Developmental Psychology Homework VI

__ is newly recognized by the DSM-5, characterized by periodic and compulsive overeating.

Binge eating disorder

Early puberty for both boys and girls has been linked to increased rates of:

emotional and behavioral problems.

Puberty begins with a hormonal signal from the _____ to the _____.

pituitary gland; adrenal glands

The parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction are called:

primary sex characteristics

While secondary sex characteristics may not be directly important for reproduction, they are very important:

psychologically

The years of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation that ends childhood is called:

puberty

Eating Disorders

- Anorexia nervosa •Eating disorder characterized by self-starvation •Affected individuals voluntarily undereat and often over exercise, depriving their vital organs of nutrition; anorexia can be fatal. - Bulimia nervosa •Eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging, usually by induced vomiting and/or use of laxatives - Binge-eating disorder •The DSM-5 introduced binge-eating disorder

Spermarche

- Boy's first ejaculation of sperm - Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production.

Sex Abuse

- Child sexual abuse •Definition •Most common time •International and national rates - Characteristics •Family members are most likely to abuse. •Victims are often isolated and uninformed. •Almost all adolescent problems, more frequent in abused •Impact of abuse often continues into adulthood

Menarche

- Girl's first menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation - Pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation often irregular for years after menarche.

Sex too Soon

- Hazards related to adolescent sexual activity •Correlation of early sex with depression, drug abuse, and lifelong problems •Absence of partner •Increased complexity and expense related to parenting; fewer family helpers •More common and dangerous STIs

Life-Span, Causes, & Consequences

- Origins of disordered eating •Cultural image •Stress •Puberty •Hormones •Childhood patterns - Family patterns and eating disorder reduction •Healthy eating in childhood •Eating together during childhood

Sexual Problems in Adolescence

- Problems less than in earlier decades - Positive trends •Decreased teen births in every nation •Rise in use of protection •Decrease in teen abortion rate

Chemicals/Leptin

- Research on the effects on humans of hormones and other chemicals, whether natural or artificial, is complex. •Female system is especially sensitive to leptin and other factors in the environment. - Leptin •Affects appetite and is believed to be involved in the onset of puberty •Increases during childhood and peaks at around age 12

HPG (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad) axis

- Sequence of hormone production that originates in the hypothalamus, moves to the pituitary, and then to the gonads

Which of the following is true of child sexual abuse?

Adolescent problems are more frequent in adolescents who are sexually abused.

Of the following, which is characteristic of bulimia nervosa?Of the following, which is characteristic of bulimia nervosa?

All of these answers are correct. - compulsive overeating - bingeing and purging - an overuse of laxatives

_____ is the day-night cycle of biological activity that occurs approximately every 24 hours.

Circadian rhythmn

In what way does weight affect puberty?

Excess weight leads to earlier puberty for females.

Which of the following is a secondary sex characteristic?

Females' hips grow wider.

Sexual Maturity

Primary sex characteristics •Parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis Secondary sex characteristics •Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man's beard and a woman's breasts.

_____ exert powerful influence over emotions related to sexuality and sexual experiences.

Social norms and expectations

When it comes to brain development in adolescence, which of the following is true?

The instinctual and emotional areas of the brain develop before the reflective areas.

Which of the following indicates that an individual is suffering from anorexia nervosa?

a body mass index of 18 or lower, or loss of more than 10 percent of weight within a month

Eating disorders:

are rare in childhood but increase dramatically at puberty.

What percentage of young women and teens in the United States are clinically bulimic?

between 1 and 3 percent

Which of the following does NOT constitute a secondary sexual characteristic for males?

growth of the penis and testes

In the United States, each age group is less sexually active than the previous cohort, which has been attributed to all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

stricter rules by parents

When comparing sexual activity of adolescent females to that of adolescent males:

the one notable difference is that more males than females have had four or more partners.

Studies demonstrate that when teens take dramatic risks around their peers:

the reward regions of their brains are highly activated.

Growth Spurt

•"Spurt" is a relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty. •Each body part increases in size on a schedule; growth is not always symmetrical. •Weight usually precedes height, and growth of the limbs precedes growth of the torso.

Secular Trend

•Data on puberty over the centuries that reveals a dramatic example of a long-term statistical increase or decrease. •Each generation has experienced puberty a few weeks earlier and has grown a centimeter or so taller, than did the preceding one. •Secular trend has stopped in developed nations.

Growth Sequence: Weight, Height, Muscles

•Height spurt follows weight spurt, then a year or two later a muscle spurt occurs. •Arm muscles develop more in boys; other muscles are gender-neutral.

Diet Deficiencies

•In 2015, only 16 percent of U.S. high school seniors ate recommended three or more daily vegetable servings. •Deficiencies of iron, calcium, zinc, and other minerals are cause for concern, since these are needed for bone and muscle growth. •Nutritional deficiencies result from the food choices that young adolescents are allowed, even enticed, to make.

Organ Growth

•Lungs triple in weight; consequently, adolescents breathe more deeply and slowly. •Heart doubles in size and the heartbeat slows, decreasing the pulse rate while increasing blood pressure. •Only lymphoid system decreases in size.

Gonads

•Paired sex glands (ovaries in females, testicles in males) •Gonads produce hormones and gametes.

Skin & Hair

•Skin becomes oilier, sweatier, and more prone to acne. •Hair on the head and limbs becomes coarser and darker. •New hair grows under arms, on the face, and over sex organs. •In many ways, hair is more than a growth characteristic; it becomes a display of sexuality.

Sexual Activity

•Universal experience that produces another universal experience is influenced by cohort, gender, and culture. •Masturbation is common in both sexes. •Social gender norms are powerful; double standard is less powerful. •Almost equal levels of sexual activity, but boys report higher partner number.

STIs

•Worldwide, sexually active teenagers have higher rates of most common STIs: gonorrhea, genital herpes, and chlamydia. •Human papillomavirus (HPV) has no immediate consequences but increases the risk of serious, life-threatening cancer in both sexes; the rate is reduced by immunization. •Early age of first intercourse, failure to use condoms, hesitancy to report infection all contribute to high U.S. infections