DHN 101 Exam 2
Monosaturated Fat (MUFA)
" 1 double bond " Often liquid at room temperature " May reduce risk for heart disease
Polyunsaturated (PUFA)
" 2 or more double bonds " Often liquid at room temperature " Some types are healthier than others " Omega-3 FA (have double bonds) precursor for DHA and EPA
Celiac Disease
" Autoimmune disorder " Gluten cannot be absorbed " Damange to intestinal mucosa
Food sources of Omega-3's
" Fish " Canola Oil " Soybeans " Flaxseed " Walnuts " Wheat germ " Breast milk
Manufacturers often disguise the true weight of food products by altering the packaging so that it appears as if you are getting more for your money. A savvy shopper can maximize his or her food dollar by using unit pricing. Determine which box of cereal is the cheapest per oz:
18 oz box of raisin bran for $2.75
Total fat recommendation
20-35% (30)
While at a party, Jenna drank 24 ounces of beer and 10 ounces of wine. Based on this information, her alcohol consumption was equivalent to ____ standard alcoholic drinks
4
Regina is trying to cut back on her fat intake to help reduce total calorie intake and promote gradual weight loss. If she follows an 1,800-kilocalorie meal plan and wants to achieve the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range recommendation for total fat (20 - 35% of calories), how many grams of fat per day should she be eating?
40-70 grams of fat per day
How much % of protein is HDL?
45
When can LDL become a problem,?
45% is just cholesterol, this could be a problem if it ends up in the cholesterol, plague in arteries, arterial sclerosis and contributes to heart disease.
Linoleic acid recommendations
5-10% of total calories (11-22 of 2000Kcal diet)
If Tomas is a healthy 24-year-old male who weighs 166 pounds, approximately how many grams of protein per day should he have to promote protein equilibrium and meet the RDA for protein for a healthy adult? (One kilogram = 2.2 pounds).
60 grams of protein per day
Optimal triglyceride
< 150
Optimal level of HDL
< 40 men ; < 50 women
Optimal levels of LDL
<100
Optimal level of total cholesterol
<200
Gestational diabetes
Develops during pregnancy
Recommendations for fatty acids
Eat more Monounsaturated, more omega 3 and less saturated fats
Indigestible carbs
cellulose, gums, pectins, and mucilages
Series of specific chemical reactions in the cell are known as__________. chemical pathways transformative changes energy expenditures chemical transformations
chemical pathways
High quality, complete proteins
chicken, egg, whey
LDL is concentration source of
cholesterol
Diabetes
condition characterized by abnormal glucose, fat and protein metabolism
ll the following hormones promote catabolic pathways EXCEPT ____________. epinephrine glucagon insulin cortisol
insulin
Medications for type 1
insulin pump
The major type of diabetes is characterized by _____
insulin resistance
Fiber reduces cholesterol absorption and increases cholesterol excretion which
reduces cardiovascular disease
Alcohol will go any place in the body that
water goes
Is lard bad for you?
yes
While walking through her neighborhood, Jenna was attacked by a large dog. Her adrenal glands responded to the frightening situation by releasing a large amount of epinephrine. Why did her body need epinephrine at this time? A) to increase level of B-vitamins in bloodstream B) to decrease the amount of fatty acids circulating through her liver C) to increase her body's stores of fat and protein
None of these are correct
Contrary to popular belief, all of the alternative sweeteners approved for sale in the U.S. are safe for human consumption and have never been proven to be carcinogenic (cancer-causing) in humans. Of the following alternative sweeteners, which one is banned for sale in the U.S. because of controversial research that indicated the substance caused bladder cancer in mice?
Cyclamate
Type 2 diabetes
Insulin becomes resistant to doing what it should do. (may be produced but does not do its job). Used to be getting at older ages but now children are getting it Being overweight or obese High diet in simple sugars/ lifestyle
Food Allergy
" Body's immune system reacts inappropriately to one or more harmless substance(allergens) in a food. " Inflammatory responses
Sterols
" Complicated structures " Include Vitamin D, Bile " Some hormones
Gluten free foods
" Corn " Nuts " Arrowroot " Oats (small amounts) " Buckwheat " Cassava " Flax " Millet " Soy " Rice " Quinoa " Sorghum " Tapioca
Why are fats important in the body:
" Energy source " Insulin " Cushion " Part of cell membrane " Can be made into other substances (bile)
Symptoms of Diabetes (type 1 and 2 )
" Excessive thirst " Frequent urination " Blurry vision " Foot pain " Sores don't heal
If they have gestational diabetes and aren't treated
" Fetus is getting extra glucose, fetus is getting large, but not fully developed. " The bigger the baby, the more difficult it is to be deliver the baby
Why are fats important in cooking:
" Flavor " Texture " Appearance " Mouthfeel " Emulsifier
Why eat Omega-3s? Reduced risk for
" Heart disease " Depression " Dental disease " Arthritis " And others
Symptoms of food allergy
" Hives " Swollen and itchy lips " Eczema " Difficulty swallowing " Abdominal pain " Vomiting/diarrhea " Anaphylaxis
Those with Type 1 experience only
" Increased appetite with weight loss " Fruity breath " Fatigue " Confusion
Chloestrol
" Made in liver (2/3) and consumed in diet " Only animal foods " Important in structure of brain and nerve cells " Too much increases risk for heart disease.
Top Allergens
" Milk " Eggs " Fish " Tree nuts " Peanuts " Wheat " Soybeans `
Saturated fatty acid
" No double bonds " Often Solid at room temperature. " Increase risk of heart disease -need to limit
Protein increased needs during
" Pregnancy " Breastfeeding " Period of rapid growth " Serious illnesses " Blood losses " Burns
HDL is
" Transport lipids from storage locations back to liver for dismantling
Foods to avoid with Celiac disease?
" Wheat " Durum flour " Graham flour " Semolina flour " Farina " Wheat bran " Wheat germ " Cracked what " Wheat protein
Tomas, a 24-year-old male, wants to estimate his protein needs based on the AMDR. The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that 10-35% of calories come from protein. If Tomas follows a 2,300-kilocalorie diet, approximately how many grams of protein per day should he consume
58-201 grams per day
College senior Manuel is 6 feet, 2 inches tall and weighs 175 pounds. Manuel is a former high school baseball player. Although he does not play the sport in college, he stays in shape by working out for 30 to 40 minutes three or four times per week. His workout program involves jogging two days per week and lifting weights one or two days per week. Manuel eats a protein-rich diet that includes meat, poultry, or eggs at every meal. According to his calculations, his diet supplies between 120 and 150 g of protein daily. Despite his high intake of animal protein, he is considering adding a protein shake for snacks, twice a day. The protein shake he would like to add to his diet provides 20 g of protein per serving. Calculate Manuel's RDA for protein.
64 grams of protein daily
Normal blood glucose range
70-99
How much of lipids are in the typical diet as Triglycerides?
95%
Which of the following statements is true? A saturated fat has a triple bond between two carbons in the hydrocarbon chain. A polyunsaturated fatty acid has two or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon chain. The omega end of a fatty acid molecule contains the acid group. All of these are correct.
A polyunsaturated fatty acid has two or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.
Which of the following statements is true? A) People who have excess body fat are more likely to develop type 1 diabetes than type 2. B) To remain healthy, your fasting glucose level should always be at least 140. C) A healthy person's hemoglobin A1c level is greater than 7.5%
None of these are true
Foods high in phenylalanine
diet coke with aspartame, meat, milk, eggs
If age, weight and gender are the same, a sporadic drinker and a chronic drinker with blood alcohol levels of .10 will have
different physical effects
Pancreatic amylase
digests starch in the small intestine
High pressure inside the large intestine during bowel movements can cause small pouches called ______ to protrude through the intestinal wall.
diverticula
When these pouches are painfully inflames, the condition is known as _____
diverticulitis
If pouches in the large intestine exist without painful symptoms, the condition is known as _____
diverticulosis
Individuals with type 1 diabetes
do not produce insulin
What is the best way to raise HDL,
excersie, aerobic, cardio.
