Developmental Psych. Chapter 1

what theories fall under the learning perspective

1. behaviorism 2. social cognitive theory

what theories fall under the cognitive perspective

1. cognitive developmental theory 2. information processing theory

What are the 5 stages of Freuds Theory of Psychosexual Development

1. oral 2. anal 3. phallic 4. latency 5. genital

What are piagets stage

1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational

what theories fall under the sociological perspective

1. sociocultural theory 2. sociocultural perspective and human diversity

what theories fall under the psychoanalytic perspective

1. theory of psychosexual development 2. theory of psychosocial development

Who developed the first standardized intelligence test

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

T/F? Nail biting and smoking cigarettes are signs of conflict experienced during early childhood.

False no evidence that nail biting and smoking are signs of conflict experienced during early childhood

who is the founder of american behaviorism

John Watson

___________ believed that a child came into the world as a tabula rusa

Locke

The ____ Studies of Genuis followed children with high IQ scores for more than 50 years

Terman

negative reinforcers differ from punishments in that a. negative reinforcers increase the frequency of behavior when they are removed b. punishments increase the frequency of behavior when they are removed c. negative reinforcers decrease the frequency of behavior when they are removed d. punishments decrease the frequency of behavior when they are removed

a. a. negative reinforcers increase the frequency of behavior when they are removed

In a ___________ sample, each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate a. random b. selection c. stratified d. free

a. random

Which of the following is an example of development occurring discontinuously a. the adolescent growth spurt b. scaffolding c. acquiring social skills d. learning new vocabulary words

a. the adolescent growth spurt

Which of the following changes in childrens status took place during the 20th century? a. they received better legal protections b. they became subject to shorter period of mandatory education c. they become more vulnerable to physical and sexual abuse d. they were now considered property of their parents

a. they received better legal protections

the modification of existing schemes to permit the incorporation of new events or knowledge

accommodation

the interaction between the organism and the environment, consisting of assimilation and accommodation

adaption

According to piaget, __________ is the process by which a person responds to new objects or events with existing schemes

assimilation

the incorporation of new events or knowledge into existing schemes

assimilation

Which of the following kinds of theorists is likely to view development as continous? a. a psychoanalystic theorist b. a behaviorist c. a cognitive devlopmental theorist d. a psychosocial theorist

b. a behaviorist

Which of the following is the correct order for the stages of psychosexual development a. anal, oral, genital, phallic, latency b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital c. genital, phallic, anal, oral, latency d. phallic, latency, oral, genital, anal

b. b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

In sociocultural perspective, children's aggressive and sexual impulses are the focus a. true b. false

b. false

Which of the following researchers was an ethologist a. freud b. lorenz c. piaget d. bandura

b. lorenz

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner, an ecological theorist a. who you are at birth is who you are through life b. there are reciprocal interactions that influence child development c. unconscious conflicts and urges primarily influence child development d. interactions with parents determine what kind of adult a child becomes

b. there are reciprocal interactions that influence child development

Watson's view that science must study observable behavior only and investigate relationships between stimuli and responses

behaviorism

In the bell and pad method for treating bed wetting in children, psychologists repeatedly pair tension in the ____________ with a stimulus that awakens them

bladder

More aggressive people are more likely to watch violent tv shows. Which of the following is true about this statement? a. it shoes that violent tv shows cause aggressive behavior b. it shows that aggressive behavior leads to a preference for violent crime shows c. it shows a relationship between aggressive behavior and violent TV shows d. it shows cause and effect involving several unknown factors

c. it shows a relationship between aggressive behavior and violent TV shows

Compared to today. in the middle ages, ___________ was expected of children and they were given _____________ privileges a. less; fewer b. less; more c. more; fewer d. more; more

c. more; fewer

according to Freud, it is not uncommon for boys to develop strong relationships with their moms during which stage of development a. oral b. anal c. phallic d. genital

c. phallic

The nature/nuture debate is concerned with the a. question of why genes are more influential in development than evolution b. question of why the environment is more important in development than evolution c. relationship(s) between genetics, environments, and human development d. claim that females are more intelligent for genetic reasons

c. relationship(s) between genetics, environments, and human development

Dr. Liu was interested in testing the effects of violent television on six year old children. She showed a particularly violent episode of Power Rangers to one group and a short nonviolent episode of an old Bill Crosby show to another group. She then observed the groups in the playground and measured their behaviors. What is the dependent variable in this study? a. Bill Cosby and his family b. violent or nonviolent behavior c. the behavior on the playground d. the amount of time watching tv

c. the behavior on the playground

a carefully drawn biography of the life of an individual

case study

the environmental changes that occur over time and have an effect on the child

chronosystem

a simple form of learning in which one stimulus comes to bring forth the response usually brought forth by a second stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the second stimulus

classical conditioning

the stage theory that holds that the childs abilities to mentally represent the world and solve problems unfold as a result of the interaction of experience and the maturation of neurological structures

cognitive-developmental theory

similarities in behavior among a group of peers that stem from the fact that group members were born at the same time in history

cohort effect

a group made up of subjects in an experiment who do not receive the treatment but for whom all other conditions are comparable to those of subjects in the experimental group

control group

a number ranging from +1.00 to -1.00 that expresses the direction (positive or negative) and strength of the relationship between two variables

correlation coefficient

the study of developmental processes by taking measures of participants of different age groups at the same time

cross sectional research

an approach that combines the longitudinal and cross sectional methods by following individuals of different ages for abbreviated periods of time.

