developmental psych final, death and dying exam, middle adulthood exam, Early Adulthood Flashcards, Study Plan: Middle Childhood, Study Plan: Early Chilhood, Exam 2: Theories in Lifespan Development

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According to Census data from 2017, which of the following racial groups had the highest rate of college attendance? Hispanics Asian Caucasian Blacks

Asian

What stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory do children in middle childhood usually occupy? Preconventional Post-conventional Universal human ethics Conventional

Conventional

What is the most common male factor in infertility cases? Low sperm production Gonorrhea Endometriosis Pelvic inflammatory disease

Low sperm production

This portion of the brain, responsible for planned decision-making and emotional regulation, is the last to develop in an infant's brain. Prefrontal cortex Myelin Hypothalamus Neurons

prefrontal cortex

Saaeda notices that her eyesight is not quite as sharp as it used to be. This is caused by a slight weakening of the muscle around her eyes as she is gets into her fifties. This is known as gout gingivitis presbyopia sarcopenia

presbyopia

The term senescence is another name for ________. hormonal aging primary aging secondary aging environmental aging

primary aging

Which of the following risky behaviors has been identified as a key influence on the occurrence of violent deaths in early adulthood? Domestic violence Poor diet Sexual assaults Substance abuse

substance abuse

A teacher uses a kind of guided assistance to model problem-solving and provide levels of support as needed, which enables children to understand concepts and gain more language skills. What term would Vygotsky use to describe this? a) sacffolding b) zone of proximal development c) formal operations d) information processing

scaffolding

A person who says, "I want to become all I ever dreamed of being and use all my talents and skills to achieve my goals!" is expressing a desire to achieve which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? a) esteem b) love and belonging c) economic safety d) self actualization

self actualization

Which of the following describes the way in which hospice service use is distributed between races? Hospice service use is determined by socioeconomic status, not race. Hospice use is distributed unevenly between races. Hospice use is distributed evenly between races. Hospice service use is determined by religious affiliation, not race.

Hospice use is distributed unevenly between races.

How does the dialectical thought of adulthood differ from the dichotomous thought of adolescence? It is less complex. It is more complex. It is more negative. It is more positive.

It is more complex.

What is one way that postformal thought differs from formal thought? It is more individualistic It is more positive It is less individualistic It is more negative

It is more individualistic

How is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) typically treated? It is treated with antidepressants It is treated with behavior modification therapy It is treated with stimulants. It is treated with anti-convulsive medication

It is treated with stimulants.

How is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) typically treated? It is treated with behavior modification therapy It is treated with antidepressants It is treated with anti-convulsive medication It is treated with stimulants.

It is treated with stimulants.

According to Carol Gilligan, Kohlberg's theories were biased against women, based on all of the following observations, EXCEPT? Kohlberg explicitly stated women's moral development was inferior to that of men. Men focus on logic, while women focus on caring for others and relationships Gilligan specified the need to design separate measures to test women and men. Kohlberg performed the majority of his research only on men, leaving women out of the sample.

Men focus on logic, while women focus on caring for others and relationships

Cultural influences on students informally teach all of the following messages, EXCEPT: Rankings of job and career prestige Homework does not build greater responsibility Gender roles and gender-appropriate behaviors How to live in a bureaucratic society

Homework does not build greater responsibility

What is usually not included in hospice care? A supportive environment for patients Social support for the families Emotional support for families Medical treatment of disease

Medical treatment of disease

Which of the following risky behaviors has been identified as a key influence on the occurrence of violent deaths in early adulthood? Poor diet Domestic violence Sexual assaults Substance abuse

Substance abuse

Critics of the "participation trophy" effect in children's activities that praise all children's efforts oppose which parenting style posed by Lemasters and Defrain? The martyr Police officer/drill sergeant Teacher-counselor. Athletic coach style

Teacher-counselor.

According to Mead's "I and me" theory, how does the "I" differ from the "me?" The "I" is the social definition of the individual, while the "me" is spontaneous, creative, and innate. The "I" is how a single important person view an individual, while the "me" is how the individual views him or herself. The "I" is spontaneous, creative, and innate, while the "me" is the social definition of the individual. The "I" is how an individual views him or herself, while the "me" is how a single important person views him or her.

The "I" is spontaneous, creative, and innate, while the "me" is the social definition of the individual.

Harvey, who is suffering from poor health in a nursing home, is told by the doctor that he will probably not live another six months. Harvey tries to remain positive, but visits from his family and friends become more infrequent and the doctors and nurses seem to avoid him. Which aspect of death is characterized by this behavior? Psychological Behavioral Physiological Social

social

"If parents use an authoritative parenting style, then their children will be more well-adjusted psychologically than children of parents who use permissive or authoritarian parenting styles." This statement is an example of a ________. a) theory b) hypothesis c) observation d) research study

hypothesis

A client laments to his therapist, "Who I am and who I want to be don't match up." The therapist, whose approach to psychotherapy is influenced by Carl Rogers, describes this as a state of ________. a) conditional positive regard b) congruence c) unconditional positive regard d) incongruence

incongruence

What physical change allows children in middle childhood to engage in longer, sustained periods of strenuous play? increased myelination losing one's primary teeth rapidly growing limbs increased lung capacity

increased lung capacity

McKinley does not like Parker, but McKinley treats Parker in an excessively friendly manner. Freud would say that McKinley is using the defense mechanism, ________. a) projection b) rationalization c) repression d) reaction formation

reaction formation

McKinley does not like Parker, but McKinley treats Parker in an excessively friendly manner. Freud would say that McKinley is using the defense mechanism, ________. a) rationalization b) projection c) repression d) reaction formation

reaction formation

McKinley does not like Parker, but McKinley treats Parker in an excessively friendly manner. Freud would say that McKinley is using the defense mechanism, ________. rationalization reaction formation projection repression

reaction formation

Dyslexia involves difficulty in which learning area? Social situations Mathematics Reading Sustained attention

reading

A shy student, Lila, shows up for her first day at a new school. She would prefer to slip to the back of the class unnoticed. Instead, a friendly, outgoing student, Alex, approaches Lila and invites her to sit at the same table together. Throughout that day, Lila was much more engaged with other students than she would normally have been. Which aspect of Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory does this demonstrate? a) attention b) initiation c) reciprocal determinism d) motivation

reciprocal determinism

A person who says, "I want to become all I ever dreamed of being and use all my talents and skills to achieve my goals!" is expressing a desire to achieve which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? love and belonging self actualization esteem economic safety

self actualization

Which of the following describes a common theme in effective interventions for dying individuals? self-empowerment and autonomy medication and physical therapy self-empowerment and cognitive therapy pain management and behavioral therapy

self-empowerment and autonomy

Carol and Greg both retired at 65 by choice. They remain productive in many ways. Which of the following has not been reported to be one of the ways people in late adulthood continue to be productive? working part-time letter writing to congress on issues that affect them doing structured, face-to-face, volunteer work. sleeping until midday every day and then watching television.

sleeping until midday every day and then watching television

Levinson developed the "stage crisis view", similar to Erikson's concept of crisis in many ways. What is the key difference with regard to midlife ? Levinson placed a much greater emphasis on physiological changes which accompany aging from 30 onwards. Levinson proposed a wider set of influential factors, work, family, but also religion, ethnicity, socio-economic status, which may induce a "crisis" at this time of life. Levinson believed that the majority of individuals become obsessed with an individual aspect of life to the detriment of others Levinson adopted a strict version of Freudianism which argued that a midlife crisis was solely the result of unresolved issues from childhood.

Levinson proposed a wider set of influential factors, work, family, but also religion, ethnicity, socio-economic status, which may induce a "crisis" at this time of life

Which of the following describes the emphasis of most postformal thought theories? Adults' inability to tolerate ambiguity, accept contradictions, and find new problems. Adults' ability to tolerate ambiguity and find the positive elements of any situation. Adults' inability to tolerate ambiguity and find the positive elements of any situation. Adults' ability to tolerate ambiguity, accept contradictions, and find new problems.

Adults' ability to tolerate ambiguity, accept contradictions, and find new problems.

Which of the following phrases is most likely to come from an 18-month old, and mean, "Mother, I would like to take the dog to the park."? Me take dog to the park, please! Doggie, go park Let's go to the park with dog! I want to go park with dog

Doggie, go park

School-aged children are able to tell and appreciate jokes like "knock-knock" jokes and puns, thanks to what advancement in language? A shift away from figurative thinking Greater sophistication in vocabulary Improved understanding of grammatical rules Heightened ability to associate similar words

Greater sophistication in vocabulary

Which of the following is not a long-term consequence of divorce on children? Adjustment of the custodial parent Mental health issues Improved relationship with custodial parent Grief over losses suffered

Grief over losses suffered

According to Sternberg's theory of love, a relationship that includes strong displays of caring, closeness, and emotional support would be said to have a high level of which component of love? Stability Commitment Passion Intimacy

Intimacy

Janae and Elliot have a relationship in which physical attraction and sexual arousal are prevalent. According to Sternberg's theory of love, their relationship would be said to have a high level of which component of love? Passion Intimacy Stability Commitment

Passion

Dyslexia involves difficulty in which learning area? Social situations Mathematics Sustained attention Reading

Reading

Risky sexual behavior tends to be prevalent during early adulthood. This puts individuals at increased risk of ________ alcohol poisoning depression STDs homicide

STDs

________ is a form of diabetes characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Osteoporosis Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Insulin-resistant

Type 2 diabetes

Which of the following is the leading cause of death for individuals during early adulthood? Unintentional injury Stroke Heart disease Cancer

Unintentional injury

Which race is currently the most prevalent among the individuals using hospice care services? African American White Pacific Islander Multiracial

White

According to Census data from 2017, which of the following racial groups had the highest rate of college attendance? Caucasian Hispanics Blacks Asian

asian

Which two approaches to lifespan development have the following in common: development is continuous, there are many courses of development, and development is more influenced by nurture than nature? a) social cognitive theory and piaget's theory of cognitive development b) classical conditioning and operant conditioning c) physocosexual theory and psychosocial theory d) humanistic theory and sociocultural theory

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

A person's subjective age can change on a yearly basis weekly basis monthly basis daily basis

daily basis

Arnett proposed the following concept/stage to describe recent increases in ages when some individuals in our society take on adult roles such as establishing their own households, finishing their education, and having children: emerging adulthood middle adolescence young-old Peter Pan syndrome

emerging adulthood

Arnett proposed the following concept/stage to describe recent increases in ages when some individuals in our society take on adult roles such as establishing their own households, finishing their education, and having children: young-old Peter Pan syndrome emerging adulthood middle adolescence

emerging adulthood

Menopause in women is a natural part of aging. During this transition the body's production of two hormones fluctuate and decrease. One is progesterone, the other is ________ estrogen serotonin cortisol adrenaline

estrogen

Daisy wants to live much longer than her parents and grandparents, who died of health related issues in their late 60s. What is good advice for Daisy? get vaccinated, increase caloric intake, drink more alcohol. exercise, sleep in longer time intervals, and be married. take vitamins, have yearly check-ups, and increase caloric consumption. exercise, eat more vegetables, and have good friends

exercise, eat more vegetables, and have good friends

The ancient Greek city state of Sparta was ruled by a Gerousia. A Gerousia was a council made up of members who were at least 60 years old and served for life. The political power within the ruling class accumulates with age, making the oldest the holders of the most power. In many preindustrial societies, the elderly still have influence and power and their vast knowledge is respected. This type of political and social structure is known as a ________. theocracy republic stateless society gerontocracy

gerontocracy

As adolescents mature, their choices in friends shift from primarily those with shared interests to more relational-based friendships. What is the term for this adolescent preference for those who share similar behaviors and attitudes? Homogeneity Peer pressure Homophily Homosexuality

homophily

Students in an acting class watch instructors demonstrate stage combat techniques. These students must be able to execute the behavior (i.e., the stage combat techniques) they are trying to learn. Which part of Bandura's observational learning process does this represent? a) initiation b) motivation c) retention d) attention

initiation

Many popular quotes by famous people reference a "blank slate" as a platform and springboard for creativity. We may credit the popularity of this phrase to ________, an early scholar of human development. a) john b. watson b) jean jacque rousseau c) jean piaget d) john locke

john locke

________ involves the storage of information for long periods of time, whereas ________ is a cognitive system with a limited capacity that is responsible for temporarily holding information available for processing and most sensitive to decline in old age. Long-term memory; Working memory Semantic; episodic Short-term; long-term Factual; autobiographical

long term memory; working memoery

Infants younger than 5 months old do not search for objects once they have been removed from their sight. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, these infants have not yet developed ________. a) reversibility b) egocentrism c) conservation d) object permanence

object permanence

A store clerk witnesses the following exchange that she has seen numerous times between a parent and child who are regular customers: The child asks for a toy. The parent refuses to get it. The child throws a temper tantrum. The parent puts the toy in the shopping basket. The child stops crying. The store clerk thinks, "Behavior is controlled by its consequences." The clerk's reasoning coincides with the concept of: a) operant conditioning b) a skinner box c) observational learning d) classical conditioning

operant conditioning

Infants lack the verbal capacity to give us feedback on their sensations and perceptions, but we can measure their abilities by monitoring bodily functions. If doctors monitor a newborn and find increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased stress hormones, and decreased oxygen in the blood, which sensation can they surmise the infant is experiencing? pain recognition sight hearing

pain

passion

Ruben is a middle school teacher. He spend a great deal of energy thinking about how to get his budding scientists to work on challenging tasks that they can't easily do on their own, but they can do with the help of their peers. Ruben is relying on which psychological concept? fast-mapping the zone of proximal development egocentric speech overregularization

the zone of proximal development

A student is close to mastering a new language skill, but the student needs more practice and assistance before performing the skill independently. According to Vygotsky, this gap between what a student can and cannot do without help is referred to as ________. a) scaffolding b) formal operations c) the zone of proximal development d) information processing

the zone of proximal development

During a test of cognitive ability, a student is asked to repeat a series of digits backwards. According to an information processing approach to cognitive development, this ability to retain information while actively manipulating it is an example of ________. a) working memory b) cognitive neuroscience c) reversibility d) theory of mind

working memory

Lorena is 6 months old, and often wakes during the night. Her parents wish she would wake less frequently during the night, but as long as Lorena gets about how many hours of sleep per day, is her sleep considered normal for a child her age? 8-10 hours 14-15 hours 6-8 hours 17-20 hours

14-15 hours

About what percentage of children are obese in middle childhood? 50% 5% 30% 20%

20%

Larry is born at 8 pounds. By the time he is two years old, he should weigh approximately how much? 48 pounds 32 pounds 16 pounds 20 pound

32 pounds

Of the following individuals, which one would be likely to have the highest earning potential? A high school graduate who obtained an advanced regents diploma. A college graduate who obtained an associate degree. A high school graduate who obtained a local diploma. A college graduate who obtained a master's and a doctoral degree.

A college graduate who obtained a master's and a doctoral degree.

Which of the following best describes Kubler-Ross' five stages of loss? A definite set of stages that are the same for every individual facing death A sequence of experiences that occur in a set order based on gender. A sequence of experiences that occur separately and in the same order for everyone. A framework for understanding the experiences of an individual who is dying

A framework for understanding the experiences of an individual who is dying

What is the main idea of Arnett's theory of emerging adulthood? The transition from adolescence to adulthood has become faster A new life stage has emerged between adolescence and adulthood Individuals fail to ever fully transition into adulthood Individuals return to adolescence after entering adulthood

A new life stage has emerged between adolescence and adulthood

What is the main idea of Arnett's theory of emerging adulthood? Individuals return to adolescence after entering adulthood The transition from adolescence to adulthood has become faster A new life stage has emerged between adolescence and adulthood Individuals fail to ever fully transition into adulthood

A new life stage has emerged between adolescence and adulthood

What does "emerging adulthood" describe? A prolonged transitional period into middle adulthood An expedited transitional period into early adulthood An expedited transitional period into middle adulthood A prolonged transitional period into early adulthood

A prolonged transitional period into early adulthood

Approximately how many girls have been sexually abused in their lifetime? About 1 in 10 About 1 in 20 About 1 in 4 About 1 in 50

About 1 in 4

Which developmental tasks involve establishing one's own life and setting one's own likes, dislikes, preferences, and beliefs? Finding intimacy and becoming part of a group or community. Achieving autonomy and establishing identity. Establishing a residence and managing a household. Developing emotional stability and establishing a career.

Achieving autonomy and establishing identity.

Which of the following describes Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self? After being told by her mother that she is outgoing, Jessica immediately sees herself the same way. After being told by her mother that she is outgoing, Jessica immediately sees herself the opposite way. After being told by many other individuals that she is an outgoing person, Jessica begins to see herself the same way. After being told by others that she is an outgoing person, Jessica begins to see herself the opposite way.

After being told by many other individuals that she is an outgoing person, Jessica begins to see herself the same way.

Sam is 3 years old, and his brother, Dan is 2 years old. What is Sam likely to have that Dan does not? The physical proportions of an adult. The physical proportions of a child. All of his primary teeth. Perfect 20/20 vision

All of his primary teeth.

A midlife adult who is struggling with generativity would be described as someone experiencing stagnation. How might this be described? A mild form of dissociative state that is temporary in nature and passes after a period of a few months. The display of symptoms resembling anxiety, denoting a withdrawal from the social world. A condition that is akin to major depressive disorder, constituting a withdrawal from all aspects of social interaction. An absence of involvement, inclusivity, and concern for others.

An absence of involvement, inclusivity, and concern for others.

A midlife adult who is struggling with generativity would be described as someone experiencing stagnation. How might this be described? The display of symptoms resembling anxiety, denoting a withdrawal from the social world. A condition that is akin to major depressive disorder, constituting a withdrawal from all aspects of social interaction. A mild form of dissociative state that is temporary in nature and passes after a period of a few months. An absence of involvement, inclusivity, and concern for others.

An absence of involvement, inclusivity, and concern for others.

Which of the following describes a key feature of Strobe and Shut's (1999) model of grief? The successful completion of five stages that include denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. An ongoing set of processes that relate to both loss and restoration. The successful completion of specific progressive stages that include shock, yearning, despair, and recovery. An ongoing set of processes that relate to loss, but not restoration.

An ongoing set of processes that relate to both loss and restoration.

Which of the following is not one of the multiple intelligences proposed in Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences? Logical-mathematical Analytical Spatial Linguistic

Analytical

________ describes the experience of men during the climacteric. Presbycusis Andropause Menopause Osteoporosis

Andropause

Angela is 7 years old, and her little sister, Maurya is 2 years old. How are Angela's visual pathways likely to differ from those of her sister? Angela's visual pathways are likely to be more mature, allowing her illustrations to more clearly reflect what she visualizes. Angela's visual pathways are not likely to be different from those of her sister. Angela's visual pathways are likely to be less mature, allowing her illustrations to more clearly reflect what she visualizes. There is no way to predict this, because visual pathway development depends on the individual child and his/her situation.

Angela's visual pathways are likely to be more mature, allowing her illustrations to more clearly reflect what she visualizes.

Angela is 7 years old, and her little sister, Maurya is 2 years old. How are Angela's visual pathways likely to differ from those of her sister? Angela's visual pathways are likely to be less mature, allowing her illustrations to more clearly reflect what she visualizes. Angela's visual pathways are not likely to be different from those of her sister. Angela's visual pathways are likely to be more mature, allowing her illustrations to more clearly reflect what she visualizes. There is no way to predict this, because visual pathway development depends on the individual child and his/her situation.

Angela's visual pathways are likely to be more mature, allowing her illustrations to more clearly reflect what she visualizes.

Michael is 3 years old, and while playing outside he falls and scrapes his knee. When his grandmother later asks him what happened, he tells her that the driveway was being mean and made him fall. Which limitation of childhood thinking does this belief reflect? Centration Animism Egocentrism Conservation

Animism

When Michaeala looks in the mirror, she sees nothing but flaws. She continuously works on her image, limiting her food intake to the extreme and running to exhaustion every day. What disorder does Michaeala most likely suffer from? Bulimia nervosa Muscle dysmorphia Anorexia nervosa Binge eating disorder

Anorexia nervosa

Which of the following correctly describes anticipatory grief? Anticipatory grief occurs when grief must be hidden Anticipatory grief occurs when the grief involves family Anticipatory grief occurs when the loss is expected. Anticipatory grief occurs when the loss is unexpected.

Anticipatory grief occurs when the loss is expected.

Xavier tends to be uncomfortable being close to others and finds it difficult to depend on anyone. When he feels like anyone is getting too close, he gets nervous, and his romantic partners often want him to be more intimate than he is comfortable with. What type of attachment style does this reflect? Incomplete Anxious-resistant Secure Anxious-avoidant

Anxious-avoidant

Jordan has always had issues sitting still in the classroom, because he has trouble filtering out all of the extra noises and sights and paying attention to the teacher above all the stimuli. What disorder does Jordan likely have? Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Dyslexia Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Which of the following disorders involves delayed or lacking development of theory of mind? Depression Bipolar disorder. Autism Schizophrenia

Autism.

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between race/ethnicity, and hospice care? Conceptualizations of hospice care have nothing to do with race/ethnicity Beliefs about hospice care and its practices do not vary between race and ethnicities Conceptualizations of hospice care are directly determined by race/ethnicity Beliefs about hospice care and its practices vary between races and ethnicities

Beliefs about hospice care and its practices vary between races and ethnicities

Which of the following describes a difference between bereavement and grief? Bereavement occurs once, while grief is ongoing. Bereavement is ongoing, while grief occurs once. Bereavement is internal, while grief is external. Bereavement is external, while grief is internal.

Bereavement is external, while grief is internal.

What types of issues does bureaucratic pain encompass? Physical pain associated with the dying process Depression and anger associated with the dying process Bills and legal matters associated with the dying process The loss of memory associated with the dying process

Bills and legal matters associated with the dying process

Which of the following is NOT a reason boys tend to report sexual abuse less often than girls? Boys are afraid of the stigma against homosexual acts Men are usually the perpetrators Boys are more likely to be abused by someone outside the family Boys feel a social obligation to protect themselves and feel ashamed that they have failed

Boys are more likely to be abused by someone outside the family

A child therapist believes that it is important to understand all the forces that shape and impact children's lives: individual, family, neighborhood, society, and culture. This therapist subscribes to which approach to development? a) Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model b) Maslow's hierarchy of needs c) rogers' humanistic theory d) Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model

According to Erikson's theory, what does intimacy involve? Valuing greater interdependence Deciding to move in together Losing one's own self-identity Caring for another and sharing one's self

Caring for another and sharing one's self

Which of the following describes an example of passive euthanasia? Having a doctor prescribe the individual with life-ending medication. Ceasing to provide the individual with food or other necessities to live. Giving the individual a lethal dose of life-ending medication. Having life-ending medication administered by a doctor in a hospital.

Ceasing to provide the individual with food or other necessities to live.

Melanie and Lucas are both 4 years old. Melanie comes from a family of high socioeconomic status (SES), while Lucas comes from a family of low SES. According to research by Hart and Risley, why is it likely that these two children will experience different academic outcomes in school? Children from high SES families are exposed to better use of linguistics than children from low SES families, which gives them an advantage when starting school. Children from high SES families are exposed to fewer words than children from low SES families, and therefore have an advantage when starting school. Children from high SES families are exposed to more words than children from low SES families, and therefore have an advantage when starting school. Children from high SES families are exposed to better nutrition than children from low SES families, which gives them an advantage when starting school.

Children from high SES families are exposed to more words than children from low SES families, and therefore have an advantage when starting school.

Devin is 4, and his little sister, Carmela, is 8 months. How will Devin's appetite likely differ from that of his infant sister? Children are all so different that it is impossible to compare appetites in children across infancy and early childhood. Appetite remains constant from infancy into early childhood. Children in early childhood have less of an appetite than infants. Children in early childhood have more of an appetite than infants.

