Dev Psych Midterm Review
Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages is most associated with early childhood?
Initiative vs guilt
____________________ awareness refers to knowledge about language, such as knowing the definition of a preposition or being able to discuss language sounds.
Metalinguistic
Which two of the following has developmental social neuroscience linked to mother-infant attachment? Multiple select question. estrogen testosterone oxytocin cortisol dopamine
Oxytocin and dopamine
Which of the following are COGNITIVE theories of development? Multiple select question. A) Piaget's developmental theory B) Erikson's psychosocial theory C) information-processing theory D) Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
Piaget's dev theory informational processing theory Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
What are the three levels of moral thinking according to Kohlberg?
Preconventional Conventional Postconventional
According to ______________'s theory of operant conditioning, if an infant's behavior is followed by a rewarding stimulus, the behavior is likely to recur
Skinner's
As infants extract an increasing number of potential word forms from the speech stream they hear, they begin to associate these with concrete, perceptually available objects in their world. This is referred to as
Statistical learning
What are the 3 different types of step families?
Step father, step mother, blended/complex
What two aspects of attention develop in early childhood?
Sustained and executive attention
Telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.
The _____ view connects perceptual capabilities to information available in the world of the perceiver
ecological *Invented by Gibson- perception brings us into contact w environment so we can act
Epigenetic view
emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment Gilbert Gottlieb
Kohlberg believed that an individual's development from one moral stage to the next is fostered by which TWO factors
experiencing conflict between one's current level of moral reasoning and a higher level taking on the perspectives of others
__________ mapping is when children have the ability to make an initial connection between a word and its referent after limited exposure
fast
The emerging view is that complex behaviors are influenced by _______ as well as by ____________ environments.
genes; complex
What are the 3 stages of prenatal development?
germinal, embryonic, fetal
Cephalocaudal pattern
growth from top to bottom
Chomsky proposed that a language acquisition device allows children to do all of the following, EXCEPT Multiple choice question. hear spoken words. understand syntax. understand phonetics. understand semantics.
hear spoken words *Semantics- word meaning/ Created by Chomsky
Gender
in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
Dishabituation
increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus
Which of the following concepts encompasses problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to experiences? Multiple choice question. concrete operations metacognition intelligence metamemory
intelligence
Executive attention
involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances
Which of the following are potential causes of infertility? Multiple select question (3) low sperm production ova lack motility the woman does not ovulate blocked fallopian tubes
low sperm production the woman does not ovulate blocked fallopian tubes
Sensorimotor substages
1. reflexive schemes 2. primary circular reactions- repetition by chance 3. secondary circular reactions- repeat for results 4. coordination of secondary circular reactions- hand eye coordination 5. tertiary circular reactions- experiment w new objects 6. internal schemas- retain memory and concepts
On average, siblings between the ages of 2 and 4 have a conflict once every
10 mins
In 1992, the European Union mandated a
14-week paid maternity leave.
Children begin the transition from saying simple to more complex sentences between _____ and _____ years of age
2 and 3 years of age
What is the average growth in inches per year for children in elementary school?
2-3 inches
When does face to face play occur with infants?
2-3 months of age
How long does the postpartum period last?
6 weeks
An IQ below ____ is considered an intellectual disability
70
The use of plural and possessive forms of nouns, prepositions, and the various forms of the verb to be demonstrates a child's understanding of
morphology rules
______ try to figure out what is responsible for the differences among people: genes, environment, or a combination of these
Behavior Geneticists
According to Baumrind, which type of parents place firm limits and controls on their child, allows little verbal exchange, and might show rage toward their child?
authoritarian
Ethological theory stresses ______ factors, and ecological theory emphasizes ______ factors.
biological; environmental
From ___________ to _________ months is the sensorimotor stage (Piaget)
birth - 24 months reflexes --> internalizing schemas
Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment? Multiple select question. Kagan Piaget Freud Bowlby Erikson
Freud- infants become attatched to person/object that provides oral satisfaction Bowlby- attachment is important in 1st year of life and says infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments Erikson- Trust vs mistrust stage- physical comfort and sensitive care are important
The theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and information processing are major theories of ______ development in early childhood.
cognitive
What must infants have in order to make generalizations about objects?
concepts
Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize
continuity in development
Caregivers of ______ babies tend to be inconsistent when responding to their babies.
resistant
behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas
sensorimotor play
Austin lines up all his toy trucks around the rug on the floor, from largest to smallest. This indicates that Austin is capable of
seriation
What are self-conscious emotions?
shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy, pride
In middle and late childhood, the development of which of the following provides children with information about their peers and peer relationships?
social cognition
Morphology
study of form (prefix/suffix etc.)
Sex
the biological distinction between females and males
intermodal perception
the combining of information from two or more sensory systems
According to the dynamic systems view, which of the following would be the first step in learning how to self-feed?
the motivation to self feed
Proximodistal pattern
the sequence in which the earliest growth occurs in the middle trunk and progresses outward to the head and feet
With the rate of employment for mothers on the rise in the United States, statistics show that one of every ______ mothers with children under the age of 5 is in the labor force.
two
Trimesters of pregnancy
- 1st trimester: week 1-13 - 2nd trimester: week 14-26 - 3rd trimester: week 27-40
Dynamic systems theory
A view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the physical and emotional being and between the person and every aspect of his or her environment, including the family and society.
erry's mother is playing ball with him. She takes the ball and hides it behind the chair. Terry crawls over to the chair and gets the ball. Terry's mother then hides the ball behind the door. Terry crawls back to the chair and looks there for the ball. What concept describes Terry's actions?
A-not-B error
Avoidant vs resistant child care
Avoidant: unavailable, rejecting, irritable Resistant: inconsistent, unaffectionate
A research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages is known as the ______ approach
Cross sectional
Andrew is an 18-month-old boy. His mother has been cleaning the house. Andrew watches her vacuum, wash the windows, and sweep the kitchen floor. The next day his mother watches as Andrew takes his toy vacuum and pretends to vacuum the floor. What cognitive technique is Andrew demonstrating?
Deferred imitation
When can sound first be perceived?
During the last two months of pregnancy 36-38 weeks
According to ______, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods.
Ethologists
Which of the following statements best describe the key elements of Piaget's second stage of cognitive development? Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs. Children are able to understand the concept of reversibility. Children are able to use words to describe their world. Children form stable concepts and begin to reason.
Preoperational stage: Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs. Children are able to use words to describe their world. Children form stable concepts and begin to reason.
The father of psychoanalytic theory is
Psychoanalytic theory
In Piaget's theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge are called
Schemes
In general, prenatal care involves which of the following? Multiple select question. one appointment a week before birth a defined schedule of visits for medial care services for expectant fathers screening for manageable conditions testing for treatable diseases
a defined schedule of visits for medial care screening for manageable conditions testing for treatable diseases
Which of the following are examples of biological processes that affect development? a) cardiovascular decline b)changes in personality c) genes inherited from parents d) weight gain e) language development f) hormonal changes of puberty g) brain development h) acts of aggression against a peer
a) cardiovascular decline c) genes inherited from parents d) weight gain f) hormonal changes of puberty g) brain development
Perception and ______ are coupled with each other. This is demonstrated through the movement of one's head, hands, arms, and eyes.
action
What cognitive ability is especially important for good writing?
organization
Environmental influences include which of the following? Multiple select question. parenting behavioral adaptation viruses birth complications neighborhood schooling
parenting viruses birth complications neighborhood schooling
What are the 5 peer statuses?
popular, average, neglected, rejected, controversial
The highest level of the brain is the
prefrontal cortex
The periods of development in the human life span are
produced by an interplay of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes
