Developmental Psych Test 1(ch.1-6)

infant/toddler intelligence test

Bayley scales- cognitive, language, motor, social-emotional, adaptive behavior HOME- home observation measurement of the environment IQ-used to find out if individual is ahead behind or average

limitations on correlational research

Does NOT reveal cause-and-effect

Factors that can worsen Teratogen

Dose Heredity Other negative influences Age

Incomplete dominance

a pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a combined trait, or one that is intermediate between the two

discontinuous development

a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific terms

Depth perception

ability to judge the distance of objects from one another

self-regulation

adjusting to own state of emotional intensity, requires effortful control, grows over first year with brain development;

Adoption

adults who are infertile, likely to pass a genetic diseases. 3 pathways to adoption are domestic adoption form the public welfare system, through private agencies and intermediaries and international adoption

Lifespan perspective: Multidimensional

affected by biological, psychological, and social forces

habituation

agradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation

Sensorimotor stage

first 2 years of life; infants and toddlers "think" with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment.

Psychosocial stages

first year: trust vs. mistrust, child needs responsiveness toddlerhood: autonomy vs. shame/doubt, child needs suitable guidance and reasonable choices

Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory:

focuses on how culture- values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group-is transmitted into the next generation. Social interaction is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture. all about environmental interactions

Genotype

gene info you inherit, not directly observable

reproductive choices

genetic counseling, donor insemination and in Vitro fertilization, surrogate motherhood, postmenopausal-assisted childbirth ALL EXTREMELY CONTROVERSIAL

categorization

grouping similar objects and events into single representations

Stability

individuals high or low in a characteristic remain so at later ages, early experiences may have a lifelong impact

sensory register

info enters, sights and sounds are represented directly and stored briefly

Passive gene-environment correlation

the child has no control, parents provide environments influenced by their own heredity.

clinical/case study method

Brings together a wide range of information on one person. Includes the usage of interviews, observations, and test scores

umbilical cord

connects placenta to developing organism; contains one large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste

executive functioning

diverse cognitive operations and strategies that enable us to achieve our goals in cognitively challenging situations

Longitudinal design and limitation

investigator studies the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages. - participants dropout, practice effects, and cohorts effect-born in the same time period

psychometric definition of intelligence

involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, and learn quickly and from experiences. more than "book learning" and "test taking smarts"; reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending

assimilation

use current scheme to interpret external world

cephalocaudal trend

"Head to tail; Lower part of the body grows later than the head

proximodistal trend

"Near to far" growth proceeds from center of the body outward

recovery

(after habituation) a new stimulus; a change in the environment, causes responsiveness to return to a high level, an increase

3 aspects of personality

-id: unconscious present at birth, largest portion of mind, source of basic biological needs and desires -ego: the conscious, rational part of personality, emerges in early infancy to redirect id's impulses so they are discharged in acceptable ways -superego, or conscience: develops as parents insist that children conform to the values of society. Now the ego faces the increasingly complex task of reconciling the demands of the id, the external world, and conscience.

sequential design and limitation

conduct similar cross-sectional and longitudinal studies called sequences. ex. studying same ages at different times/different ages at the same time may have same problems and cross-sectional and longitudinal

Mesosystem

consists of connections between microsystems.

Exosystem

consists of links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context

difference between correlation and causation

correlation doesn't automatically mean A caused B. causation means that one event is the result of another event

accommodation

create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that our current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely

goodness of fit model

describes how temperament and environment together can produce favorable outcomes. involves creating child-rearing enviro that recognize each child's temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning

Lifespan perspective: History-graded influences

development is profoundly affected by forces unique to specific historical period. History-graded influences explain why people born around the same time tend to be alike in way that set them apart from people born at different times

Epigenesis

development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment. genes affect behavior and experiences . experiences and behavior also affect gene expression

Growth pattern: cephalocaudal trend and proximodistal trend

different parts of the body grow at different rates. head developing more rapidly than body vs. growth from center of body outward

Phenotypes

directly observable characteristics

behavioral genetics

field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to this diversity in human traits and abilities

Fetus: third trimester

final trimester: age of viability, it can now survive. antibodies from mother are transmitted to protect against diseases. fetus rotates upside down as birth is about to take place

mirror neurons

fire identically when a primate hears or sees an action and when it carries out that action on its own

cross sectional design and limitation

groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time. -does not permit study of individual development trends. age difference maybe be distorted because of cohort effects

Nature (nature v. nurture)

hereditary info we receive from our parents are the moment of conception

blastocyst

hollow fluid-filled ball; forms structures that will feed and protect the developing organism

mental representation

internal depictions of information that the mind can manipulate; most powerful mental representations are 2 kinds: images and concepts permits deferred imitation: ability to remember and copy behaviors of models not present; and make-believe play: acting out everyday and imaginary activities

correlational design

investigator obtains info on participant without altering experiences

Lifespan perspective: Multidirectional

joint expression of growth and decline within each domain of development.