Children in early childhood have less of an appetite than infants.

Devin is 4, and his little sister, Carmela, is 8 months. How will Devin's appetite likely differ from that of his infant sister? Children are all so different that it is impossible to compare appetites in children across infancy and early childhood. Children in early childhood have less of an appetite than infants. Appetite remains constant from infancy into early childhood. Children in early childhood have more of an appetite than infants.

Children in early childhood have less of an appetite than infants.

Which of the following is a major risk associated with weight gain during early to middle adulthood? Diabetes. Decreased lung capacity. Chronic disease. Lung cancer.

Chronic disease.

Which of the following describes a current trend in cohabitation and marriage? Cohabitation has been decreasing, while marriage has been increasing. Cohabitation has not changed, but marriage has increased. Cohabitation has increased, but marriage has not changed. Cohabitation has been increasing, while marriage has been decreasing.

Cohabitation has been increasing, while marriage has been decreasing.

Mark and Eric have a relationship in which the individuals have made a decision to stay together and work to keep their love going. According to Sternberg's theory of love, their relationship would be said to exhibit which component of love? Commitment Intimacy Stability Passion

Commitment

What is the difference between complicated grief and disenfranchised grief? Complicated grief involves a distinct set of maladaptive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, while disenfranchised grief refers to grief that must be hidden Complicated grief involves grief that must be hidden, while disenfranchised grief involves a set of maladaptive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors Complicated grief involves maladaptive behaviors, while disenfranchised grief involves maladaptive thoughts and emotions Complicated grief involves maladaptive thoughts and emotions, while disenfranchised grief involves maladaptive behaviors

Complicated grief involves a distinct set of maladaptive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, while disenfranchised grief refers to grief that must be hidden

What is the difference between complicated grief and disenfranchised grief? Complicated grief involves maladaptive behaviors, while disenfranchised grief involves maladaptive thoughts and emotions Complicated grief involves grief that must be hidden, while disenfranchised grief involves a set of maladaptive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors Complicated grief involves a distinct set of maladaptive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, while disenfranchised grief refers to grief that must be hidden Complicated grief involves maladaptive thoughts and emotions, while disenfranchised grief involves maladaptive behaviors

Complicated grief involves a distinct set of maladaptive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, while disenfranchised grief refers to grief that must be hidden

Ivan, an 8-year-old, no longer thinks a row of pennies in front of him contains more pennies than a row of the same number of pennies with less spacing between coins. What Piagetian concept does this demonstrate Ivan has mastered? Classification Conservation Reversibility Identity

Conservation

Young children tend to lack the awareness that altering a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties. What is this awareness called? Animism. Conservation Egocentrism Centration

Conservation

Which of the following describes a key finding in regards to relationship differences between couples that have children and couples that do not? Couples with children tend to report higher levels of marital quality. Couples with children tend to report a lesser sense of positivity. Couples with children tend to report lower levels of marital quality. Couples with children tend to report a lesser sense of well-being.

Couples with children tend to report lower levels of marital quality.

Which of the following describes a key theme in Levinson's theory? Creating and recreating plans. Investing in family commitments. Transitioning to middle adulthood. Completing the age 30 transition.

Creating and recreating plans.

What does dialectical thought involve? Creating new ideas from opposing viewpoints. Considering others in terms of strengths and weaknesses. Seeing issues in dichotomous categories. Evaluating reality based on education and experiences.

Creating new ideas from opposing viewpoints.

What does dialectical thought involve? Creating new ideas from opposing viewpoints. Seeing issues in dichotomous categories. Considering others in terms of strengths and weaknesses. Evaluating reality based on education and experiences.

Creating new ideas from opposing viewpoints.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the influence of culture on perceptions and attitudes toward death? Culture determines relevant ceremonial practices, but it does not how individuals conceptualize and feel about death. Culture provides a general framework and influence for the development of these perceptions and attitudes. Culture determines individual perceptions and attitudes toward death, but has no influence on ceremonial practices. Culture provides a strict set of guidelines for the development of these perceptions and attitudes that is the same for all individuals.

Culture provides a general framework and influence for the development of these perceptions and attitudes.

Which of the following describes a change that has occurred in recent times in regard to dating and going on dates? Dates have become less formal. Dates have become more formal. Dates generally only occur in the early teen years. Dates generally only occur in the young adult years.

Dates have become less formal.

Which of the following accurately describes intellectual pain? Declining memory and the loss of ability to recognize others The loss of ability to recognize others, but not declining memory Emotional pain and depression that cannot be treated with medication Physical pain that cannot be treated with medication

Declining memory and the loss of ability to recognize others

According to Perry's scheme, what is the order of the progressive types of cognition that are prevalent during early adulthood? Relativism, multiplicity, and dualism Dualism, multiplicity, and relativism Relativism, dualism, multiplicity Multiplicity, dualism and relativism

Dualism, multiplicity, and relativism

Karen is 4 years old, and she often assumes that everyone shares the same perspective as her. This limitation in early childhood thinking is known as: Animism Conservation Egocentrism Centration

Egocentrism

Karen is 4 years old, and she often assumes that everyone shares the same perspective as her. This limitation in early childhood thinking is known as: Conservation Animism Egocentrism Centration

Egocentrism

What aspects of intimacy are vital to children's friendships in middle childhood that weren't as salient in early childhood? Shared family experience, physical intimacy Emotional disclosure, trust, and vulnerability Common friend groups, parents who are close Shared interests, proximity

Emotional disclosure, trust, and vulnerability

Leah, age 8, is teased at school for being overweight and she's self-conscious about her body image. How can Leah's parents best support her in losing weight? Encouraging physical play and joining her in increasing physical activity. Purchasing cute "goal" clothing she can fit into if she loses weight to incentivize weight loss. Joining her on a calorie-restrictive diet plan. Packing her lunch, so she does not eat unhealthy school lunches.

Encouraging physical play and joining her in increasing physical activity.

An individual has left home and made initial career and education choices. He is now committing to an occupation, further defining his goals, and seeking intimate relationships. Which of Levinson's stages does this reflect? Midlife transition Age 30 transition Settling down Entering the adult world

Entering the adult world

When Cece graduates from high school, she's determined to take all of the required classes to become an occupational therapist. Which developmental task is Cece fulfilling? Achieving autonomy. Becoming part of a group or community. Establishing identity. Establishing a career.

Establishing a career.

Debbie, a 9-year-old has developed early, and older men make physical advances at her, expecting her to act as old as she looks. What are these older men doing to Debbie, mentally? False self-training Flattering her Incest Sexually assaulting her

False self-training

Both preschoolers and school-aged children experience a vast increase in vocabulary. What is the term used for the rapid association between related words, that school-aged children use with their new vocabulary explosion? Literal thinking Grammar fixation Classification Fast-mapping

Fast-mapping

Kayla is 4 years old. She learns new words by connecting them to concepts that she already understands. What is this process called? Scaffolding Private speech Overregularization Fast-mapping

Fast-mapping

Kayla is 4 years old. She learns new words by connecting them to concepts that she already understands. What is this process called? Overregularization Private speech Scaffolding Fast-mapping

Fast-mapping

The impact of divorce on children varies depending on a wide array of factors. Which of these short-term factors is among the strongest impacts on children of divorced parents? Social stigma Financial/ economic issues Grief over lost time with parents Adjustment to changes

Financial/ economic issues

If Gabe, a 23-year old musician, is interested in seeking out a romantic partner and having a committed relationship, which developmental task is he beginning to fulfill? Finding intimacy. Achieving autonomy. Becoming part of a group. Establishing identity.

Finding intimacy.

Information processing theory proposes three main levels of memory to compare human memory to computer processing Which of the following is NOT one of the components of memory introduced in information processing theory? Sensory memory Working memory Long-term memory Flash memory

Flash memory

What is a common way for young adults to resolve the intimacy vs. isolation crisis without engaging in a romantic relationship? Family ties Learning to be alone Focusing on the future Friendships

Friendships

How do the chromosomes contained in a gamete differ from the chromosomes contained in other normal human cells? Gametes have 23 chromosomes, while other normal human cells have none. Gametes have one chromosome, while other normal human cells have two. Gametes have 46 chromosomes, while other normal human cells have 23. Gametes have 23 chromosomes, while other normal human cells have 46.

Gametes have 23 chromosomes, while other normal human cells have 46.

Ariela is a dancer and gymnast. Which theory of intelligence, Gardner's or Sternberg's would most fully capture the kind of intelligence Ariela displays, and what is this type of intelligence called? Sternberg; creative Sternberg; practical Gardner; spatial Gardner; bodily-kinesthetic

Gardner; bodily-kinesthetic

Jonah, a 12-month-old, uses the shortened word, ba- to indicate he wants his bottle. What kind of speech does this shortened use of a word represent? Holophrasic speech Overextension Babbling Underextension

Holophrasic speech

Sadid is 2 years old and his older sister, Jenn, is 5 years old. While they're playing one day, Jenn puts a barrette in Sadid's hair. Sadid gets upset and states that he doesn't want to be a girl, and that he likes being a boy. Jenn laughs because she understands that putting the barrette in Sadid's hair did not make him a girl. What has Jenn achieved that Sadid has not? Gender identity. Gender constancy. Gender Stereotyping. Gender roles.

Gender constancy.

In a pre-k classroom, children are allowed time to play with toys throughout the day. The teacher encourages the girls to play with dolls, and the boys to play with toy trucks. Which of the following concepts does this reflect? Gender identity. Gender stereotyping. Gender role socialization. Gender constancy.

Gender role socialization.

Deion, who is 4 years old, is very surprised when he meets a woman firefighter who comes to his school. He tells her that he thought only men were firefighters. What does this reflect? Gender constancy. Gender identity. Gender roles. Gender stereotyping.

Gender stereotyping.

What is the underlying claim of gene-environment interaction? Genetic makeup determines a range of possible outcomes that may or may not occur depending on the environment. Genetic makeup definitively determines all possible outcomes that occur in both appearance and behavior. Environmental factors definitively determine all possible outcomes that occur in both appearance and behavior. Environmental factors only influence the expression of genes associated with negative behavior traits

Genetic makeup determines a range of possible outcomes that may or may not occur depending on the environment.

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? Genotype refers to inherited physical characteristics, while phenotype refers to genetic makeup. Genotype is a long strip of genetic material, while phenotype is a specific version of a gene. Genotype refers to genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to inherited physical characteristics. Genotype is a specific version of a gene, while phenotype is a long strip of genetic material.

Genotype refers to genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to inherited physical characteristics.

Sam is 3 years old, and many of the shows she watches provide opportunities for viewers to jump and dance. Which type of motor skill development does this promote? Gross motor skills. Sleep. Fine motor skills. Respiration.

Gross motor skills.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding physical growth in middle childhood? By middle childhood, individuals reach their adult height. Growth rates slow during middle childhood. Middle childhood is a period of rapid physical growth. Motor skills suffer as individuals experience rapid growth.

Growth rates slow during middle childhood.

What is a key aspect of the work that palliative care doctors do? Help dying individuals be able to return home rather than stay in the hospital Help dying individuals and their families return to a normal lifestyle as soon as possible Help dying individuals stay alive as long as possible by any means necessary Help dying individuals and their families understand what is happening and what it may imply

Help dying individuals and their families understand what is happening and what it may imply

What is a key aspect of the work that palliative care doctors do? Help dying individuals and their families understand what is happening and what it may imply Help dying individuals stay alive as long as possible by any means necessary Help dying individuals be able to return home rather than stay in the hospital Help dying individuals and their families return to a normal lifestyle as soon as possible

Help dying individuals and their families understand what is happening and what it may imply

Which of the following is usually included in hospice care? Invasive medical treatment for dying individuals Feeding and breathing tubes for dying individuals Intensive drug-based treatments for dying individuals Help for family members coping with grief and bereavement

Help for family members coping with grief and bereavement

Jessa feels increasing social pressure to look like the other girls in her class, wearing the same brands of clothing as they do. She feels like she will fit in and be well-liked if she wears similar clothing, but she just doesn't like it, so she doesn't conform. What is this brand-name pressure influencing within Jessa? Her materialistic nature Her self-concept Her self-esteem Her sense of accomplishment

Her self-concept

Which of the following describes the relationship between earning potential and educational achievement? Higher educational achievement is associated with lower earning potential. Higher educational achievement is associated with higher earning potential. This information is not available. There is no relationship between earning potential and educational achievement.

Higher educational achievement is associated with higher earning potential.

Like most parents and teenagers, Sal, who is 15, and his parents are likely to argue over all of the following issues, EXCEPT? Negotiating homework and leisure time When he is getting home and who he is hanging out with Doing the dishes and mowing the lawn How much he owes them for rent this month

How much he owes them for rent this month

While children in the concrete operational stage of cognitive development are more logical thinkers, what type of thinking is still too challenging for them at this stage? Moral reasoning Tangible reasoning Hypothetical thinking Inductive reasoning

Hypothetical thinking

What is the difference between anoxia and hypoxia? Hypoxia occurs when the infant experiences total lack of oxygen and experiences severe brain damage, while anoxia occurs when the infant is deprived of adequate oxygen and experiences mild brain damage Hypoxia is caused by lack of oxygen to the brain, while anoxia is caused by gestational diabetes Hypoxia occurs when the infant is deprived of adequate oxygen and experiences mild brain damage, while anoxia occurs when the infant experiences total lack of oxygen and experiences severe brain damage Hypoxia is caused by gestational diabetes, while anoxia is caused by lack of oxygen to the brain

Hypoxia occurs when the infant is deprived of adequate oxygen and experiences mild brain damage, while anoxia occurs when the infant experiences total lack of oxygen and experiences severe brain damage

According to Erikson, what is necessary before the intimacy vs. isolation crisis can be solved successfully? Identity must be established. Same-sex friendships must cease. The individual must get married. All friendships must cease.

Identity must be established.

Janet is the mother of a 6 year old. She is looking for a way to decrease his risk of obesity. Which of the following is likely to help her do this? Increase his water consumption. Use food as a behavior bride. Use food as a reinforcement. Increase his fruit juice intake.

Increase his water consumption.

Which of the following describes a global trend in marriage? Individuals are staying married for longer than in the past. Individuals are staying married for less time than in the past. Individuals are marrying later in life or not at all. Individuals are marrying earlier in life or not at all.

Individuals are marrying later in life or not at all.

According to Erikson, a successful resolution of the crisis in middle childhood will lead a child to a sense of what? Inferiority Industry Autonomy Initiative

Industry

Parents are at an indoor playspace their five-year-old child. The parents observe the child check out the slide, then check out a play house before deciding to play on a climbing structure. According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, by allowing the child to explore within limits and by supporting the child's choice, these parents are helping their child successfully navigate which stage of development? Initiative versus Guilt Trust versus Mistrust Autonomy versus Shame Industry versus Inferiority

Initiative versus Guilt

Jenna is 4 years old, and is beginning to think of her own ideas and initiate action. Which of Erikson's stages of development is she in? Industry vs. inferiority. Trust vs. mistrust. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt. Initiative vs. guilt.

Initiative vs. guilt.

Sternberg's concern over what he perceived as an over-emphasis on aptitude testing led him to propose a triarchic theory of intelligence, which includes all of the following components, EXCEPT: Practical Interpersonal. Creative Analytical

Interpersonal.

Dan is 5 years old, and progressing through Freud's phallic stage of development. When he uses proper manners, such as saying please and thank you, he notices that his parents are happy, so he uses proper manners more often. When he leaves his toys out after playing with them, he notices that his parents are not happy, so he avoids doing this in order to avoid loss of love. What did Freud call this process? Oedipus complex. Electra complex. Introjection Introspection.

Introjection

Which of the following statements is true about physical development throughout early adulthood? It begins at its worst, then tends to begin improving due to the inevitable effects of aging. It remains the same throughout this entire developmental stage. It depends on gender, as it differs between men and women substantially. It begins at its peak, then tends to begin declining due to inevitable effects of aging.

It begins at its peak, then tends to begin declining due to inevitable effects of aging.

How does the fading affect bias work to influence the way in which surviving individuals perceive death? It causes the individual to feel less intense emotion in general It causes negative events to lose intensity faster than positive events. It causes the individual to stop feeling any emotion all together. It causes the individual to experience only positive emotion

It causes negative events to lose intensity faster than positive events

How does the fading affect bias work to influence the way in which surviving individuals perceive death? It causes negative events to lose intensity faster than positive events. It causes the individual to experience only positive emotion It causes the individual to feel less intense emotion in general It causes the individual to stop feeling any emotion all together.

It causes negative events to lose intensity faster than positive events.

Which of the following distinguishes palliative care from regular medical treatment? It has a more holistic focus than regular medical treatment It has a stronger focus on pain management than regular medical treatment It involves more all-natural approaches than regular medical treatment It involves stronger pain management medications than regular medical treatment

It has a more holistic focus than regular medical treatment

What general change has occurred since 1940 in the percent of the American population age 25 and older that has completed a high school or higher level of education? There has been no significant change. Researchers believe it is increasing, but there is no available data from before 1960 for comparison. It has increased It has decreased

It has increased

How has the leading cause of death changed from 1900 to the present-day in the United States? It has shifted from chronic diseases to unintentional accidents. It has shifted from chronic diseases to infectious diseases. It has shifted from unintentional accidents to infectious diseases. It has shifted from infectious diseases to chronic diseases.

It has shifted from infectious diseases to chronic diseases.

One reason for hearing loss at this time of life is otosclerosis, which affects women more than men, for reasons unknown. How does it affect hearing? It is a side effect of diabetes Dietary deficiencies It is caused by excessive noise in workplace environments such as mineworking or car manufacturing. It impedes the movement of sound from middle to inner ear due to abnormal bone growth in the middle ear causing rigidity and thus an obstruction.

It impedes the movement of sound from middle to inner ear due to abnormal bone growth in the middle ear causing rigidity and thus an obstruction.

Which of the following describes a key feature of the Kubler-Ross model of grief? It involves five stages that individuals progress through, each characterized by unique cognitions, emotions, and behaviors Kubler-Ross' model is restricted to individuals under 40 years of age, and is not applicable to older individuals It involves one single stage that all individuals experience in a similar way It can only be applied to females, and is not applicable to grief experienced by males

It involves five stages that individuals progress through, each characterized by unique cognitions, emotions, and behaviors

Which of the following describes a key feature of the Kubler-Ross model of grief? It involves five stages that individuals progress through, each characterized by unique cognitions, emotions, and behaviors Kubler-Ross' model is restricted to individuals under 40 years of age, and is not applicable to older individuals It can only be applied to females, and is not applicable to grief experienced by males It involves one single stage that all individuals experience in a similar way

It involves five stages that individuals progress through, each characterized by unique cognitions, emotions, and behaviors

Which of the following describes a key feature of Worden's (1991) model of grief? It involves four stages that the individual experiences throughout the grieving process, including (a) shock, (b) yearning, (c) despair, and (d) recovery It involves five stages that the individual experiences throughout the grieving process, including (a) denial, (b) anger, (c) bargaining, (d) depression, and (e) acceptance It involves four different tasks that must be successfully completed to resolve the grief, including (a) accepting that the loss has occurred, (b) working through and experiencing the pain associated with grief, (c) adjusting the the changes that the loss created in the environment, and (d) moving past the loss on an emotional level It involves one single task that must be successfully completed to resolve the grief

It involves four different tasks that must be successfully completed to resolve the grief, including (a) accepting that the loss has occurred, (b) working through and experiencing the pain associated with grief, (c) adjusting the the changes that the loss created in the environment, and (d) moving past the loss on an emotional level

Fluid intelligence is concerned with the cognitive mechanics of the human mind; Crystallized intelligence with the skills and experience acquired over a period of time. Nunes & Kramer (2009) compared older and younger air traffic controllers in Canada. They found a significant difference between information processing speeds in tasks unrelated to their occupation which favored the younger group. However, with regard to cognitive tasks related to the job, the results were largely identical. How did they explain this? The older group had been trained over a longer period of time and thereby had more fluid intelligence based on their training. Deficiencies in the training of the younger group It's a trade-off, with crystallized intelligence gained from experience compensating for a decline in information processing speeds The qualifications of each group was different, so differences in intelligence and performance are minor.

It's a trade-off, with crystallized intelligence gained from experience compensating for a decline in information processing speeds

Jake is 4 years old, and learning to use language and think about the world symbolically. His older sister Jaimie is 13 years old, and progressing into puberty. Jake's younger sister, Taylor, just turned a year old. Which of these children - Jake, Jaimie, or Taylor - are considered to be in the preoperational stage of development according to Piaget's theory? Jaimie Taylor Jake None of them

Jake

James is 14 and most of his peers have already started puberty, and he's feeling left behind, labeled as a "late bloomer." James may have an increased risk for what? James has a higher risk of falling behind in school James has a higher risk of being bullied James has a higher risk of early sexual activity James has a higher risk of drug use

James has a higher risk of being bullied

Jenna is 6 years old, and her sister Anna is 3 years old. How are Jenna's physical proportions likely to differ from those of Anna? Jenna is likely to have a longer torso. Jenna and Anna's physical proportions are likely to be the same. Jenna is likely to have more baby fat. Jenna is likely to have a smaller torso.

Jenna is likely to have a longer torso.

Sam is 15 and his cousin, John, is 4. How are John's taste preferences likely to differ from those of his older cousin? Taste preferences have no relevance to age, so this is impossible to predict. John's taste preferences are likely to be more established. John's taste preferences are likely to be less established. John's taste preferences are likely to be the same as Sam's.

John's taste preferences are likely to be less established.

Jovie is 2 and her older brother Chris is 5. Which of Freud's stages do these children fit into? Jovie is in the anal stage, while Chris is in the phallic stage. They are both in the phallic stage. Jovie is in the phallic stage, while Chris is in the anal stage. They are both in the anal stage.

Jovie is in the anal stage, while Chris is in the phallic stage.

Levinson developed the "stage crisis view", similar to Erikson's concept of crisis in many ways. What is the key difference with regard to midlife? Levinson adopted a strict version of Freudianism which argued that a midlife crisis was solely the result of unresolved issues from childhood. Levinson believed that the majority of individuals become obsessed with an individual aspect of life to the detriment of others Levinson placed a much greater emphasis on physiological changes which accompany aging from 30 onwards. Levinson proposed a wider set of influential factors, work, family, but also religion, ethnicity, socio-economic status, which may induce a "crisis" at this time of life.

Levinson proposed a wider set of influential factors, work, family, but also religion, ethnicity, socio-economic status, which may induce a "crisis" at this time of life.

Which of the following is true about complications that can be experienced during pregnancy? Major complications are always caused by the pregnant woman's increased susceptibility to infections. Major complications often require special care and may include gestational diabetes and hypertension. Major complications only occur when pregnant women make poor health decisions during pregnancy. Major complications only occur in women who become pregnant later in life, such as after age 35.

Major complications often require special care and may include gestational diabetes and hypertension.

Significantly more men repartner after "gray divorce"—22% of women and 37% of men. Women live longer than men, but this would not account for this difference in ratio. What two reasons are given to describe this large numerical difference? Men prefer to repartner with younger women, older women often prefer to retain their autonomy at this age and are unwilling to to adopt another caring role. These numbers are the result of methodological flaws and statistical miscalculations in the research literature. Men live longer than women, consequently there is a larger pool of men. Men derive substantial health and income benefits from marriage/cohabitation.

Men prefer to repartner with younger women, older women often prefer to retain their autonomy at this age and are unwilling to to adopt another caring role.

Significantly more men repartner after "gray divorce"—22% of women and 37% of men. Women live longer than men, but this would not account for this difference in ratio. What two reasons are given to describe this large numerical difference? These numbers are the result of methodological flaws and statistical miscalculations in the research literature. Men prefer to repartner with younger women, older women often prefer to retain their autonomy at this age and are unwilling to to adopt another caring role. Men live longer than women, consequently there is a larger pool of men. Men derive substantial health and income benefits from marriage/cohabitation.

