Development Gap
What does HDI measure?
Health (Life expectancy), Wealth (income adjusted for purchasing power) and Education (time spent in school and literacy)
What is quality of life?
How happy someone is with their daily life.
What does HDI stand for?
Human Development Index
What other frequent natural disasters does Haiti get?
Hurricanes
What are the benefits of using the five fold division?
It allows for oil based and former communist economies, also poorer countries can be recognised as newly industrialising (getting richer) or heavily indebted (very poor).
Why is birth rate a good indicator for development?
It tells us about role of women, whether the country is agricultural, and what the infant mortality is like.
Give an example of a Fairtrade project.
Kuapa Kokoo Cocoa co-operative, Ghana - 83000 members in 1100 villages, providing 10% of all Ghana's export cocoa beans.
What are the problems of using MEDC/LEDC?
LEDC growth means that many areas of LEDC cities are like MEDCs therefore getting harder to distinguish clearly.
Give an example of social factors that can affect development.
Lack of clean water, poor levels of education and healthcare
What are the problems with the CAP?
Only 5% of EU citizens work in agriculture and it costs $34 billion (over half the total EU budget). 12 new countries added to EU since 2004 - EU can't afford to maintain CAP.
Give one of the problems of using 1st-4th world as a way of classifying development.
Out of date, based on hierarchical colonial ideas, not accurate e.g. USA is 2nd world, Communist countries don't fit.
What is PQLI?
Physical Quality of Life Index
What 4 types of factors can affect development levels?
Physical, Economic, Social, Political and Environmental.
Give an example of debt relief.
After the Haiti Earthquake in 2010, the IMF (International Monetary Fund) cancelled all of the debt Haiti owed it ($268 million). The World Bank cancelled $36 million.
What is tied aid?
Aid given by one country to another but with conditions attached such as building contracts or resource access rights.
What is bilateral aid?
Aid given by one government to another. It may include trade and business agreements tied to the aid.
What is long term aid?
Aid given over a significant period of time, which aims to promote economic development.
What is short term aid?
Aid given to relieve a disaster situation, eg people who have been made homeless and are starving after a serious flood
What is top down aid?
Aid used so that governments can run more efficiently or to build infrastructure such as roads and bridges.
What is bottom up aid?
Aid used to provide basic health care for communities, clean drinking water and money for education.
Name an example of a country in the economic periphery of the EU.
Any of the 2004 or 2007 accession countries - Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Malta, Cyprus, Romania and Bulgaria
Name an example of a country in the economic core of the EU.
Any of the Inner 6 - Germany, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Italy plus UK
Give an example of political factors that can affect development.
Corruption, civil war.
Give an example of environmental factors that can affect development.
Desertification and deforestation which reduce ability to feed the popualtion.
What is the name given to data that tells us about development?
Development Indicator
What physical factors have prevented Bulgaria from developing rapidly?
Drought in summer and snow in winter = hard to farm, Rhodope Mountains make farming hard due to steep slopes and poor soil.
Why is reliance on primary industry (farming/mining etc) not good for development?
Price for goods controlled elsewhere in richer countries, reliant on climate which can vary, raw materials are low cost.
Give an example of economic factors that can affect development.
Reliance on primary industry (farming), lack of investment, lack of manufacturing, unfair trade patterns and protectionism from richer countries.
Number of homeless created in Haiti quake?
over 1 million
Why does selling low cost raw materials result in a trade deficit?
The country has to buy in more expensive manufatured materials and so imports cost more than is made from exports.
What is standard of living?
The economic level of a person's daily life - are they well off or not.
What was the aim of the CAP?
To guarantee enough food productions for European population, ensure a fair standard of living for farmers and reasonable prices to consumers. It helps maintain rural communities and the appearance of the countryside.
What is Bulgaria's HDI?
0.824
What is Germany's HDI?
0.935
Jobs lost after Haiti quake?
1 in 5
How big is Bulgaria's trade deficit?
$11 billion
What is Haiti's GNP per capita?
$1110 in 2010
How big is Germany'e trade surplus?
$300 billion
What is Haiti's HDI?
0.404 in 2010
Name the 4 ways of classifying development.
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th World, North/South Divide, MEDC/LEDC, or Five fold division
Give an example of a conservation swap.
2009 USA/Indonesia swap reducing Indonesia's debt by $30 million over 8 years in return for protecting Tropical rainforest areas.
Total number of people affected in Haiti quake?
3 million
Deaths caused by the Haiti earthquake?
316,000
Scale of Haiti quake?
7.0 on the Richter scale.
Give one of the problems of using North/Southas a way of classifying development.
Based on GNP only so simplistic, North/South (Brandt) line isn't very useful as NZ and Australia skew it, It is out of date
What is the name of the line on the North/South divide map
Brandt line
What policies have the EU used to try to reduce development inequality?
CAP (Common Agricultural Policy), Urban II Fund, European Investment Bank, and structural funds
What solutions are there to reduce inequality?
Loans, Aid, Debt Relief, Conservation Swaps, and Fairtrade
What does high infant mortality tell us about a countries level of development?
Low levels of investment in healthcare, sanitation and education therefore less developed
How did Cholera affect Haiti?
Many in refugee camps were affected meaning they could not work and had to be cared for by family members reducing workforce further.
What political factors have allowed Germany to develop?
Marshall plan investment by US after WWII allowed capitalism to develop, member of EU since the beginning - has had longer to benefit from favourable trade conditions.
What are Structural Funds?
Money given to regions where GDP per capita is less than 75% of EU average - aims to improve infrastructure, especially transport to accelerate economic growth.
How do natural disasters slow development?
Money that could be used for development projects and investing in healthcare and education is pent on trying to repair damage and recover from the disasters.
Give an example of physical factors that can affect development.
Natural disasters, being landlocked, poor climate affecting diseases and farming, steep relief, lack of natural resources.
What does PQLI measure?
Social wellbeing using life expectancy, literacy rate and infant mortality.
What physical factors have allowed Germany to develop?
Temperate climate for successful agriculture in the past, availability of natural resources e.g. Rhine/Ruhr coalfields allowing manufacturing e.g. BMW, VW, Mercedes and Chemicals, good trade links - coastline and River Rhine, central location in Europe.
What political factors have prevented Bulgaria from developing rapidly?
Was a Communist country between 1944 and 1990 - lack of investment in industry and the economy as no need to be competitive. Also most corrupt EU government in 2010 survey by Transparency International.
What is protectionism?
When richer countries put quotas and tariffs on products from other countries to protect their own producers.
What is a conservation swap?
Where a richer country or conservation group writes off debt in return for the receiving country promising to undertake conservation projects.
What is Fairtrade?
Where producers are guaranteed a fair and stable price for their crops. They also receive a premium to spend on community projects like schools or wells.
Why is lack of clean water an obstacle to development?
Women and children waste time collecting it instead of contributing to the economy, dirty water makes people sick so they can't work, and it raises the infant mortality rate.