Dentistry

Tearing

"Carnassial" literally means __________ of flesh but is used in veterinary dentistry to describe the largest shearing tooth of the mandible and maxilla in carnivores.

Cats Dogs Humans Monkeys Pigs

Five species who have brachyodont teeth:

Lumpy jaw

"__________ __________" is caused by Actinomyces bovis. It is most often diagnosed by palpating a firm mass that is immobile over the mandible.

307, 407

Cats do not have the first and second premolars on the mandible. Therefore, what is the number in the Triadan system for the premolar that is closest to the canine on the left mandible?

305, 306 405, 406

Cats do not have the first and second premolars on the mandible. What are those four Triadan numbers?

105 205

Cats do not have the first premolar on the maxilla. What are those two Triadan numbers?

2

Cows have _____ lower canines. No upper.

500-800

Deciduous teeth are numbered:

Caries Cavities

Dental __________, also known as _________or decay, are incidents of demineralization of the teeth.

Fermented

Dental caries is the condition where trapped food is __________ by bacteria, forming acids that demineralize the hard tissue of the tooth.

Caries

Dental decay, causing demineralization of the hard tissues of the tooth?

Mandible

Dorsal recumbency is easiest for radiographing the anterior __________.

Maxillary Sinus

In the dog, the 4th upper premolars are connected to and communicate directly with the:

Maxilla

Sternal recumbency is best for radiographing the __________.

Buccal

Stomatitis describes inflammation of the oral mucosal surfaces. It can be subdivided by region, such as __________ stomatitis (inflammation of the cheek mucosa).

104

The Triadan numbering system is commonly used in human and veterinary dentistry to specify a tooth. What is the correct number of the permanent right maxillary canine tooth of a dog or cat?

Dental arcade

The __________ _________ is the arrangement of teeth in mouth.

Polisher

The __________ is the instrument used to help smooth the tooth surface.

Scaler

The __________ is used to remove plaque and calculus from the teeth.

Elevator

The __________ is used to wear down the periodontal ligament to aid in extracting teeth from the oral cavity.

Probe

The __________is used to check pocket depth.

Incisors of a rabbit

The aradicular hypsodont teeth lack a true root structure, allowing for lifelong growth of the tooth itself. Like the:

Mastication Fourth premolar First molar

The carnassial teeth do the most work during __________ . In dogs and cats, the carnassial teeth are the maxillary __________ __________ and the mandibular __________ __________.

Calcified Dentin Root

The cementum is the thin __________ layer of tissue that covers the __________ of the tooth __________.

Enamel Cementum

The dentin is covered by the __________ on the crown and by __________ on the roots.

x

Note: In normal occlusion, the mandibular incisors are palatal (behind) the maxillary incisors, and the coronal third of the mandibular incisors rests on a smooth convex bulge on the maxillary incisors known as the cingulum. The mandibular canines should be centered between the maxillary third incisor and the maxillary canine (mesial to the maxillary canine), without touching either tooth.

x

Note: In the Triadan system, each tooth has a predictable number, even with teeth missing. Therefore, even though cats do not have PM 1 and 2 (numbered 305 and 306 on the left mandible), the third premolar which is the tooth closest to the canine is 307.

Dentition

Natural teeth in the dental arch:

Dental calculus/tartar

This is mineralized plaque and can lead to persistent inflammation:

Dexdomitor

What is a trade name for Dexmedetomidine?

Root canal

What is the most common endodontic procedure?

Enamel

What is the tooth crown covered with?

Horse

Which species has wolf teeth?

Dexmedetomidine

A 10 year old male neutered West Highland White Terrier with a history of 1st degree AV block is admitted to the clinic for a routine dentistry. All of his pre-anesthetic lab work has come back normal. Which anesthetic drug would be most contraindicated in this case?

Actinomyces bovis

A 6-year-old Friesian cow has developed a mass on the left jaw region (see image). The farmer reports that it developed over the last several weeks. The mass is firm, immobile, and painful on manipulation. While assisting the veterinarian, you notice a thick granular discharge coming from the mass. The veterinarian suspects "lumpy jaw", which is caused by which agents?

low

Brachyodont teeth have a __________-crown in which the root is embedded in the jaw bone.

Sternal recumbency

A dog is having his teeth cleaned and has a discolored upper right third premolar. The doctor would like you to take an x-ray of this tooth. Which patient position would make the radiograph easiest to take?

Endodontic treatment

A dog presents for a broken adult canine tooth. The tooth is broken at the tip and a small area of pulp is exposed. Exposure of pulp in a tooth should be treated in which way?

Epulis

A non-malignant oral tumor of the periodontal ligament:

Cementum Jawbone

A periodontal ligament is the connective tissue that surrounds the tooth (specifically covering the __________ ) and connects the tooth to the __________, holding it in place.

3-5 4 Canine Canine Incisors

A tooth is considered retained if it is still present after full eruption of the permanent tooth. Teething can begin around _____-_____ months, and will continue until about 6 months of age on average, at which point all 42 permanent teeth should be present. If the deciduous teeth are still present after the permanent teeth have come in, they are considered retained and should be extracted (typically at the time of the spay or neuter). The most common teeth to be retained are the upper __________ teeth, followed by the lower __________ teeth and the __________. Sometimes, the premolar teeth may also be retained.

Plaque

Accumulations of desquamated cells, food particles, and bacteria along the teeth are known as which of the following?

Vasodilation

Acepromazine causes __________, which can lead to hypotension, but it is anti-arrhythmic and can actually help stabilize the heart.

Long axis

After the alginate sets, the tray is removed in one motion in the direction of the __________ __________ of the teeth.

Alveolus

All of the permanent teeth of horses and cheek teeth of ruminants are hypsodont, with the roots embedded in the __________ of the jaw bone.

Periodontal ligament

An epulis is a non-malignant tumor of the __________ __________.

Attrition

As teeth make contact and grind together during mastication, they gradually become worn. What is this process known as?

Gingiva Mucosa

Bacterial toxins damage the __________ and oral __________.

Mineralized

Enamel is the hard __________ surface of the tooth.

Invasive Acanthomatous

Epulis tumors do not metastasize but can be locally __________. The most aggressive form of this condition, an __________ epulis, can invade and destroy bone.

Sterile

For a dental, a face shield or eye protection is needed due to the splatter from dental cleaning. A mask is needed to prevent inhalation of this splatter or mist. Gloves are required to prevent the spread of infection. Dental cleanings are not __________ procedures, so a cap and booties would not be required.

Canine

Generally, female horses do not have _________ teeth.

Gumline

Goats' upper front mouth is one big __________. In the back of their mouth they do have both upper and lower teeth. Goats are born with teeth which are replaced by permanent teeth as they age.

Proliferative

Growing and increasing in number of similar cells:

4 2 2

Horses and llamas both have _____ canine teeth (_____ upper and _____ lower).

Eating Hypersalivate Weight

Horses' teeth grow throughout their lives. When a horse eats normally, grinding food between the back teeth, the abrasives wear the teeth down to keep them even and smooth. However, when a horse eats a softer diet like one containing a lot of alfalfa and grains, the teeth do not wear evenly and can form sharp, painful points. A horse with overgrown or sharp teeth may have difficulty __________, may __________, may start dropping food from its mouth, and can begin losing __________.

0

How many 3-rooted permanent mandibular teeth does a dog have?

6

How many 3-rooted permanent maxillary teeth are in the mouth of a dog?

30

How many permanent teeth do cats have?

32

How many permanent teeth do goats have?

42

How many permanent teeth does a dog have?

20

How many teeth do guinea pigs and chinchillas have?

0

How many upper incisors does a goat have?

Distemper

Hypoplasia may be a finding in adult dogs previously infected with __________ virus as a puppy.

Aradicular Radicular

Hypsodont teeth can be further categorized as :

Abscess Eye

In the case of a carnassial tooth that becomes infected, an __________ builds up around the affected root just under the skin below and in front of the __________.

04

In all species, (if present) the canine tooth ends in:

05

In all species, (if present) the first premolar ends in:

09

In all species, the first molar ends with:

0-1 mm

In cats, what is the normal depth of the teeth when examining with a periodontal probe?

Curet Necrotic Supragingival Subgingival

In dentistry, the __________ is a spoon-shaped instrument used for removing __________ cementum and calculus from the teeth and can be used __________ and __________.

Periodontal disease

In dogs, a sulcus depth of 0-3 mm is considered normal. Depths greater than 3 mm deep at the sulcus are suggestive of __________ __________.

1

In dogs, all of the permanent incisors and canine teeth have_____ root(s).

2

In dogs, the mandible M 1 and 2 have _____ roots.

1 2

In dogs, the mandible M3 can have _____ or _____ roots.

2

In dogs, the mandible PM 2, 3, and 4 all have _____ roots.

1

In dogs, the mandible premolar (PM) _____ has one root.

1

In dogs, the maxilla PM 1 has _____ root.

2

In dogs, the maxilla PM 2 and 3 have _____ roots, although PM 3 can sometimes have 3 roots.

3

In dogs, the maxilla PM 4 and M1 and M2 all have _____ roots.

6

In general, at _____ months of age puppy and kitten teeth (deciduous) considered to be retained.

Palatal Mesial

In normal occlusion, the proper position of the incisors and canine teeth when the mouth is closed is the mandibular incisors are __________ to the maxillary incisors, and the mandibular canine is __________ to the maxillary canine

Faucitis

Inflammation of the glossopalatine folds around the area housing the tonsil is known as __________.

Periodontitis

Inflammation of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone fall under the category of __________.

Glossitis

Inflammation of the tongue is known as __________.

3

It is thought that 80% of dogs and 70% of cats have some degree of periodontal disease over the age of __________ years.

x

NOTE: A low crown means that they have a small crown relative to the size of the roots, and the apex of the each tooth root is only open for a brief period during development and does not continue to erupt.

x

NOTE: Cattle chew their "cud", which is food that they regurgitate for remastication. When a cow chews her cud, she regurgitates a food bolus into her mouth, which is then re-chewed and re-swallowed. While cattle are chewing their cud, they produce saliva which acts as a natural antacid that helps to buffer and protect the rumen. Cows sometimes spend up to 8 hours a day chewing their cud.

x

NOTE: Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor) is an alpha 2 agonist of which the major side effect is bradycardia. Patients with 1st degree AV block are often already bradycardic, and the AV block could be made worse by giving an alpha 2 agonist.

x

NOTE: Scratches or pits on the tooth that can be created by the scaling procedure or from mastication increase the surface area on the tooth, allowing plaque/calculus to build up more quickly. Polishing helps to smooth out any defects. All surfaces of the tooth crown should be polished on slow rotational speed. The polisher should be kept in constant motion to prevent thermal damage to the tooth.

x

NOTE: The infraorbital block or maxillary block are local anesthetic techniques used to decrease anesthetic requirements and provide analgesia for procedures involving the maxilla.

Horses Rabbits Rodents

Name three species who have hypsodont teeth?

x

Note: In the Triadan system, the first numeral denotes the quadrant of the tooth and if it is permanent or deciduous. They are numbered starting at the right maxilla and moving counter-clockwise. Therefore: 1 = Right maxilla (5 = deciduous) 2 = Left maxilla (6 = deciduous) 3 = Left mandible (7 = deciduous) 4 = Right mandible (8 = deciduous) The next two digits indicate how many teeth over from the midline. For example, in the dog: 701 is the deciduous mandibular left first incisor. 104 is the permanent right maxillary canine. 409 is the permanent mandibular right first molar.

x

Note: In the bisecting angle technique, the film is placed next to the tooth; the primary x-ray beam is aimed perpendicular to the plane that bisects the angle created by the plane of the central tooth axis to the plane of the dental film.

x

Note: Tetracycline binds to calcified tissues (bone, cementum, dentin), gets incorporated into the hydroxyapatite crystals with the calcium, and causes the discoloration. This occurs with puppy teeth because the teeth are still being actively formed. After the adult teeth are present, this should no longer occur.

x

Note: The incisors on the mandible (lower jaw) rest palatal (or behind facing up toward the palate) to the maxilla (upper jaw). If it were opposite, the animal would have an underbite. Also, the mandibular (lower) canine teeth should rest distal to the upper third incisor and mesial to the maxillary (upper) canine tooth. The dog has 6 upper and 6 lower incisors (12 total incisors).

x

Note: The upper quadrant of the horse's dental arcade has 3 incisors, 1 canine (primarily male horses), 4 premolars (including "wolf" tooth) and 3 molars. The lower arcade has 3 incisions, 1 canine, 3 premolars and 3 molars.

301-309 401-409

On the cat's mandible, the Triadan numbers go from _____-_____.

101-109 201-209

On the cat's maxilla, the Triadan numbers go from _____-_____.

401-411 301-311

On the dog's mandible, the Triadan numbers go from _____-_____.

101-110 201-210

On the dog's maxilla, the Triadan numbers go from _____-_____.

Gingiva

Periodontal disease can refer to processes affecting the:

8 24

Piglets are born with _____ sharp needle or milk teeth. The teeth can lacerate the sow during nursing, and playing or fighting behavior with other piglets may cause trauma. The teeth are most often clipped within the first _____ hours after birth.

Palatal

Regarding dentition, the incisors on the mandible should be __________ to the incisors on the maxilla

Bacteria Desquamated cells Food Saliva Week

Plaque is a mixture of __________, __________, __________ __________, and __________ parts that cover the tooth in a thin film. Plaque can turn into calculus in as early as a __________.

Bacteria Desquamated cells Food particles

Plaque is an accumulation of what three things?

Cheek

Rabbits have __________ teeth that they use to grind their food. These are the 6 upper premolars, the 4 lower premolars, 6 upper molars and 6 lower molars (and no canines).

Peg teeth

Rabbits have four incisors-two on the top and two on the bottom. Right behind the top incisor teeth are two small teeth called auxiliary incisors or "__________ __________".

Alveolar Mental

The inferior __________ block and __________ nerve block are local anesthetic techniques for the mandible.

Carnassial

The largest shearing teeth of each dental arcade are the __________ teeth.

2

The mandibular first molars (309 and 409) in the dog have _____ roots.

Pockets

The periodontal probe is marked and used to measure depth of periodontal __________.

Gingiva Alveolar Ligament Cementum

The periodontum includes the __________, the __________bone, the periodontal __________ and __________ of the tooth.

Coronal

The portion of the tooth closer to the crown relative to another structure:

Apical

The portion of the tooth closer to the tip of the root relative to another structure:

Distal

The portion of the tooth that is in line with the dental arcade and closest to the most caudal aspect of the dental arch (the opposite side of mesial):

Mesial

The portion of the tooth that is in line with the dental arcade and closest to the rostral midline of the dental arch:

Carnassial teeth

The premolars are also known as __________ __________.

Cyclosporine Phenytoin Amlodipine

The proliferative tissue of gingival hyperplasia can be trimmed away during a dental but dogs with this condition are prone to recurrence. The cause is often unknown, but it may be hereditary or caused by medications such as __________ , __________, or __________.

Connective tissue

The pulp is the center part of a tooth that is made up of living __________ __________ and is the softest part containing nerve fibers.

Nerves Blood vessels

The pulp is the soft pink portion inside the tooth that includes the __________ and__________ __________. If the pulp is exposed, this is painful and may lead to infection. These teeth are treated with a root canal (an endodontic procedure), especially for the larger premolars and canine teeth) or are extracted.

Smooth

The purpose of polishing the teeth after a dental cleaning is to __________ the microscopic defects on the tooth surface.

Motion Motion Modified

The scaler must be kept in constant __________ on the tooth surface and should not be on a tooth for more than 10 to 15 seconds. This is because heat can buildup and cause X__________ damage to the tooth. The water from the scaler also helps to prevent heat buildup. The scaler should be held in a __________ pen grasp during the procedure.

Desquamated cells

The shedding of the outermost membrane or layer of a tissue, such as the skin:

Lingual

The surface of the mandibular teeth that is adjacent to the tongue:

Palatal

The surface of the maxillary teeth that is adjacent to the palate:

Facial

The surface of the tooth visible from the front (same as the vestibular surface but applies mainly to the incisor teeth):

Calcify

To make inflexible or unchangeable:

Alginate

Which material is used to record impressions or imprints of the teeth for orthodontic evaluation?

Acepromazine Butorphanol Diazepam

While __________, __________, and __________ all cause different degrees of sedation, they do not cause significant changes in heart rate or contractility.

Dentin

The tooth itself is made up mostly of __________.

Buccal

The tooth surface that faces the cheek:

Labial

The tooth surface that faces the lips:

Cool Debris Cooling

The ultrasonic scaler uses water to __________ the instrument tip and to flush __________ from the tooth as it is scaled away. By __________ the instrument tip, the water helps to prevent thermal damage to the tooth.

Cheek teeth of horse

These radicular hypsodoont teeth have apices that eventually close and stop growing, but continued eruption offsets attrition from occlusion. Like the:

Infraorbital block

This is a nerve block that can be used to decrease anesthetic requirements and provide analgesia for a dental extraction of a maxillary tooth:

Stomatitis

This is the inflammation of the oral mucosal surfaces:

Bone Cementum Dentin

Three types of tissues on the teeth that are calcified:

1/1 0/0 1/1 3/3

What is the correct dental formula for guinea pigs and chinchillas?

0/3 0/1 3/3 3/3

What is the dental formula for permanent teeth in the goat is:

3/3 1/1 4/3 3/3

What is the dental formula for the adult horse (i.e. incisor-canine-premolar-molar)?

3/3 1/1 4/4 2/3

What is the dental formula for the dog:

10-15

What is the maximum amount of seconds an ultrasonic scaler can be used on a tooth surface?

Mandible

What is the name of the lower jaw?

Maxilla

What is the name of the upper jaw?

0-3 mm

What is the normal sulcus depth of the teeth in dogs when examining with a periodontal probe?

75%

What percentage of dogs and cats, on average, have periodontal disease?

Eye protection Mask Gloves

What personal protective equipment would be required for a dental cleaning?

Floating Floating

What procedure performed in horses includes filing and smoothing their teeth? __________ entails filing down the teeth using a dental rasp, or float, to make the teeth even and smooth again.

Mesial

When referring to teeth, which of the following terms describes the portion of the tooth that is in line with the dental arcade and closest to the rostral midline of the dental arch?

Chinchillas Dogs Rabbits

Which animals develop dental caries?

Cats Dogs Ferrets Horses Pigs

Which five species have canine teeth?

3/3 1/1 3/2 1/1

Which is the dental formula for a cat?

Tetracycline

Which of the following antibiotic can cause discoloration to puppy teeth?

B

Which of the following is an example of an endodontic treatment? A. Soft palate resection surgery B. Root canal C. Dental scaling

B

Which of the following may be seen in a puppy who has had distemper? A. Gingival hyperplasia B. Enamel hypoplasia C. Enamel hyperplasia

P4 M1 M2

Which six teeth (3 on the left and 3 on the right side of a dog's maxilla) are the 3-rooted and permanent?

Ruminants

Which species regurgitates food for remastication?

Bisecting angle technique

Which technique is needed to produce quality intra-oral radiographs?

Rabbits Rodents

Which two species do not have canine teeth?

First upper premolars Rostral First upper premolars

Wolf teeth are small teeth that are the __________ __________ __________ in the horse. It is thought they may be deciduous teeth. They are located immediately __________ to the first cheek teeth in horses. Not all horses have the __________ __________ __________, the so-called wolf tooth.

Mycobacterium bovis

__________ __________ causes bovine tuberculosis and is a zoonotic disease. It most often causes coughing and other respiratory symptoms.

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

__________ __________ causes caseous lymphadenitis. It results in an onion appearance in abscesses found most commonly in the neck region and abdomen.

Moraxella bovis

__________ __________ causes pinkeye in cattle.

Gel foam Clots

__________ __________ is a collagen sponge that surgeons use to help create __________ during surgical procedures.

Gingival hyperplasia

__________ __________ is overgrowth of the gum tissue characterized by non painful swellings of the gingiva. In some cases, a biopsy may be required to rule out neoplasia.

Enamel hypoplasia

__________ __________ is the absence of enamel formation on the tooth crown during tooth development.

Odontoclastic resorptive

__________ __________ lesions are a process where the cementum of the tooth is resorbed and replaced with bone-like material.

Tetracycline

__________ antibiotics, when used in young puppies, may also cause hypoplasia, seen as a permanent brown discoloration of teeth.

Endodontics

__________ deals with the tooth pulp and the tissues surrounding the root of a tooth.

Periodontal

__________ disease is one of the most common conditions seen.

Rabbits

__________ have a second row of incisors distal to the proximal incisors. When malocclusion occurs, it is important to trim both sets of teeth to maintain proper dentition.

Hypoplasia

__________ is an enamel deficiency that causes an abnormal enamel matrix and presents as if the enamel has been eaten away.

Lateral

__________ is best for radiographing the premolars and molars of the mandible.

Cementum

__________ is calcified connective tissue.

Stomatitis

__________ is inflammation of the oral mucosal surfaces.

Calculus

__________ is mineralization of plaque on the teeth.

Cribbing Cribbers

__________ is the act of swallowing air or "wind sucking" and is thought to be behavioral. Sometimes __________ will chew or suck on fences or other fixed objects so they can actually draw in air.

Dentin

__________ is the hard, white portion of the tooth.

Gingivitis

__________ is usually the first sign of periodontal disease.

Quidding

__________ is when a horse stores a bolus of food inside its mouth and spits it out or drops food from its mouth. The most common cause is bad teeth; the horse may need to have its teeth floated.

Hypsodont

__________ teeth have a relatively large amount of crown that is beneath the gingival margin as well as a root structure that allows for continued eruption during most of the animal's lifetime.

Brachyodont

__________ teeth have a short crown length and do not continue to erupt throughout life.