Men prefer to repartner with younger women, older women often prefer to retain their autonomy at this age and are unwilling to to adopt another caring role.

How does sexual responsiveness tend to differ between men and women during early adulthood? Men tend to reach their peak sexual responsiveness before women. Men always experience a higher level of sexual responsiveness than women. Women tend to reach their peak sexual responsiveness before men. Sexual responsiveness does not differ between men and women.

Men tend to reach their peak sexual responsiveness before women.

Michael, who has an autism spectrum disorder, walks into his classroom and discovers that the teacher has rearranged the desks and he becomes highly agitated and uncomfortable. What is the best possible explanation for Michael's behavior? Michael is upset because he no longer gets to sit by his best friend and talk throughout class. Michael had personally arranged the desks, and takes it as an affront that the teacher changed his layout. Michael also has obsessive-compulsive disorder and he likes things to be in a certain order. Michael has difficulties adjusting to changes in routines and how things surrounding him are organized.

Michael has difficulties adjusting to changes in routines and how things surrounding him are organized.

Teaching children languages in middle childhood involves a different process than children in early childhood. Why might teaching children languages in middle childhood be successful? Middle childhood involves the greatest growth in vocabulary Middle childhood is a good time to learn grammatical rules Children in middle childhood can produce all phonemes and morphemes of any language By middle childhood, the brain is fully developed.

Middle childhood is a good time to learn grammatical rules

Mike is 5 years old, and often comes up with new things to do and try, such as building forts in the living room with couch cushions. His older brother, Lucas, is a teenager who is struggling to develop his own self-identity. Which of the brothers would Erikson classify as being in the initiative vs. guilt stage of development? Neither Mike or Lucas. Mike. Mike and Lucas. Lucas.

Mike.

Kayla is 3 years old. Her teacher shows her a crayon box and asks her what she thinks is inside. She says, "Crayons." The teacher opens the box, showing Kayla that there is chalk inside. She asks Kayla again what she thought was in the box at first, and Kayla says, "Chalk." The teacher does the same thing with Mitch, who is 5 years old. After seeing the chalk, when asked what he thought was in the box at first, he says, "Crayons." Based on their responses, which child (Kayla or Mitch) has started to develop theory of mind? Both. Kayla. Neither. Mitch.

Mitch.

Minor failures do not destroy a child's self-concept during middle childhood. Rather, learning from failure can give the child a healthy sense of what? Shame Modesty Pride Greed

Modesty

Conjoined twins are also which type of twin? Fraternal Monozygotic Dizygotic Zygotic

Monozygotic

Which of the following describes a difference between how monozygotic and dizygotic twins develop? Monozygotic twins come from a single zygote, while dizygotic twins come from two zygotes. Dizygotic twins come from a single zygote, while monozygotic twins come from two zygotes. Monozygotic twins are caused by a double X chromosome, while dizygotic twins are caused by a combination of one X and one Y chromosome Monozygotic twins come from an egg that was fertilized in the fallopian tube, while dizygotic twins come from an egg that was fertilized in the uterus.

Monozygotic twins come from a single zygote, while dizygotic twins come from two zygotes.

Chuck goes to a fairly small school, yet nobody seems to notice him, and most days he's alone. What category of child is Chuck? Average child Neglected child Aggressive-rejected Controversial child

Neglected child

A theorist proposes that children learn language by observing and imitating their parents, who in turn reinforce the sounds and words their children produce. In the nature versus nurture debate, where does this theorist's proposal fit? Reciprocation between nature and nurture Nurture Nature Interaction between nature and nurture

Nurture

Danny is 5 years old. He has been taught in school that adding an "ed" to the end of a word means it's past tense, or something that's already happened. After learning this, Danny begins applying the rule to all words, even those that are supposed to be exceptions. What is this called? Scaffolding. Overregulation. Fast-mapping Proximal development.

Overregulation.

What is the most common female factor in infertility cases? Pelvic inflammatory disease Ovulation disorder Chlamydia trachomatis Gonorrhea

Ovulation disorder

What are the three main categories of influences on parent behavior? Parent characteristics; child characteristics; contextual and sociocultural characteristics Social network, work setting, neighborhood Gender; developmental history; personality Gender, birth order, temperament

Parent characteristics; child characteristics; contextual and sociocultural characteristics

Children raised with this parenting style may fail to learn self-discipline and develop uncertainty toward boundaries. Permissive Uninvolved Authoritarian Authoritative

Permissive

How does physician-assisted suicide differ from euthanasia? Physician-assisted suicide is mandated by a set of laws and backed by legal authority Physician-assisted suicide is not mandated by a set of laws and backed by legal authority Physician-assisted suicide is legal in all 50 states Physician-assisted suicide is only legal in one state

Physician-assisted suicide is mandated by a set of laws and backed by legal authority

Which type of death is characterized by the failure of vital organs, often resulting in difficulty with eating and breathing? Behavioral Psychological Social Physiological

Physiological

Which type of death is characterized by the failure of vital organs, often resulting in difficulty with eating and breathing? Social Psychological Behavioral Physiological

Physiological

Sam is 4 years old, and she is learning to utilize language effectively and think about the world symbolically. Which of Piaget's developmental stages is sam currently in? Concrete operational. Sensorimotor Preoperational Formal operational.

Preoperational

Children in kindergarten are usually between 4 and 6 years of age. Which one of Piaget's developmental stages does this coincide with? Preoperational. Formal Operational. Sensorimotor. Concrete Operational.

Preoperational.

Which of the following skill sets have employers indicated that current college graduates might be lacking? Professionalism and work ethic Job-related knowledge Job-related skills Proficiency in another language

Professionalism and work ethic

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are frequently characterized by marked deficits in which of the following areas? Reading social cues Organizational skills Personal hygiene Structured schedules

Reading social cues

Jill, who is in third grade, is studying her multiplication times tables, repeating the information over and over again in an attempt to store these figures in her long term memory, quizzing herself regularly. What strategy is Jill using? Chunking Recognition Mnemonics Rehearsal

Rehearsal

Which of the following reflect what Erikson believed to be the main influence on personality development? Trust in a primary caregiver. Perceptions of the self. Development of a self identity. Relationships with other individuals.

Relationships with other individuals.

Papernow (2018) claims that reconstituted families after a "gray divorce" with adult children may encounter more difficulties blending together than younger parents/step-parents with younger children. What is a contributing factor for this? Adult children may experience a clash of loyalties more deeply. Adult children may verbalize their objections to the step-parent in a more straightforward fashion. Mutual trust and understanding cannot develop in step-parent/ adult child relationships Relationships, and previously patterns of interaction have formed over a longer period of time

Relationships, and previously patterns of interaction have formed over a longer period of time

According to attachment theory, what has been found to influence attachment in adult relationships? Gender of caregivers Number of caregivers Age of caregivers Styles of caregiving

Styles of caregiving

Papernow (2018) claims that reconstituted families after a "gray divorce" with adult children may encounter more difficulties blending together than younger parents/step-parents with younger children. What is a contributing factor for this? Adult children may verbalize their objections to the step-parent in a more straightforward fashion. Adult children may experience a clash of loyalties more deeply. Mutual trust and understanding cannot develop in step-parent/ adult child relationships Relationships, and previously patterns of interaction have formed over a longer period of time

Relationships, and previously patterns of interaction have formed over a longer period of time

Which of the following accurately describes normal physical development during the early part of early adulthood (early twenties)? Reproductive system, motor ability, strength, and lung capacity are at their best. Motor ability begins to decline, but strength and lung capacity remain strong. Strength begins to decline, but motor ability and lung capacity remain strong. Reproductive system, motor ability, strength, and lung capacity are declining.

Reproductive system, motor ability, strength, and lung capacity are at their best.

Which of the following accurately describes normal physical development during the early part of early adulthood (early twenties)? Strength begins to decline, but motor ability and lung capacity remain strong. Motor ability begins to decline, but strength and lung capacity remain strong. Reproductive system, motor ability, strength, and lung capacity are declining. Reproductive system, motor ability, strength, and lung capacity are at their best.

Reproductive system, motor ability, strength, and lung capacity are at their best.

Molly views herself as a kind and generous person, who is empathetic towards others and capable of helping others in need. This is Molly's: Exaggerated sense of self. Self-concept. Looking-glass self. Social self.

Self-concept.

Shaelynn is a 4 year old girl. Mealtimes in her house tend to be negative, and often involve tensions and her parents arguing. How is this likely to affect Shaelynn? The atmosphere at mealtime is not likely to have any affect on her. She is likely to develop problems eating and digesting food due to stress. The effects of the negative atmosphere will only be short-term. She is likely to learn to block out the negative atmosphere.

She is likely to develop problems eating and digesting food due to stress.

Contemporary research indicates that children of divorced parents are more ________ their peers with non-divorced parents. Well-adjusted than Different from than similar to Similar to than different from Envious of than angry with

Similar to than different from

Social

Before placing a child diagnosed with a learning disability into a special program, what additional esteem need should be considered for the child? Social considerations School lunch nutrition Schedule specific information Academic standards

Social considerations

What is the difference between social death and psychological death? Social death occurs when the dying individual withdraws from others, while psychological death occurs when individuals withdraw from the dying individual. Social death occurs when individuals withdraw from the dying individual, while psychological death occurs when the individual withdraws from others. Social death occurs when others accept the impending death of the dying individual, while psychological death occurs when the dying individual accepts his/her own death. Social death occurs when the dying individual is no longer able to speak or interact, while psychological death occurs when others withdraw from the dying individual.

Social death occurs when individuals withdraw from the dying individual, while psychological death occurs when the individual withdraws from others.

Kodi is 4 years old. Throughout potty training his parents have been harsh and ridiculed him often for mistakes. According to Freud's theory, which of the following is Kodi likely to be as an adult? Hyper, loud, and goal oriented. Stubborn, neat, and stingy. Sluggish, quiet, and lazy. Messy, wasteful, and harsh.

Stubborn, neat, and stingy.

The average day of third-grade students places them in what state, as described by Brofenbrenner's ecological systems model, for the majority of the time? Street corner state Student state Home state Sanctity state

Student state

According to Mead's "I and me" theory, how does the "I" differ from the "me?" The "I" is how a single important person view an individual, while the "me" is how the individual views him or herself. The "I" is how an individual views him or herself, while the "me" is how a single important person views him or her. The "I" is the social definition of the individual, while the "me" is spontaneous, creative, and innate. The "I" is spontaneous, creative, and innate, while the "me" is the social definition of the individual.

The "I" is spontaneous, creative, and innate, while the "me" is the social definition of the individual.

There is now increasing evidence about the harmful effects of chronic inflammation in general. It is implicated in a whole series of degenerative illnesses. What diet is recommended in helping to avoid this? The Mediterranaean Diet A diet low in protein. A diet with high sugar energy drinks A diet with high quantities of red and processed meat.

The Mediterranaean Diet

What is the defining characteristic of formal operational thought? The inability to think abstractly The ability to think abstractly Considering only the negative outcomes Considering only what has happened

The ability to think abstractly

Which of the following is true about the effects of heroin use during pregnancy? The baby can only develop an addiction if exposed during the final few weeks of prenatal development. The baby could be born with a heroin addiction. The baby cannot develop an addiction to heroine. The baby can only develop an addiction if exposed during the first few weeks of prenatal development.

The baby could be born with a heroin addiction.

What does physiological death refer to? The ceasing of vital organs to function. The exclusion of the individual from social groups. The occurrence of a vegetative state. The individual's regression into the self.

The ceasing of vital organs to function.

Which of the following statements is representative of Piaget's stage concrete operational thought a child might perform in middle childhood? The child will begin to engage in hypothetical thought, imagining intangible possibilities. The child is able to demonstrate an understanding of cause and effect, as well as size and distance. The child will struggle to take on others' perspectives and points of view. The child will start to solve problems using deductive reasoning.

The child is able to demonstrate an understanding of cause and effect, as well as size and distance.

Which of the following statements is representative of Piaget's stage concrete operational thought a child might perform in middle childhood? The child will struggle to take on others' perspectives and points of view. The child is able to demonstrate an understanding of cause and effect, as well as size and distance. The child will begin to engage in hypothetical thought, imagining intangible possibilities. The child will start to solve problems using deductive reasoning.

The child is able to demonstrate an understanding of cause and effect, as well as size and distance.

The decline in relationship satisfaction over time has been explained as "a return to a hedonic set-point". How is the latter understood? The idea that human happiness is solely the result of hormonal process in the body The idea that individual happiness is largely set by the wider society of which we are part. An idea associated with classical utilitarian social philosophy The idea that people have a baseline of personal happiness that is largely set by personality traits, and that they will return to this baseline regardless of positive and negative events in their life.

The idea that people have a baseline of personal happiness that is largely set by personality traits, and that they will return to this baseline regardless of positive and negative events in their life.

What are personal control beliefs? The idea that the individual can dictate outcomes in a specific situation. A form of psychosis associated with delusions of media influence often associated with substance use and serious mental illness The idea that life cannot be controlled in any way, shape or form and is set by conditions of historical circumstances completely out of our control. This is a theory associated with social and natural forms of determinism. A theory associated with Eastern philosophy on the importance of transcendental meditation which are now attracting greater attention in the western world.

The idea that the individual can dictate outcomes in a specific situation.

If socioemotional selectivity theory is based on the perception of time left, then Baltes SOC theory of "successful aging" is based on A theory that viewed aging as an inexorable physiological process which determined patterns of thinking and behavior. The idea that humans must accept and reconcile themselves to aging. The inner resources and drive of the individual choosing options and confronting circumstances. Accepting the prevalent idea of society that aging is about disengaging from social and professional roles

The inner resources and drive of the individual choosing options and confronting circumstances.

Which of the following describes the difference between the authority stage and the interpretative stage of parenthood? The parental role changes from creating rules and guiding behavior, to helping their children interpret their social experiences. The parental role changes from developing an attachment relationship with the child, to creating rules and guiding behavior. The parental role changes from renegotiating their relationship with the child, to evaluating their parental successes and failures. The parental role changes from helping their children interpret their social experiences, to creating rules and guiding behavior.

The parental role changes from creating rules and guiding behavior, to helping their children interpret their social experiences.

Which of the following describes the difference between the authority stage and the interpretative stage of parenthood? The parental role changes from developing an attachment relationship with the child, to creating rules and guiding behavior. The parental role changes from creating rules and guiding behavior, to helping their children interpret their social experiences. The parental role changes from helping their children interpret their social experiences, to creating rules and guiding behavior. The parental role changes from renegotiating their relationship with the child, to evaluating their parental successes and failures.

The parental role changes from creating rules and guiding behavior, to helping their children interpret their social experiences.

What is a common theme in the physician-assisted suicide laws in states that allow it? The practitioner must be willing to do it. The patient's family can make the decision. The patient's family must agree to it. The practitioner can be forced to do it.

The practitioner must be willing to do it.

What fundamental methodological limitation can be identified in Levinson's work (and in a good number of other studies in the social sciences)? Levinson used a type of survey which was ill-suited to the task, and led him to form conclusions that midlife was experienced in a negative fashion. Levinson employed an experimental design that failed to account for a control group. The sample size is far too small to be confident in extrapolating from its findings to the supposed characteristics of a general population. The study was conducted without detailing all of the operations and methods, which makes it difficult to replicate.

The sample size is far too small to be confident in extrapolating from its findings to the supposed characteristics of a general population.

Labeling a child as learning disabled can lead to the child lacking self-confidence and performing poorly in school. What is this phenomenon called? Confirmation bias General adaptation syndrome The self-fulfilling prophecy Expectation fulfillment

The self-fulfilling prophecy

How do the stages of loss relate to grief? Grief occurs before the stages of loss are experienced. The stages of loss occur before grief is experienced. Individuals who are grieving do not experience the stages of loss. The stages of loss can support positive coping with grief.

The stages of loss can support positive coping with grief.

What is considered to be adaptive about the five stages of loss presented by Kubler-Ross' model? The stages of loss can be experienced as a way to prevent the individual from experiencing disenfranchised grief The stages of loss guarantee that the individual will be able to cope with what is happening in an effective way The stages of loss can be experienced as a way to prevent the individual from experiencing complicated grief The stages of loss serve as cognitive defense mechanisms that give the individual time to process what is happening

The stages of loss serve as cognitive defense mechanisms that give the individual time to process what is happening

What is considered to be adaptive about the five stages of loss presented by Kubler-Ross' model? The stages of loss serve as cognitive defense mechanisms that give the individual time to process what is happening The stages of loss can be experienced as a way to prevent the individual from experiencing complicated grief The stages of loss can be experienced as a way to prevent the individual from experiencing disenfranchised grief The stages of loss guarantee that the individual will be able to cope with what is happening in an effective way

The stages of loss serve as cognitive defense mechanisms that give the individual time to process what is happening

What is "hidden curriculum?" The people "behind the scenes" making learning happen, who develop the curriculum and assignments, but who get no credit for their work. The underlying values and belief systems of the school and its members that do not constitute formal curriculum, but affect children's learning experience. The classes and subjects that are open only to a select group of students, which are not advertised to the general student population. Expectations the staff sets forth for how students should behave, but which are not specified in student handbooks and guides.

The underlying values and belief systems of the school and its members that do not constitute formal curriculum, but affect children's learning experience.

What is "hidden curriculum?" Expectations the staff sets forth for how students should behave, but which are not specified in student handbooks and guides. The classes and subjects that are open only to a select group of students, which are not advertised to the general student population. The people "behind the scenes" making learning happen, who develop the curriculum and assignments, but who get no credit for their work. The underlying values and belief systems of the school and its members that do not constitute formal curriculum, but affect children's learning experience.

The underlying values and belief systems of the school and its members that do not constitute formal curriculum, but affect children's learning experience.

Which of the following accurately describes Dame Cicely Saunders' view on the pain experienced by dying individuals and their families? These individuals experience only physical pain that sometimes cannot be treated Pain during this time is only experienced by the dying individual's family These individuals experience multiple types of pain that go beyond physical pain Pain during this time is only experienced by the dying individual

These individuals experience multiple types of pain that go beyond physical pain

As children reach middle childhood, they adapt new strategies to meet goals. Which of these developments or strategies does NOT demonstrate this cognitive change? They develop metacognitive skills to help them understand how they learn Their self-evaluations and expectations become more realistic They are able to evaluate multiple strategies and select the best one for the goal They begin prioritizing every minute detail, trying to learn everything.

They begin prioritizing every minute detail, trying to learn everything.

Which of the following is true about attachment styles? They can only change for men. They cannot change with time and experiences. They can change with time and experiences. They can only change for women.

They can change with time and experiences.

Which of the following is the description used by developmental psychologists to describe the functional age of the "young old"? They are frail and in need of care They live independently and are healthy and active They are recognized as senior citizens They have some health problems and difficulties with daily living activities

They live independently and are healthy and active

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding learning difficulties? They may change over time. Labeling a child with a learning disability has no ill effect on their self-image. The same type of intervention works for most children with learning difficulties. They persist throughout one's life.

They may change over time.

What is a major function of ceremonies such as funerals and memorial services? They ensure that surviving individuals will forget about the death. They provide the surviving individuals with a sense of closure. They ensure that surviving individuals will not experience PTSD. They provide the surviving individuals with a definitive point for moving on.

They provide the surviving individuals with a sense of closure.

What is a major function of ceremonies such as funerals and memorial services? They provide the surviving individuals with a sense of closure. They provide the surviving individuals with a definitive point for moving on. They ensure that surviving individuals will forget about the death. They ensure that surviving individuals will not experience PTSD.

They provide the surviving individuals with a sense of closure.

Socioemotional selectivity theory is connected to the idea of "mortality salience." What does this mean? This is the idea that humans are aware of the inevitability of their own death and adopt thoughts and behaviors which seek to deny or suppress such knowledge. It is a theory of physical and psychical degeneration related to age. This describes a process of cellular degeneration in the brain linked to age. This is the idea that processes around grief and loss are undergoing fundamental social change.

This is the idea that humans are aware of the inevitability of their own death and adopt thoughts and behaviors which seek to deny or suppress such knowledge.

What is a major goal of hospice care? To prolong life for dying patients as long as possible To ensure that dying individuals receive adequate medical treatment To help dying patients be as free from pain as possible To help families pay for funeral expenses after the death

To help dying patients be as free from pain as possible

What type of training have doctors who specialize in palliative care had that distinguishes them from other doctors? Training to help patients and their families cope with the reality of the impending death. Training to select and administer special kinds of pain management medications. Training to select and administer special kinds of psychotropic medications for depression. Training to help patients use non-medication pain management strategies.

Training to help patients and their families cope with the reality of the impending death.

What is one way in which the leading cause of death varies between age groups in the United States? Cancer is the most prevalent until age 24, but becomes the least prevalent for ages 25 and older. Cancer is the most prevalent until age 44, but becomes less prevalent for ages 45 and older. Unintentional injury is the most prevalent until age 44, but becomes less prevalent for ages 45 and older. Unintentional injury is the most prevalent until age 24, but becomes the least prevalent for ages 25 and older.

Unintentional injury is the most prevalent until age 44, but becomes less prevalent for ages 45 and older.

________ is gross motor skill, while ________ is a fine motor skill. Walking; running Breathing; blinking Walking; coloring writing; coloring

Walking; coloring

When is autism frequently diagnosed? When a child reaches school-age Directly after receiving vaccinations Not until adulthood Around puberty

When a child reaches school-age

In Kohlberg's moral reasoning test, what was his main question in the study? How many people got the right answer How often people changed their answers Why people answered in the manner they did Whether men or women answer differently.

Why people answered in the manner they did

In Kohlberg's moral reasoning test, what was his main question in the study? How often people changed their answers How many people got the right answer Why people answered in the manner they did Whether men or women answer differently.

Why people answered in the manner they did

These children are often targeted for bullying, as easy targets who do not fight back. Controversial children Popular-antisocial children Aggressive-rejected children Withdrawn-rejected children

Withdrawn-rejected children

With all races combined, how does the college graduation rate compare between men and women? Women are slightly more likely to have graduated from college than men. This information is usually not provided by colleges, and this comparison remains unknown. Women are slightly less likely to have graduated from college than men. There is no difference in the college graduation rate between men and women.

Women are slightly more likely to have graduated from college than men.

Isabel was in good health until she noticed an increase in osteosarcopenia in her mid-60s. What is osteosarcopenia? a disease that includes the loss of muscle mass and bone mass density an excess of uric acid in the blood a disease of the liver a progressive deterioration of kidney function

a disease that includes the loss of muscle mass and bone mass density

A child development expert publishes a book on the impact of global advances in technology on children's development. According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model, what would be a good subtitle for the author's book? a) a mesosystem view b) a macrosystem view c) a exosystem view d) a microsytem view

a macrosystem view

A sticker chart designed to reward a child for every ten stickers earned for doing household chores is an example of what? a time out schedule a token economy negative reinforcement positive conditioning

a token economy

Which of the following are the two current top causes of death that are not related to physical illness? starvation and dehydration accidents and homicides accidents and suicides starvation and drowning

accidents and suicides

Which of the following describes an example of active euthanasia? getting a prescription for life-ending medication for someone who wishes to die withholding water from someone who wishes to die withholding food from someone who wishes to die administering a lethal dose of medication to someone who wishes to die

administering a lethal dose of medication to someone who wishes to die

Negative, stressful events in childhood that have profound and lasting sociological, psychological, and physiological effects are referred to as what? food insecurity generalized stress triggers adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) tolerable stress

adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Negative, stressful events in childhood that have profound and lasting sociological, psychological, and physiological effects are referred to as what? food insecurity tolerable stress adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) generalized stress triggers

adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Mae has fought a chronic condition for many years and is now on hospice. When her nurse notices her lack of desire to eat, restlessness, and her gasping labored, breaths, known as ________, she knows the physiological death is near. early coma vegetative breathing agonal breathing brain stem death

agonal breathing

When lifespan development researchers use ________, they draw on several perspectives simultaneously because they recognize that the same developmental phenomenon can be viewed from a number of angles. a) a macrosystems approach b) an eclectic approach c) an evolutionary apprach d) an ecological approach

an eclectic approach

To examine the effectiveness of two types of interventions for anxiety, researchers randomly assigned participants to a 12-week course of cognitive-behavioral therapy, a 12-week mindfulness-based stress reduction program, or a waitlist control group. The researchers administered a standardized measure of anxiety to participants before and after the interventions or waitlist period. In this experiment, what is the dependent variable? Cognitive-behavioral therapy Anxiety Waitlist control group Mindfulness-based stress reduction

anxiety

Current research on child development that uses one-way viewing screens and recording methods that do not disturb children are benefiting from the observational techniques first developed by ________. a) john b watson b) g. stanley hall c) james mark baldwin d) arnold gesell

arnold gesell

Bonnie is a 65-year-old woman who has difficulty managing simple, everyday tasks because of painful swelling of the joints in her hands. Bonnie has most likely been diagnosed with ________. Alzheimer's disease shingles hypertension arthritis

arthritis

Which of Baumrind's parenting styles involves parents who hold high expectations for their children but are also responsive to their children's needs? authoritative martyrdom permissive authoritarian

authoritative

A research team is interested in studying the genetic contributions to addictive behavior, such as Internet gambling. They use twin, family, and adoption studies to compare the health and behavior outcomes of individuals who share the same environment or hereditary lineage. Which type of scientific research is this team conducting? a) behavioral genetics b) microsystems c) sociocultural d) cognitive neuroscience

behavioral genetics

Dendrites grow rapidly in infancy, making complicated neural networks possible, through a process called ________. dendritic connection transient exuberance. neural grafting pruning

transient exuberance.

If a person successfully navigates Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, they will have mastered the virtue of ________. competence. wisdom care love

care

According to Erikson, middle adulthood should be associated with which of the following qualities or virtues? economic success status and dominance physiological self-improvement care for others

care for others

Adam spends a lot of time indoors watching television and playing video games for fun. What does this primarily sedentary lifestyle put him at risk for? childhood obesity poor vision underdeveloped motor skills nutritional deficits

childhood obesity

When describing how difficult it is for her patients to quit smoking, a specialist in substance abuse medicine states, "Smoking is associated with so many things, like waking up in the morning, after a meal, on breaks at work, when getting home at work. When my patients try to quit, everything that was associated with smoking makes them crave a cigarette." The specialist is describing ________. a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning c) the skinner box d) the law of effect

classical conditioning

Which two approaches to lifespan development have the following in common: development is continuous, there are many courses of development, and development is more influenced by nurture than nature? a) psychosexual theory and psychosocial theory b) classical conditioning and operant conditioning c) humanistic theory and sociocultural theory d) social cognitive theory and piagets theory of cognitive development

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Christina is going through a period of major depression, and she feels the only person who she can talk to at this time is her friend Lauren, who knows exactly how she feels, because she feels it too. When they get together, they feel each other's pain. What dangerous thought pattern are they engaging in that is likely to increase their negative affect? Emotional overload Co-rumination Romanticizing pain Suicidal ideation

co-rumination

Rebecca has a crush on a girl in her class, and she but she is afraid of the social backlash that might come with admitting her feelings. Rebecca knows, deep down, her family will accept her for being gay, but it's hard to say it. Like most LGBT youth, what major challenge is Rebecca facing? rejection homophobia questioning coming out

coming out

commitment

A parent tells a school counselor, "I am concerned that my child has developed an inferiority complex. My child feels like he does not measure up to peers." According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, this child may be struggling to accomplish the developmental task of the industry versus inferiority stage of development, which is ________. a) competence b) care c) purpose d) will

competence

A student is bullied at school and now associates school with fear. According to Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the fear, anxiety, and nervousness this student experiences when approaching school is a(n) ________. conditioned response conditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response

conditioned response

When deciding on a restaurant, a friend explains, "I used to enjoy shrimp. Then one day, I ate shrimp, and the next day, I got really sick, like I had the stomach flu. Since then, just the sight of shrimp makes me nauseous." According to Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the shrimp is a(n) ________. a) unconditional response b) unconditional stimulus c) conditioned response d) conditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus

A research advisor tells a graduate student, "Now that you have developed hypotheses based on a theory, you can ________ to test your hypotheses." a) preform observations b) conduct research c) generate practical applications d) engage in scientific debate

conduct research

A team of researchers are interested in studying changes in parenting style over time, as children and parents grow older. One researcher states, "If we choose a ________, then it would be less time consuming and expensive. Another researcher comments, "If we choose that design, then we have measurements of parenting style for one point in time, and we can't be sure about changes with age over time." They are discussing the advantages and disadvantages of which research design? longitudinal research design cohort sequential research design sequential research design cross-sectional research design

cross-sectional research design

Which of the following summarizes the stages of loss from Kubler-Ross' model in the order that this model presents them? confusion, anger, depression, denial, happiness denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance denial, confusion, bargaining, depression, happiness confusion, denial, depression, bargaining, anger

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Thompson uses observation and surveys to study how much time children spend playing outside. The objective of this research is to ________. describe the occurrence of time spent playing outside randomly assign people to different conditions, then use hypothesis testing to make inferences about how these conditions influence time spent playing outside formally test whether a relationship exists between time spent playing outside and some other variable. to explain why children play outside.

describe the occurrence of time spent playing outside

In order to minimize attrition in studies with infants and children, researchers are advised to ________. provide more enticements in the form of rewards withhold snacks until the study is complete design the study to be as short as possible minimize breaks for rest

design the study to be as short as possible

A talk show host likes to interview guests who thought their course in life was set and determined by challenges they experienced as children and teens, but who later encountered situations and opportunities that transformed their lives into something they could not have envisioned earlier in life. This talk show host's approach is aligned with Baltes' key principle of lifespan development that ________. development is multidisciplinary development is multidimensional development is lifelong development is plastic

development is lifelong

While most human development theorists and researchers have focused on infancy and childhood, and some on adolescence, others have explored development over the course of one's entire life, which aligns with Baltes' key principle of lifespan development that ________. development is changeable development has gains and losses development is lifelong development has socio-cultural influences

development is lifelong

During adolescence, the increased production of this neurotransmitter is partially responsible for increased risk-taking behaviors. Serotonin GABA Dopamine Cortisol

dopamine

Piaget's traditional approach to cognitive development has been extended by Neo-Piagetian theorists who consider how ________. a) schemas, assimilation, and accommodation influence cognitive development b) experience, culture, and interactions with others influence cognitive development c) abstract logic, moral reasoning, and problem solving capabilities develop d) neural connections in the brain influence thinking and problem solving

experience culture, and interactions with others influence cognitive development

The processes of myelination and synaptic pruning make neural processing ________ and ________ complex. slower; more slower; less faster; more slower; more

faster; more

Paula's children have moved out of the house and she now has two young grandchildren. She finds herself often thinking about how she can pass on her legacy to them and decides to be more involved in their lives, as well as in the community. Paula's behavior coincides with how John Kotre (1984) defined generativity as a ________. form of creativity with no underlying impulse or drive. passing stage of development lasting no more than a decade. moral imperative that had to be awakened by education and culture form of investment.

form of investment

Children who are seriously reflecting on the future, imagining what they want to be when they grow up and planning what it might take to get there have reached Piaget's ________ stage of cognitive development. a) concrete operational b) formal operational c) sensormimotor d) preoperational

formal operational

Socio-emotional selectivity theory (SST) states that our goals and priorities usually change in midlife. Rather than long term goals, we become more concerned with life-satisfaction in the present. This in linked to a belief that That life can "begin" at any age and is largely free of any temporal perspective. Time can now be spent with a much wider circle of family and friends. Time, and age, is much less important in midlife than early adulthood dues to greater financial security. future time is limited.

future time is limited.

A child development researcher established a password for her lab computers. The password, ________, was created in honor of the person who established the first scientific journals that published child development research, and who was also the first president of the American Psychological Association. a) sigmund freud b) john b watson c) g. stanley hall d) james mark baldwin

g. stanley hall

David Olson and Blaine Fowers (1993) found that only around 1 in 10 marriages could be awarded the highest score for overall relationship quality. He described these as vitalized marriages. They were described as being based on a high level of self-disclosure, expression of sentiment, shared beliefs, religious and secular, and regular relationship counseling higher income levels the number of children shared hobbies

higher income levels

Over the past 25 years, the divorce rate for people over 50 has doubled, and tripled for those over 60, yet Cohen (2018) predicts a fall in divorce rates due to ________ . an increase in cohabitation and dating multiple partners. divorce being seen as increasingly unacceptable in a cultural sense and the rise in restrictive divorce laws. the rise in women working outside of the home, combined with increasing childbirth rates that are making marriage more popular, increases in educational attainment and the fact that "baby boomers" are simply a divorce prone cohort.

increases in educational attainment and the fact that "baby boomers" are simply a divorce prone cohort.

In a study of the effect of playing video games on sleep quality, researchers randomly assigned some participants to play an up-tempo video game for either one or three hours before bed. Other participants had no engagement with electronics in the time before bed. Then, the researchers assessed all the participants' sleep quality (e.g., number of awakenings, percentage of time in deep sleep) during an overnight sleep study. In this experiment, the time spent playing video games (e.g., one or three hours) is the ________. dependent variable experimental group independent variable control group

independent variable

The University of California in its report on the "sandwich generation" (2014) reckoned that federal and state services, hospitals and social workers, and primary physicians provided less than 20% of total care for the long-term sick and disabled. What makes up the remaining 80%? Medicare provided nurses informal care paid caregivers. Female family members.

informal care

The University of California in its report on the "sandwich generation" (2014) reckoned that federal and state services, hospitals and social workers, and primary physicians provided less than 20% of total care for the long-term sick and disabled. What makes up the remaining 80%? informal care Medicare provided nurses Female family members. paid caregivers.

informal carew

A(n)________ approach to development has been criticized for equating the mind to a computer and for not taking into account the social context in which development takes place. a) social cognitive theory b) piagetian c) information processing d) theory of mind

information processing

Parents are at an indoor playspace their five-year-old child. The parents observe the child check out the slide, then check out a playhouse before deciding to play on a climbing structure. According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, by allowing the child to explore within limits and by supporting the child's choice, these parents are helping their child successfully navigate which stage of development? a) initiative versus guilt b) autonomy versus shame c) trust versus mistrust d) industry versus inferiority

initiative versus guilt

Evolutionary perspectives on lifespan development have been criticized for ________. a) underestimating what children are capable of given the right circumstances b) proposing discrete stages rather than a continuous process of growth and learning c) focusing on behaviors that are reflexively elicited and not new behaviors d) insufficient attention to environmental and social factors involved in behavior

insufficient attention to environmental and social factors involved in behavior

Two young adult friends are talking about their dating preferences. One friend says, "I prefer to go to the movies by myself. I believe you have to know yourself and be good company for yourself before you can be good company for someone else." Erik Erikson would agree that we must have a strong sense of self before we can develop successful intimate relationships. This statement describes the key developmental task in which stage of psychosocial development? a) integrity versus despair b) identity versus role confusion c) generativity versus stagnation d) intimacy versus isolation

intimacy versus isolation

Edgar can sound out most three-letter words, but when he sees a long eight-letter word, he turns to his teacher instead of trying to sound it out. His teacher encourages him to go ahead and try to sound it out by breaking it down into two parts. According to Vygotsky, Edgar is developing his fast-mapping skills. is engaged in egocentric speech. needs to practice his language overregularization. is in the zone of proximal development.

is in the zone of proximal development.