Fetus: second trimester

large enough that mother can feel movements; organs are well developed; vernix protects skin from chapping caused by amniotic fluid; lanugo is hair that helps attach vernix. Fetus born at this time CANNOT survive

long term memory store

largest storage area; our permanent knowledge base which is unlimited

Period of the zygote

lasts about 2 weeks, one celled zygot multiplies and forms a blastocyst; blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining, forms. Structures that feed and protect the developing organism begin to form- amnion, chorion, yolk sac, placenta, and umbilical cord. At the end, the developing organism has found food and shelter

Period of the embryo

lasts from implantation through the 8th week; most rapid changes. a primitive brain and spinal cord appear. heart, muscles, ribs, backbone, and digestive tract begin to develop(all formed from 3 layers of embryonic disk). sense of touch begins to develop and the embryo can move

Chronosystem

life changes can be imposed externally, or, alternatively, can arise from within since individuals select, modify, and create many of their own settings and experiences.

Heritability Estimates

measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors.

placenta

membrane developed when Villi, blood vessels, burrow into uterine wall; this brings the embryo's and mother's blood together but prevents them to mix; and permits food and oxygen to reach and waste to be carried out

milestone in brain development

neurons and synopses are over produced, then cell death and synaptic pruning sculpts away access building material to form the mature brain; a process jointly influenced by genetically programmed events in the child's experiences. the resulting "sculpture" is a set of interconnected regions, each with a specific function

synaptic pruning

neurons that are seldom stimulated lose their synapses in a process that returns neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development

Lifespan perspective: lifelong

no age period is supreme on its impact on life course, events during each major period can have equally powerful effect on future. In each period, change occurs in 3 broad domains: physical, cognitive, and emotional;/social. THEY OVERLAP

Factors involved for healthy prenatal development

nutrition, emotional stress, maternal age Rh factor incompatibility

Experience-dependent brain growth(EDG)

occurs throughout life; consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that very widely across individuals and cultures

Lifespan perspective: highly plastic

open to change through new experiences

Plasticity

open to changes in response to influential experiences

Theory

orderly, integrated set of statements that describe and predict behaviors

gene-environment correlation

our genes influence the environment to which we are exposed; change with age

trophoblast

outer cells of blastocyst; forms protective covering and nourishment

Macrosystem

outermost, consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources.

Psychoanalytic Perspective

people move through stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. How these conflicts are resolved determines the persons ability to learn, get along with others, and cope with anxiety.

preterm vs. small for date babies

preterm are born several weeks or more before due small for date are below their expected weight considering length of pregnancy, some are full term, usually have serious problems

yolk sac

produces blood cells until liver, spleen, and bone marrow are mature enough to take over

circular reaction

provides a special means of adapting their first schemes. it involves stumbling on to new experiences cause by the baby's own motor activity. The reaction is "circular" because, as the baby tries to repeat the event again and again, a sensorimotor response that first occurred by chance strengthens into a new scheme

reactivity

quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

release and fertilization of two ova. Factors: age, ethnicity, nutrition, family history, fertility drugs and in verto fertilization,

Self referencing

relying on other's emotional reactions to appraise situation; used to teach how to react

Medical intervention for preterm babies

respirator, feeding tube, and intravenous medication

Identical (monozygotic) twins

same genetic make up Factors: temp changes, oxygen levels, late fertilization, usually born early

infant-directed speech

simplified form of language well suited for young infant to learn

Continuous v. discontinuous development

smooth continuous development where individuals gradually add more of the same types of skills VS. discontinuous stages of development where people can change a lot as they step up to the next step and then change very little for a while.