cross sequential research

Croos-cultural studies examine the effects of a. mesosystems b. exosystems c. microsystems d. macrosystems

d. macrosystems

according to bronfenbrenner, the _____________ involves the interactions of the child and other people in the immediate setting, such as the home, school, or peer group a. mesosystem b. macrosystem c. exosystem d. microsystem

d. microsystem

in operant conditioning, extinction results from repeated performance of operant behavior in the absence of a. the conditioned stimulus b. punishment c. time out d. reinforcement

d. reinforcement

Which of the following is true of all experiments? a. participants are blind as to the treatment they have received b. experiments deceive the participants c. equal numbers of participants are assigned to the experimental and control groups d. there are independent and dependent variables

d. there are independent and dependent variables

a measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable

dependent variable

the discipline that studies the physical, cognitive, social and emotional development of humans

developmental psychology

the view that explains child development in terms of the reciprocal influences between children and environmental settings

ecological systems theory

what theory falls under the ecological perspective

ecological systems theory

the branch of biology that deals with the relationships between living organisms and their enviornment

ecology

based on observation and experimentation

empirical

the creation of an equilibrium, or balance, between assimilation and accommodation

equilibration

the study of behaviors that are specific to a species

ethology

what theory falls under the biological perspective

ethology and evolution

the branch of psychology that deals with the ways in which humans historical adaptations to the environment influence behavior and mental processes, with special focus on aggressive behavior and mating strategies

evolutionary psychology

According to the ecological psychologists, the __________ involves the institutions in which the person does not directly participate but which exert an indirect influence on the person

exosystem

community institutions and settings that indirectly influence the child, such as the school board and the parent's workplaces

exosystem

a group made up of subjects who receive a treatment in experiment

experimental group

a method of scientific investigation that seeks to discover cause and effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables

experiments

the cessation of a response that is performed in the absence of reinforcement

extinction

a sterotyped pattern of behavior that is evoked by a "releasing stimulus"; an instinct

fixed action pattern (FAP)

a proposition to be tested

hypothesis

according to Erickon, a period of inner conflict during which one examines one's values and makes decisions about ones life roles

identity crisis

a condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects can be observed

independent variable

an internal conflict that attends each stage of psychosocial development

life crisis

perspective in which psychologists view human development as occurring throughout the individuals lifetime

lifespan perspective

the study of developmental processes by taking repeated measures of the same group of participants at various stages of development

longitudinal research

the basic institutions and ideologies that influence the child

macrosystem

the unfolding of genetically determined traits, structures, and functions

maturation

the interlocking settings that influence the child, such as the interaction of the school and the larger community

mesosystem

the immediate settings with which the child interacts, such as the home, the school, and peers

microsystem

a scientific method in which organisms are observed in their natural enviornments

naturalistic observation

the processes within an organism that guide it to develop according to its genetic code

nature

a relationship between 2 variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases

negative correlation

a reinforcer that, when removed, increases the frequency of a response

negative reinforcer

Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now his mommy says "gotcha" before touching his neck. Eventually, as soon as mommy says "gotcha", Kareem starts to laugh. What is the unconditioned simulus a. laughing when his neck is touched b. saying "gotcha" c. laughing when he hears "gotcha" d/ touching his neck

not A or C

environmental factors that influence development

nurture

a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior that is reinforced

operant conditioning

There is usually a(n) ___________ correlation between time spent studying and grades in school

positive

a relationship between 2 variables in which one variable increases as the other increases

positive correlation

a reinforcer that, when applied, increases the frequency of a response

positive reinforcer

the process by which libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones during different stages of development

psycho-sexual development

Erikson emphasized ____________ rather than psychosexual development

psychosocial

Erickson's theory, which emphasizes the importance of social relationships and conscious choice throughout eight stages of development

psychosocial development

the process of providing stimuli following responses that increase the frequency of the responses

reinforcement

Vygotsky's term for temperoary cognitive structures or methods of solving problems that help the child as he or she learns to function independently

scaffolding

an action pattern or mental structure that is involved in the acquisition and organization of knowledge

scheme

Cross- _______ research combines cross sectional research, longitudinal research and time lag research

sequential

a cognitively oriented learning theory that emphasizes observational learning

social cognitive theory

According to evolutionary psychologists, organisms can inherit _______________-specific behaviors

species

a theory of development characterized by distinct periods of life

staging theory

a test in which an individuals score is compared to the scores of a group of similar individuals

standardized test

Freud theorized that the personality has 3 parts: the id, the ego and the ______________

super ego

the study of developmental processes by taking measures of participants of the same age group at different times

time lag

Ethical guidelines dictate that research participants identities remain confidential a. true b. false

true

Random assignments in an experiment is imporatnt to reduce the liklihood that a selection factor is determining the outcome a. true b. false

true

T/F: Research with monkeys has helped psychologists understand the formation of attachment with humans

true

T/F: To learn how a person develops over a lifetime, researchers have tracked some individuals for more than 50 years

true

T/F: During the middle ages, children were often treated as miniature adults

true but they were not given more privileges and more was expected of them

Vygotsky's term for the situation in which a child carries out tasks with the help of someone who is most skilled

zone of proximal development (ZPD)