HDL is good or bad?
good
Ghee is made of
heated butter
Fiber increases satiety which does what?
helps produce weight loss
If excessive straining occurs during defecation, the anal veins can swell, causing _______
hemorrhoids
A vegetarian diet differs from a traditional animal-based diet in that a vegetarian diet is:
higher in dietary fiber than a traditional animal-based diet
In the stomach, _____ participate in the chemical digestion of protein. gastric lipase and intrinsic factor hydrochloric acid and pepsin mucus and cholecystokinin pancreatic amylase and intrinsic factor
hydrochloric acid and pepsin
Trans fat is a result of
hydrogenation process (butter)
Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic
hydrophobic
Soluble fiber slows digestion and minimizes dramatic swings in blood glucose ans
improves diabetes management
After eating a meal, blood sugar levels
increase
Trans fatty acids
increase blood cholesterol, LDL, and inflammation and are created when unsaturated fats acids are partially hydrogenated
Saturated fatty acids
increase blood levels of cholesterol and are usually solid at room temperature
Betty is constipated; she generally has bowel movements only twice a week. To help relieve her constipation without taking medications, Betty should
increase her intake of foods that contain insoluble fiber.
Omega-6 essential fatty acids
increases the inflammatory response and clotting
Which of the following statements is true?
infants should not be fed honey because it may contain botulism spores
A child living in a developing country with high rates of malnutrition is at risk for developing protein-energy malnutrition. If this child consumes insufficient dietary protein, what is the physiological consequence?
insufficient dietary protein intake inhibits the body's ability to make immune antibodies, some hormones, and enzymes
After morning class, with your stomach growling, you stagger to the cafeteria and devour a large pasta entrée for lunch. Following this meal, your blood sugar rises and the pancreas releases _____ in an attempt to shuttle blood sugar into your cells.
insulin
Cells (excluding ______ cells) can use acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate as sources of acetyl CoA. brain muscle kidney liver
liver
Chronic alcohol abuse increases the risk of
liver cancer
Kidney problems may result in______________
low UUN and high BUN levels
Gluten-containing foods
macaroni, graham crackers, wheat germ
Treatments of diabetes
medication, diet, physical activity
Bernard has been suffering from a viral infection for over a week. As a result of the illness, he has a fever and has lost his appetite. Based on this information, his body is in ____ nitrogen balance.
negative
Victoria is 92 years of age. Recently, she experienced a viral infection that has made her weak and lose interest in eating. Based on this information, Victoria is in
negative nitrogen balance
Every amino acid has _____ in its chemical structure
nitrogen
Is there a difference between farmed vs wild fish
no
The less common form of diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results in ______
no pancreatic insulin
Gluten free foods to lose weight?
no they typically gain weight
Lipids are organic or inorganic
organic
Mercury toxicity is a concern when we
over consume fatty fish. Fish get this mercury from factories from us. Pregnant women could eat it and give it to the baby. Miscarriage.
Functions of phospholipids
part of cell membrane -emulsifiers (helps water and oil mix) Ex: salad dressings, mayo
Which of the following statements is true?
people who drink soft drinks regularly may gain weight, especially if they do not reduce their intake of energy from solid foods
Roberta is 25 years of age, healthy, and pregnant. Based on this information, her body is in ____ nitrogen balance
postive
What does HDL do?
take chloestrol that could clogg our arteries and takes it back to the liver
You would like to bake a special pudding for a friend who has celiac disease. The original pudding recipe is made with eggs, flour, milk, sugar, vanilla, and butter. To make pudding that is safe for your friend to consume, you plan to substitute _____ for the ____ in the recipe. tapioca; flour apple juice; milk corn oil; butter honey; sugar
tapioca; flour
Energy is defined as____________. movement change transformation the capacity to perform work
the capacity to perform work
What happens whenBlood glucose levels decrease
the liver (bc muscles is selfish) releases stored glycogen
What functions of the body are most obviously affected by alcohol?
those controlled by the brain
Eating a diet high in trans fatty acids has been shown to increase circulating levels of LDL. Why do food manufacturers use trans fatty acids like partially hydrogenated vegetable oils in packaged and processed foods?
trans fatty acids inc a foods shelf-life
The primary function of adipocytes is ______________. glucose storage protein synthesis glycogen synthesis triglyceride storage
triglyceride storage
Lucy has a disease that affects the functioning of her pancreas. Based on this information, she may have difficulty digesting proteins because of a lack of
trypsin
Foods high in protein from greatest to least: (eggs, bannas, tuna, PB)
tuna, peanut butter, eggs, bananas
Food insecure
unable to consistently access enough nutritious food necessary for a healthy life.
April wants to add _____ to her salad, because the food is a naturally rich source of omega-3 fats.
walnuts
Is type 2 diabetes reversible?
yes, If they lose weight, it can go away
Celiac disease is a condition characterized by poor intestinal absorption and intestinal destruction caused by certain dietary proteins. A person with celiac disease should avoid all of the following meals EXCEPT
a casserole made with quinoa
A very-low-carbohydrate diet will result in _________________________ increased glycogenesis increased fatty acid synthesis a reduction in available oxaloacetate molecules All of these are correct.
a reduction in available oxaloacetate molecules
Amino acids have a number of common properties in their chemical structures, but each has a defining component. Match the name of the component of an amino acid with its role
a. Amino group → where nitrogen atom is contained b. R group → differs with each amino acid c. Carbon skeleton → can be converted into glucose and used for energy
Omega-3 essential fatty acids
reduce inflammation responses, blood clotting, and triglyceride levels
Cholesterol recommendations
as little as possible
The alternative sweetener that is made by combining the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid is called
aspartame
Maltase does what?
breaks disaccharide into two molecules of glucose
Which of the fats contains lactose?
butter
College senior Manuel is 6 feet, 2 inches tall and weighs 175 pounds. Manuel is a former high school baseball player. Although he does not play the sport in college, he stays in shape by working out for 30 to 40 minutes three or four times per week. His workout program involves jogging two days per week and lifting weights one or two days per week. Manuel eats a protein-rich diet that includes meat, poultry, or eggs at every meal. According to his calculations, his diet supplies between 120 and 150 g of protein daily. Despite his high intake of animal protein, he is considering adding a protein shake for snacks, twice a day. The protein shake he would like to add to his diet provides 20 g of protein per serving. Which of the following complementary protein dishes would you recommend to Manuel? Red beans and rice All of these are correct. Meatless kidney bean chili with macaroni Green beans with brown rice and cashews
All of these are correct.
_____ involves metabolic reactions that build larger molecules from smaller ones. Edentualism Catabolism Polymorphism Anabolism
Anabolism
Explain the difference between atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a buildup of fats. Cholesterol and other substances in and on artery walls causing obstruction of blood flow. Arteriosclerosis is a thickening and hardening of the walls o the arteries. Restricts blood flow to one's organs and tissues.
Type 1 diabetes
Autoimmune disease Pancreas stops producing insulin Usually have an illness before getting type one, some research suggests this
Treatments of food allergies
Avoidance of offending foods Education Labeling Epi pen
Trans fat
Bonding in "trans" configuration
Carbs typically comprise the largest proportion of total daily calorie intake. Select all of the meals that contribute significantly to meeting carb needs
Bowl of chili with kidney beans, bowl of ice cream with fresh blueberries on top, bowl of whole wheat pasta with red sauce
B/c of Kyle's family of heart disease, his physician ordered a test to measure his blood levels of C-reactive proteins. Why did he make this recommendation?
C-reactive protein cause inflammation. So because of his family history if the test his blood levels and if they are high that good for him. If they are low, then thats bad and could lead to heart disease.
Which of the following foods is a naturally rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids?
Canola oil
Fats in order from lowest to highest fatty acids
Ccoconut oil, butter, palm oil, olive oil, canola oil
Bryce is an pescavegetarian. Which of the following foods does he refuse to eat? Chicken salad Egg salad Tuna salad Fruit salad
Chicken Salad
___________ is a condition characterized by the accumulation of scar tissue in the liver leading to its irreversible damage. Type 2 diabetes Metabolic syndrome BAC Cirrhosis of the liver
Cirrhosis of the liver
Risk factors of Gestational diabetes
Cravings, increased appetite, gaining too much weight.
True of false: Because animals store glycogen in their muscles, meat, fish, and poultry are good sources of carbs because you are eating the dead animal's stored glucose
False
True or false: Brandy's 7-year-old daughter was recently diagnosed with ADHD. According to scientific evidence, she should not feed her daughter any refined sugar products because sugar intake causes hyperactivity in children
False
Which of the following foods is naturally a good source of high-quality protein? Soybean oil Fat-free milk Avocado with leafy greens salad Sesame seed crackers
Fat-free milk
An amino acid does not contain a(n) _____________. fatty acid group amino group carbon skeleton acid group
Fatty Acid group
Brandy's dad has type 2 diabetes and recently purchased a book about low glycemic index diet that he believes will help improve his blood sugar control. What is the American Diabetes Association's recommendation regarding the glycemic index?
For diabetes management, the total amount of carbs consumed is more important than the GI of individual foods
Which of following fats is used for cooking in India?
Ghee
Glucose is stored as
Glycogen
_______________ is a chemical pathway that enables muscle cells and liver to store glucose as glycogen. Gluconeogenesis Lipogenesis Glycogenesis Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
Fatty Acids
Hydrocarbon chain most commonly 4 to 24 C's in length Saturation: # of H atoms that a FA is holding. Saturated and Unsaturated.
Who is more selfish on their glycogen storage
Muscles compared to liver
Glucagon
raises blood glucose levels
Omega-3s
Improves immune function and brain development in infant
10. Which of the following statements is true? In the United States, alcoholics have a high risk of protein-energy malnutrition. Kwashiorkor is a disease that affects babies while they are breastfeeding. Muscle enlargement is a major sign of kwashiorkor. Compared to children in other parts of the world, impoverished children in the United States have the highest risk of protein-energy malnutrition.
In the United States, alcoholics have a high risk of protein-energy malnutrition.
Transfat
Keep intake low as possible
30. Which of the following statements is true? Foods that contain cholesterol should be avoided because the substance is toxic to human cells. LDL transports cholesterol to tissues. A diet that is high in saturated fat helps reduce high blood cholesterol levels. High levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with increased risk of heart disease.
LDL transports cholesterol to tissues.
Which of the following carbs is in plain, fat-free milk?
Lactose
Steps of lipid digestion/absorption
Large fat droplets enter SI, bile salts emulsify fats into smaller particles, lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides, monoglycerides and fatty acids are absorbed through villi and then reformed into triglycerides
_______ acid is an essential fatty acid.
Linoleic
Diagnosing Diabetes
Measuring blood glucose levels (fasting)
Risk factors for atherosclerosis
Overweight, unhealthy cholesterol levels and he has pre-diabetes blood glucose levels
Which of the following substances is an enzyme that participates in the digestion of proteins?
Pepsin
In the United States, newborns are routinely screened for PKU. PKU is a disease characterized by the body's inability to metabolize the essential amino acid _____.
Phenylalanine
Which of the following amino acids is a dietary essential?
Phenylalanine
Butter fatty acid in the highest concentration is
Saturated fat
Coconut oil is very high in
Saturated fat
Matching foods with lipid components
Saturated fats: beef, butter; Monosaturated fat: olive oil peanut butter; Polysaturated fat: safflower oil, fatty fish
What leads to insulin resistance?