Schemes

specific psychological structures- organized ways of making sense of experience- change through age; two processes accountable for change in schemes : adaptation and organization

zygote

sperm + ovum unite at conception

Conception

sperm and ovum unite to form a new individual. 38 weeks of pregnancy is divided into 3 equal terms

temperament

stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation

attachment

strong affectionate tie we have with special people that lead us to feel pleasure when we interact with them and to become comforted by their nearness in times of stress

Human Development (as a field)

study devoted to understanding the consistency and change throughout the lifespan

chorion

surrounds amnion, villi, blood vessels, emerge

Nonorganic failure to thrive

symptoms are similar to malnutrition, non-biological cause, can be corrected if treated early (may need love/emotion; tactile stimulation), physical component usually fine

ways to soothe a crying baby

talk softly or play rhythmic sounds offer pacifier, sucking helps baby control arousal message baby's body lift and rock or walk with baby take baby for short car ride or walk or swing- helps lull the baby to sleep combine methods let baby cry for short period of time

niche picking

tendency to actively choose environments that complement our heredity, explains why identical twins rear apart during childhood, and later reunite, surprised to have similar interests

working memory

the number of items that can briefly be held in mind while also engaging in some effort to monitor or manipulate those items

Canalization

the tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to just one of few outcomes. A behavior that is strongly canalized develops similarly in a wide rage of environments; only strong environmental forces can change it EX: perceptual and motor development are strongly canalized. intelligence and personality are less strongly canalized

stable vs. plastic development

theorists who emphasize stability stress the importance of heredity, early experiences establish a life long pattern of behavior. VS. theorist who see development as having substantial plasticity, open to changes

New born sense

touch, smell, taste, hearing, seeing

amnion

trophoblast multiplies fast and creates membrane

Dominant-recessive inheritance

two alleles but only the dominant affects the characteristics. recessive has no effect. If parents gene make up is known, we can predict the percentage of children in the family that will display or carry a trait

object permanence

understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight

Right side of brain

verbal abilities/positive emotions

Ecosystems (ecological systems) theory

views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment

Marasmus

wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all essential neutrients. usually appears in first year of life when babys mother is too malnourished to produces enough breast milk and bottle feeding is also inadequate

short term memory store

we retain attended-to info briefly so we can actively "work" on it to reach goals

X- linked inheritance

when a harmful allele is carried on the X chromosome. Males are more likely to be affected because their sex chromosomes do not match(XY) EX. Hemophilia

cognitive equilibrium

when children are not changing much, they assimilate more than they accommodate; steady comfortable stage

Microsystem

innermost, consists of activities and interaction patterns in the persons immediate surroundings, family, school, neighborhood

embryonic disk

inside cells of blastocyst; will become new organism 3 layers of cells: Ectoderm- becomes the nervous system and skin Mesoderm- will develop muscles, skeleton, circulatory system and other internal organs Endoderm- will become digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands

female chromosomes

23rd set = XX

male chromosomes

23rd set = XY

Kwashiorkor

caused by unbalanced diet very low in protein.

General research design

correlational and experimental

Left side of brain

spatial abilities/negative emotions

Experience-expectant brain growth(EEG)

young children "expect" to encounter experiences. young brain's rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences; opportunities to explore the environment, interact with people, hearing languages and other sounds occurs early and naturally

Lifespan perspective

1. Lifelong 2. Multidimensional and multidirectional 3. highly plastic 4. Affected by multiple interacting forces

3 basic issues of human growth and development

1. continuous v. discontinuous 2. one course of development v. many 3. nature v. nurture

strange situations

1. parent and child are alone in room 2. child explores without parental participation 3. stranger enters room, talks to parent, approaches child 4.parent quietly leaves room 5. parent then returns and comforts child

infant vision

2 months: focus on objects 4 months: color vision 6 months: visual acuity( discrimination) 4 years: 20/20

Stages of child birth

3 Stages: 1. dilation and effacement of the cervix: contractions of the uterus causing cervix to widen and thin to nothing forming clear channel for uterus vagina 2.delivery of the baby: with each contraction, the mother pushes forcing the baby down and out 3. delivery of the placenta: few final pushes separates placenta from wall of uterus

information processing

3 parts of the mental system for processing: the sensory register, short term memory store, and long term memory store. As information goes through each, we use mental strategies to transform it, increasing the chances that we will retain, use info efficiently and think flexibly; adapting the info

pictorial depth cues

3-4 months strengthening at 5-7 months; babies display sensitivity to 3D and illusions.

Motion

3-4 week; first depth cue to which infants are sensitive. babies blink eyes defensively

Period of the fetus

9th week until birth, divided into 3 trimesters: first trimester(end of 3rd month):muscles, organs, and nervous system become organized and connected. new behavioral capacities appear(kicking, sucking thumb, breathing) genitals are well formed and sex is seen

Resilience

Ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development. Factors in resilience: -personal characteristics -warm parental relationships -social support outside of family -community resources and opportunities

experimental design

Allows cause-and-effect statements. Stronger b/c you can rule out individual differences through random assignment

Independent variable

Changed or manipulated by experimenter, expected to cause changes in another variable.

Self reports: clinical interviews/structured interviews

Clinical: flexible, conversational style Structured: each person is asked the same set of questions, in the same way(includes tests and questionnaires)

self-conscious emotions

EX: shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy, pride; emerge middle of 2nd year, children become aware of self as separate and unique, require adult instruction about when to feel these emotions

Environmental Influences affecting development

Family/ extended families, SES , poverty, affluence, outside the family, culture

Medical interventions for normal childbirth

Fetal monitoring- checks heart rate during labor Labor and delivery medication (can lower the APGRA score)- analgesics for pain and to relac, anesthetics for stronger pain and blocks sensation, epidural analgesia strong pain killer shot into back but prolongs labor cesarean delivery- surgical birth

Difference between Erikson's and Freud's theories

Freud's Theory emphasized the importance of the basic needs and biological forces. Erikson's Theory is based upon social and environmental factors and also expands his theory into adulthood, while Freud's theory ends at an earlier period.

environmental influences on gene expression

Gene-environment interaction- it effects responsiveness to particular environments Canalization- it restricts the development of certain behaviors Gene-environment correlation: viewed as driven by genetics, children's genetic makeup causes them to receive, evoke, or seek experiences that actualize their hereditary tendencies

Basic emotions: Happiness, Anger/Sadness, Fear

Happiness- Smile: from birth; Social smile: 6-10 weeks; Laugh: 3-4 months Anger- General distress: from birth; Anger: 4-6 months Fear- First fears: 2nd half of first year; Stranger anxiety: 8-12 months

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory-

In addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual and active, contributing member of society

brain plasticity

In infants and young children, parts of brain are not yet specialized. Recover better from brain injury because there is this. Language recovers better than spatial skills. Still have some problems with complex mental skills. Older children, even adults, have this, but not as much as younger children.

IQ score

Intelligence quotient: measurements against typical performance for age,

studying developmental designs

Longitudinal design, Cross-sectional design, Sequential design

dependent variable

Measured, but not manipulated, by experimenter. Expected to be influenced by the independent variable.

imitation

Mimic behaviors as seen. Could be a reflex or voluntary. It is a powerful means of learning and helps facilitate positive relationships

systematic observation: naturalistic/structured observation

Naturalistic: go into the field and record Structured: investigator sets up a lab where conditions are same for all

Periods of prenatal development

Period of the zygote, period of the embryo, period of the fetus

types of attachment and factors

Secure: baby uses parent as secure base Avoidant: unresponsive to parent when present, Resistant: before separation, infant seeks closeness, when parent leave, very distressed; when return, they combing clinginess with angry resistive behavior and can continue to cry disorganized/disoriented: at reunion, infant shows confused, dazed facial expressions

Emotions of others

Social referencing: by 1 year, actively seeking emotional info from trusted person or uncertain situation Emotional contagion: early infancy, infants respond in kind to others' emotions through a built-in automatic process Recognize others facial expressions: 4-5 months

organization

a process that takes place internally, apart from direct contact with environment. Once children form new schemes, they rearrange them, linking them with other schemes to create a strongly interconnected cognitive system

strength/ weaknesses of the psychoanalytic perspective

Strength: its emphasis on the individual's unique life history as worthy of study and understanding. Has also inspired research on many aspects of emotional and social development Weaknesses: no longer the main human dev. research. psychoanalytic theorists have become isolated from the rest of the field because they were so strongly committed to in-depth study of individual that they failed to consider other methods. Very difficult or impossible to test

research methods

Systematic observations, self-reports, clinical/case study method

Newborn sense and when they develop

Touch: helps stimulate physical growth and emotional development, at birth infants are highly sensitive to pain Taste and smell: at 4 months baby's prefer salty taste to plain water which prepares them for solid foods. at 4 days babies prefer the smell of their mothers breast Hearing: at birth new borns prefer complex sounds pure to tone. at only a few days old baby can tell the difference in sound pattern. Vision: lease developed, newborns cant focus eyes well eyes are weak, four months for color vision to come. 4 years they have 20/20

APGAR scale

Used to asses the newborns physical condition quickly; with a rating of 0,1,2 on each of 5 characteristics: 1.heart rate 2.repertory effort 3.reflex irritability(sneezing coughing, and grimacing) 4.muscle tone 5.color is made at 1 minute and then 5 minutes after birth(because some have trouble at first but then do well after a few minutes) APGAR score of 7 or better indicates good condition; score of 4-6 baby needs assistance in vital signs and breathing; 3 or below, the infant is in serious danger

Gene Factors

X: large chromosome Y: short, carries little gene info

continuous development

a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with

Anxiety

an emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried thoughts and physical changes like increased blood pressure.

underextention

an error when young children learn words and sometimes apply them too narrowly EX: "bear" for worm and tattered bear toy

stranger anxiety

anger and fear increase in second half of first year as infants' cognitive and motor capacities improve

teratogens

any environmental agent that causes damage during prenatal period. EX: prescription/nonprescription drugs, illegal drugs, tobacco, alcohol, radiation, environment pollution, infectious disease embryonic period is when teratogens highly impact

overextention

applying a work to a wider collection of objects and events than is appropriate EX: "car" for busses, trucks..

active gene-environment correlation

as children extend their experiences beyond immediate family and are given more freedom to make choices, they actively seek environments that fit with their genetic tendencies

Parietal Lobe

associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli

Temporal Lobe

associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech

Frontal Lobe

associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

Occipital Lobe

associated with visual processing

information processing improvements

attention: ability to shift focus improves memory: retention intervals increase; recall, remembering something not present; appears in first year excellent in second categorization: grouping similar objects; first year- perceptual categorization, second year- conceptual

New born reflexes

automatic response to stimulation eye blink: shine light or clap near head, infant closes eyes quick; protects infant from strong stimulation rooting: stroke cheek near mouth,helps baby find nipple sucking: place finger in baby's mouth, permits feeding Moro: hold baby horizontally on back and let head drop slightly or make sudden loud sound against surface supporting baby, in evolutionary past, this may have helped infant cling to mother Palmar grasp: place finger in infants hand and press palm, prepares infant for voluntary grasping tonic neck: turn head to one side while infant lays on back, prepares for reaching stepping: hold infant under arms and permit bare feet to touch flat surface, prepares for walking Babinski: stroke sole of foot from toe toward heel, unknown

Gene- environment interaction

because of genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment. people have unique genetically influenced reactions to particular experiences.

implantation

between the 7th and 9th day, the blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining, forms. Structures that feed and protect the developing organism begin to form

Lifespan perspective: development is influenced by multiple, interacting forces

biological, historical, social, and cultural forces influence development; organized into 3 categories that work together: Age-grade, History-grade, Non-normative- grade

core knowledge perspective

born with innate, special-purpose knowledge systems; core domain of thought. Each core domain allows quick grasp of related information

Adaptation

building schemes through direct interaction with the environment; consists of two complementary activities- assimilation and accommodation

fetal alcohol syndrome

caused by prenatal heavy alcohol exposure; distinguished by: 1. slow physical growth 2. a pattern of three facial abnormalities(short eyelid opening, thin upper lip, smooth or flat philtrum) 3. brain injury

evocative gene-environment correlation

children evoke responses that are influence by the child's heredity and these responses strengthen the child's original style.

Piaget's theories

children move through four stages between infancy and adolescence. During these stages, all aspects of cognition develop in an integrated fashion, changing in a similar way at about the same time.

Learning capacities

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, habituation, imitation

genetic counseling

communication process to help couples asses their chances of giving birth to a baby with hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action in views of risk and family goals

Kinship studies

compare the characteristics of family members resulting in heritability estimates; most common studies identical twins

Nurture (nature v. nurture)

complex forces of the physical and social world that influence our biological makeup and psychological experiences before/after birth

Behaviorism

directly observable events- stimuli and responses- are the focus of study classical conditioning: environment is the supreme force in dev. and adults can mold children's behavior by carefully controlling stimulus-response associations operant conditioning: frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with reinforcers and decreased by punishment

disequilibrium(cognitive discomfort)

during rapid cognitive change, children realize that new info doesn't match their current schemes, so they shift from assimilation toward accommodation. After modifying schemes, they move back toward assimilation

types of temperaments and its stability

easy child: 40%, regular routines, generally cheerful and adaptful difficult child: 10%, irregular routines, slow adaptability, reacts negatively and intensely slow-to-warm-up child: 15%, inactive, shows mild low key reactions negative in mood, adjust slowly unclassified: 35% Develops with age, low to moderate stability, better indicator after age 3

neural tube

ectoderm folds to form spinal cord

binocular depth cues

emerge 2-3 months ; our 2 eyes have slightly different views of the visual field. the brain blends these two images resulting in perception of depth.

effortful control

emotional self-regulation requires voluntary, effortful management of emotions

Freud's Psychosexual theory-

emphasize how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development, moves through 5 stages during which 3 portions of the personality become integrated -oral -anal -phallic -latency -genital

Social learning

emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning as a powerful source of development. "what we think about ourselves/what people think about us.

amniotic fluid

encloses the developing organism keeping the temperature constant and provides cushion

Lifespan perspective: Age-Grade influences

events strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last

Lifespan perspective: Non-normative influences

events that are irregular: they happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable.