internal/external network of elastic fibers
found in the tunica media of arteries -give the arteries more elasticity to withstand the higher blood pressure
ependymal cells
glial cells responsible for producing CSF -take nutrients from blood (plasma nd blood components) and turn it into CSF
bundle of his (common av bundle)
goes into right and left bundle branches which then reaches the purkinje fibers
cerebellar cortex
gray mater of cerebellum -contains cell bodies of Purkinje cells and has 3 layers
nuclei
group of neuronal cell bodies
projection fibers
groups of axons that link the cerebrum with other regions of the brain and spinal cord
elevation
gyrus (singular) -increase surface area of the cerebrum
pons
helps medulla control breathing via the respiratory reflex center in medulla -nuclei for cranial nerves V-VIII -relay station between cerebrum and cerebellum -plays role w cerebellum in coordinating movement
sella turcica
holds pituitary gland and is encased by diaphragma sellae(fold of dura mater) -anchors dura mater to sphenoid bone
neurosecretory cells
in hypothalamus that secrete hormones (ADH and oxytocin) that are transported to the pituitary gland and then released into bloodstream
sympathetic neurons
increase heart rate increase force of contractions
white mater of the cerebrum
inner layer of the brain -composed of myelinated axons
somatosensory association area of cerebrum
integrates body sensations to determine size, shape, and texture of objects and their orientation
prefrontal area of the cerebrum
integrative area for intellect, personality, cognition and judgement
arterial anastomosis
interconnection of capillaries -colateral arteries -critical in situation where blood flow is restricted
collateral circulation
internal carotid artery anf vertebral artery supply blood to the brain
common integrative area of cerebrum
interprets sensory information from all sources to provide for a suitable response
coronary veins
join together and dump their blood into the coronary sinus
convergence
joining of neurons
sternal angle
junction between the manubrium and body of sternum -to the side of this bump lies the 2nd pair of ribs, which is the location of the base of the heart
pyramidal cells
large neurons of the primary motor cortex that allow for conscious control of skeletal muscle movements
ventricles of the brain
lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle
directionality of CSF movement
lateral ventricles-3-4 -due to ciliated movements of ependymal cells
serial processing
lined up neurons. one neuron to one neuron linear
auscultation
listening to the internal sounds of the body
conus medullaris
located below lumbarsacral enlargment -end of spinal cord -cone shaped
meningitis
may cause problems w reabsorption of CSF which can b fatal bc there is no connection bc of inflamed meninges
mesencephalon
midbrain -plays a role in moving eyes -processes sight and auditory data -reflexive motor responses
astrocytes
most abundant glial cells in CNS -form BBB -creates 3D framework bc of microfilaments -performs repairs in damages in neural tissue -controls interstitial environment -allow neurons to use its microfilaments to get from one location to another
anterior side
motor
trabeculae carneae
muscular ridges on the internal surface of ventricles -help squeeze max amount of blood out of the ventricle
coronary thrombosis
obstruction of a coronary artery by a clot -leads to myocardial infarction -blocks blood supply to myocardial cell
cranial nerves
olfactory(I), optic(II), oculomotor(III), trochlear(IV), trigeminal(V), abducens(VI), facial(VII), vestibulocochlear(VIII), glossopharyngeal(IX), vagus(X), accessory(XI), hypoglossal(XII)
multiple sclerosis
oligodendrocytes malfunction and dont produce myelin as efficiently -destroys connection of transmission of info
parallel processing
one neuron diverges into 3 and then its linear
anaxonic neurons
only present in CNS -small and hard to differentiate between dendrites and axon -specifically in special senses organs
median and lateral apertures
openings leading from the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space outside of the brain 90% of CSF flows through here
apertures
openings where CSF can leave ventricular system found at roof of 4th ventricle
hydrocephalus
overproduction of CSF obstruction in ventricular system problems with CSF reabsorption Tx: drain CSF through hole in ventricles into abdomen
SA node
pacemaker cells -cell membrane depolarize spontaneously
blood brain barrier (BBB)
physiological barrier between the circulatory system and the central nervous system that establishes a privileged blood supply, restricting the flow of substances into the CNS -made up of capillary endothelial cells surrounded by astrocytes
optic chiasm
point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain
visual cortex
posterior to parieto-occipital sulcus -where you see
satellite cells
present in ganglions -give support to neurons -help regulate exchange of nutrients and waste products of the neuronal cell bodies
precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex -anterior to the central sulcus -sends nerve impulses down spinal cord towards muscle to initiate movement -pyramidal cells are found here
postcentral gyrus
primary somatosensory cortex -posterior to central sulcus -allows us to consciously feel sensations -sensations of skin, muscle, joints
carotid artery
provides oxygen rich blood to brain
vertebral veins
recieve blood from posterior skull and cervical spinal cord -drain into the brachiocephalic veins
gray mater of the cerebrum
referred to as the cerebral cortex -gets the color from the bodies of neuronal cells
midbrain
reflexive movements of eyeball, head, trunk in response to visual and auditory stimuli -nuclei for cranial nerves III-IV
brain stem
relays sensory and motor impulses between parts of the brain and spinal cord -mesencephalon -pons -medulla
association fibers
responsible for connecting areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere ie: arcuate fibers (look like arcs) longitudinal fasciculi (long bend fibers)
pericardium
sac that surrounds the heart -2 parts: outer fibrous and inner serous
layers of physical protection of the brain
scalp - epicranial aponeurosis - periosteum of cranium - cranium - dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mater
neuroglia in the PNS
schwann cells and satellite cells
optic nerve II
sense of sight -only one that comes together, crosses and splits off between both hemispheres of brain in order to receive sensations on both sides simultaneously
olfactory nerve I
sense of smell -only cranial nerve exposed to the exterior and its the shortest -goes straight to brain as opposed to relaying info to the thalamus -form neuronal masses on sides of the crista galli -cribiform plate: where bundles of axons pass through
posterior side
sensory
transverse cerebral fissure
separates cerebrum and cerebellum
parieto-occipital sulcus
separates parietal and occipital lobes
parallel sulcus
separates temporal lobe from the others
AV node
slow impulses -electrical impulse propagation slows down -allows time for blood to flow down to the ventricles
pericardial cavity
space between the parietal layer and the visceral layer of the heart
anterior cerebral artery
supplies frontal and parietal lobes of the brain
internal carotid
supply blood to the brain by entering the skull -branches to form: ophthalmic artery, anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery
external carotid
supply neck and outside of the skull with blood
diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
apex of the heart
the end of the heart which is located at the 5th ribs -points towards the left hip
choriod plexus
vascularized membrane found inside all 4 ventricles -surrounded by ependymal cells
lateral ventricles
ventricle 1 and 2 -extend from anterior horn to posterior horn and inferior horn -majority found in parietal lobe -do NOT communicate with each other because they are separated by septum pellucidum
veins
vessels that carry blood TO the heart
occipital lobe
visual cortex and visual association area
arbor vitae
white mater of the cerbellum