Family members, primarily women, often perform a valuable function in keeping other family members informed about the well-being of other family members. This creating, maintaining and monitoring function informs other family members when others need emotional and physical support. This has come to be known in the academic literature as ________. Family communication Organizing family reunions Family rituals kinkeeping

kinkeeping

David is retiring from the company after thirty years. His boss, Sandra, is worried that the person she is training to replace him may not be able to. She has shown him all the systems, and introduced him to customers and clients. The new person is proficient in all of those systems (more so probably than David), and he is extremely personable. "Why am I so worried?" wonders Sandra. The answer has something to do with tacit knowledge, which is ________. knowledge which cannot be codified, transferred in a written form, or even properly verbalized, and, therefore, difficult to transfer. a form of knowledge that can be passed from expert to novice. a form of knowledge that is easily transferred from one person to another by a training schedule or structured interview. a form of knowledge that can be rendered in explicit and precise terms and described in clear linguistic or lexical fashion.

knowledge which cannot be codified, transferred in a written form, or even properly verbalized, and, therefore, difficult to transfer.

Gross motor skills involve ________, while fine motor skills involve ________. large muscle groups; exact movements of fingers and hands the respiratory system; the muscular system exact movements of fingers and hands; large muscle groups the muscular system; the respiratory system

large muscle groups; exact movements of fingers and hands

Social cognitive theory (social learning theory) proposes that ________, whereas Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes that ________. a) development is more influenced by nature than nurture; development is more influenced by nurture than nature b) learning is unique to each person; there are distinct stages of development c) there are distinct stages of development; learning is unique to each person d) learning is universal for everyone; development follows many courses

learning is unique to each person; there are distinct stages of development

A person seeks psychotherapy because of difficulty in establishing and maintaining emotionally satisfying relationships. The therapist's approach is grounded in humanistic psychology, and the therapist conceptualizes that the client's behavior is motivated by a need for ________. a) safety b) esteem c) love and belonging d) self actualization

love and belonging

An increase in subjective well-being was linked to what social living arrangement? single, living by oneself divorced cohabitation marriage

marriage

Which of the following situations is most likely to be a positive stressor and learning experience? the death of a grandparent lack of sufficient nutrition on a daily basis parental divorce and custody changes meeting a new friend and forming a connection

meeting a new friend and forming a connection

School administrators and teachers meet yearly to review the school philosophy, daily routines, assessment methods, and other elements of the school system because they know these factors can affect a child's self-image, learning, and sense of accomplishment. These educators and their concerns represent which element of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model? a) mesosytem b) exosytem c) macrosystem d) microsystem

mesosystem

Mike slapped his brother, so his mother places him in "time out" to reconsider his actions. What operant conditioning principle does this use? negative reinforcement positive punishment negative punishment positive reinforcement

negative punishment

Exactly when fluid intelligence begins to decrease is an object of some debate in the academic literature. Some date it from the late 20s, others somewhat later, around the mid 40s. There are of course differences between individual persons. Assuming Jim is in his late 50s, what kind of cognitive information will he likely process in slower fashion that when he was 20? knowledge of gardening recognizing familiar faces servicing his old lawnmower new or novel information

new or novel information

Exactly when fluid intelligence begins to decrease is an object of some debate in the academic literature. Some date it from the late 20s, others somewhat later, around the mid 40s. There are of course differences between individual persons. Assuming Jim is in his late 50s, what kind of cognitive information will he likely process in slower fashion that when he was 20? knowledge of gardening servicing his old lawnmower recognizing familiar faces new or novel information

new or novel information

Clark and Lois have a generally happy marriage but also have some conflicts in their marriage that they argue about on a weekly, sometimes daily basis. Clark's spontaneous absences, Lois' intense work schedule, and insecurities that are unlikely to change are what John Gottman would call ________. hangover differences courtship difficulties irreconcilable difference perpetual conflicts

perpetual conflicts

Human service agencies that provide food, water, clothing, and shelter to people in need are focused on helping others meet which of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? a) love and belonging b) safety c) physiological d) esteem

physiological

In operant conditioning, which is the most effective method of teaching a behavior? positive reinforcement positive punishment negative reinforcement negative punishment

positive reinforcement

In operant conditioning, which is the most effective method of teaching a behavior? positive reinforcement positive punishment negative reinforcement negative punishment

positive reinforcement

Richard has developed a set of ethics based on personal beliefs and universal values. What stage of Kohlberg's moral development is Richard displaying? Conventional Postconventional Individual Preconventional

postconventional

The area of the brain behind the forehead that helps us to think, strategize, and control emotions is the ________. prefrontal cortex myelination corpus callosum dendrites

prefrontal cortex

You walk into a new cafe with an unusual layout. You stand back and observe how customers order and pay at one station, then pick up their food at another station. Now you have learned how to get food in this restaurant. Which behavioral approach to learning does this describe? a) classical conditioning b) social cognitive theory c) the law of effect d) operant conditioning

social cognitive theory

During early adulthood some individuals are married, having children, and learning to maintain their own households. individuals are too old to seek formal education. there are not many developmental tasks to keep individuals busy. everyone takes on the same adult roles at the same exact time.

some individuals are married, having children, and learning to maintain their own households.

A researcher states, "In order to understand human development, we must consider how our genetic inheritance determines behavior and personality and seek to understand which traits became adaptive through a process of natural selection." This researcher is a proponent of which perspective? a) the evolutionary perspective b) the ethology perspective c) the exosystem perspective d) the ecological perspective

the evolutionary perspective

At age 60, Sanda begins to be more aware of her sarcopenia, which she hopes to postpone with frequent exercise. What is sarcopenia? problems in the joints of the hand. the decline of liver function common with alcohol abuse. a neurological condition experienced by over half of people above age 60. the general loss of mass and function as part of the aging process.

the general loss of mass and function as part of the aging process.

At age 60, Sanda begins to be more aware of her sarcopenia, which she hopes to postpone with frequent exercise. What is sarcopenia? the decline of liver function common with alcohol abuse. a neurological condition experienced by over half of people above age 60. problems in the joints of the hand. the general loss of mass and function as part of the aging process.

the general loss of mass and function as part of the aging process.

In describing his approach to psychotherapy, a therapist whose approach is informed by Carl Rogers' work, tells new clients, "I help clients achieve ________. I help clients to become more open to life experiences, to live each moment fully, and to be more creative in dealing with life's challenges." a) unconditional positive regard b) congruence c) the good life d) a positive self concept

the good life

In describing his approach to psychotherapy, a therapist whose approach is informed by Carl Rogers' work, tells new clients, "I help clients achieve ________. I help clients to become more open to life experiences, to live each moment fully, and to be more creative in dealing with life's challenges." congruence unconditional positive regard a positive self concept the good life

the good life

You hear an annoying beeping sound if you try to exit your car with the keys still in the ignition. The next time you park your car, you are more likely to take your keys out of the ignition before exiting. What principle of operant conditioning does this reflect? a) unconditional response b) observational learning c) conditioned stimulus d) the law of effect

the law of effect

A couple expecting their first child discuss how they plan to provide their child with a sense of value and positive self-concept that is not attached to specific accomplishments or conditions of worth. Carl Rogers would describe the parents as providing ________. a) unconditional positive regard b) organismic trust c) freedom of choice d) an existential lifestyle

unconditional positive regard

Ghislieri and Gatti (2012) identify "generative leadership" and "intergenerational transfer" as key to the future economic success of countries like Italy. What is generative leadership? a form of leadership derived from the principles of military leadership the passing of entrepreneurial and organizational skills to a future generation a form of leadership linked to the management of supply chains a management theory inspired by prolonging economic return in later life

the passing of entrepreneurial and organizational skills to a future generation

Ghislieri and Gatti (2012) identify "generative leadership" and "intergenerational transfer" as key to the future economic success of countries like Italy. What is generative leadership? the passing of entrepreneurial and organizational skills to a future generation a form of leadership linked to the management of supply chains a management theory inspired by prolonging economic return in later life a form of leadership derived from the principles of military leadership

the passing of entrepreneurial and organizational skills to a future generation

A researcher whose study of higher-order thinking skills in children is influenced by Vygotsky's sociocultural theory would be likely to investigate ________. a) the role of biology and neural connections on language and learning processes b) the role of congruence and incongruence on language and learning processes c) the role of positive and negative reinforcement on language and learning processes d) the role of social interaction and culture on language and learning processes

the role of social interaction and culture on language and learning processes

Jeanie's infant turns his head toward a hand placed near his cheek. What does this head-turning behavior exemplify? The sucking reflex The rooting reflex The babinski reflex The moro reflex

the rooting relex

Ramscar et al, (2014) did research to find that a decline in information processing speed is not necessarily indicative of a decline in cognitive capability. They do not deny that older adults take longer to process information in the manner indicated by the tests, only that this is the result because the same cognitive mechanism processing different quantities of information. older adults forget words and thus take longer to complete the task. the performance of older adults is dictated by methodological flaws in the measuring of information processing speeds. older adults take longer to follow written instructions and thus take longer to complete the test.

the same cognitive mechanism processing different quantities of information

What fundamental methodological limitation can be identified in Levinson's work (and in a good number of other studies in the social sciences)? Levinson employed an experimental design that failed to account for a control group. Levinson used a type of survey which was ill-suited to the task, and led him to form conclusions that midlife was experienced in a negative fashion. The sample size is far too small to be confident in extrapolating from its findings to the supposed characteristics of a general population. The study was conducted without detailing all of the operations and methods, which makes it difficult to replicate.

the sample size is far too small to be confident in extrapolating from its findings to the supposed characteristics of a general population.

The theory of mind is: the understanding that the mind is comprised of biological structures and various chemicals. the understanding that the mind creates memories that are almost exact pictures of what happened. the understanding that the mind holds people's beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions. the understanding that cognition changes throughout childhood and subsequent stages of development.

the understanding that the mind holds people's beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions.

the zone of proximal development

A graduate student is considering topics for a Master's thesis. The graduate advisor recommends: "There are several sets of well-developed ideas about that topic. You must first review their explanations and use that to make predictions for your research." The graduate advisor is recommending that the student review ________. a) hypothesis b) research c) theories d) observations

theories

A researcher studies how children make sense of new information either by making it fit into known information (e.g., calling all round objects "ball") or by modifying their thinking (e.g., learning new words for various round objects). This researcher's work is grounded in Piaget's ________. a) classical conditioning b) theory of cognitive development c) operant conditioning d) social cognitive theory

theory of cognitive development

Steven's mom just lost her job and she's not sure how she's going to make ends meet. Lately, Steven hasn't had much reassurance he'll get enough food to eat on a daily basis. What type of stress is this most likely to be? toxic stress tolerable stress sositive stress indirect stress

toxic stress

A couple expecting their first child discuss how they plan to provide their child with a sense of value and positive self-concept that is not attached to specific accomplishments or conditions of worth. Carl Rogers would describe the parents as providing ________. freedom of choice organismic trust an existential lifestyle unconditional positive regard

unconditional positive regard

A therapist, whose approach to psychotherapy is based on Sigmund Freud's theory, explains that a patient's problematic behavior is based on ________. a) being stuck in the development task of trust vs. mistrust b) unconscious motives, fears, and anxieties c) a classical conditioned response d) observational learning without consequences

unconscious motives, fears, and anxieties

Crystallized intelligence is knowledge accumulated over a period of time. It can be acquired via experience, professional and personal, travel, reading and education. It is usually culturally based and can be the result of both choice and personal circumstances. It is sometimes described as cognitive pragmatics and opposed to the cognitive processing of fluid intelligence. It is usually measured by vocabulary tests, interpretation of texts. concept formation via visual puzzles. pattern recognition based on spatial organization. deduction based on diagrams.

vocabulary tests, interpretation of texts.

Levinson believed that social identity was marked by quite pronounced differences in terms of gender. He believed that the "female dream," was subject to a fundamental dichotomy which made for often difficult choices. What was that dichotomy? Looking after children and their older parents work/occupation and marriage/family Cross-generational difficulties between mothers and daughters Educational attainment and starting a family

work/occupation and marriage/family

During a test of cognitive ability, a student is asked to repeat a series of digits backwards. According to an information processing approach to cognitive development, this ability to retain information while actively manipulating it is an example of ________. cognitive neuroscience working memory reversibility theory of mind

working memory

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