Spike and Crash (eat candy bar high blood glucose levels, over secrete insulin, crash... repeat and insulin eventually gives up)
Protein synthesis steps
The DNA needed for synthesis of a specific protein is transferred by mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, messenger RNA travels to ribosomes where mRNA code is read and translated to produce a specific protein, a polypeptide chain is created from amino acids added one at a time according to the mRNA instructions and brought to the chain by the tRNA, polypeptide chain twists and folds into three-dimensional structure of the intended protein
Which diabetes is more common
Type 2
The majority of Americans with diabetes have type 2 diabetes, formerly called ______
adult-onset diabetes
Margin and real butter is good or bad?
bad
Is butter good or bad?
bad bc fat in excess
Is trans fat good or bad?
bad bc leads to heart disease
Regina is a 22-year-old college student who plays on her school's soccer team. Her coach invited a registered dietitian to talk to the team about sports nutrition. The RD recommended minimizing trans fatty acids from processed and packaged foods, but she explained that some trans fats do occur naturally. What foods have naturally occurring trans fatty acids?
beef, whole milk, and butter
1 serving of alcoholic beverages:
beer: 12oz, wine: 5oz, liquor: 1.5oz
Amylase does what?
begins breakdown of starch in mouth
Sucrose does what?
breaks disaccharide into glucose and fructose
Lactase does what?
breaks disaccharide into glucose and galactose
Unsaturated fatty acids:
decrease blood levels of cholesterol and are liquid at room temp
Monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
Approximately 5-10% of diabetes cases are type 1 diabetes, formerly called _____
juvenile-onset diabetes
Ketone body formation is called ___________.1. ketosynthesis ketogenesis ketoacidosis ketosis
ketogenesis
To control her weight, Louisa began following a very-low-carbohydrate diet that supplied, on average, less than 5% of her daily kilocalories from carbohydrates. Louisa, however, did not change her daily caloric intake, which averaged 1600 kcal per day. Compared to her previous diet, her new diet emphasized lean meats and healthy fats. After following the low-carbohydrate diet for 4 weeks, Louisa reported experiencing constipation and fatigue. Louisa's constipation and fatigue are a sign and symptom of ________________. beta-oxidation glycogen breakdown transaminase ketosis
ketosis
Saturated Fatty acids
lard -cheese -ice cream -milk
Saturated fat recommendation
less than 10% of total calories (22gram of 2000Kcal diet)
The synthesis of fatty acids is known as _____________. lipogenesis lipolysis glycogenesis beta-oxidation
lipogenesis
Disaccharides
maltose, sucrose, and lactose
Unsaturated Fatty acids
monounsaturated -polyunsaturated -liquid at room temperature
Canola oil fatty acid in the highest concentration is
monounsaturated (MUSA)
Olive oil fatty acid in the highest concentration is
monounsaturated (MUSA)
If you have more LDL, then you want
more HDL to be able to dismantle it.
In a person with type II diabetes, the blood sugar level remains high after a meal because
muscle and liver cells do not receive a signal
Is type 1 diabetes reversible
no
You would like to make chicken soup for a friend who has celiac disease. To make the soup according to the recipe, you need to cook chicken, celery, onions, barley, salt, pepper, bay leaf, and carrots in a large amount of water. Based on this information, how can you make the soup safe for your friend to eat?
replace the barley with rice
Tomas is babysitting his neighbor's four-month-old child who has just begun to eat solid foods. He knows that the protein in certain types of foods is particularly allergenic and should not be introduced early into a child's diet. Which food is the safest option for Tomas to offer the baby if he wants to minimize any potential problems with food allergies?
rice cereal made with water
In the US the artificial sweetener _____ has been used for over 100 years
saccharin
Diagnosis of food allergies?
skin patch testing
Fiber plays an important role in bowel health; a diet that is low in fiber leads to ____ stools
small, hard
Medications for type 2
sugar pill ,
How much weight should you gain during pregnancy?
20-25lbs
True or false. Personalized nutrition involves making dietary choices based on your genetic makeup.
True
Which of the following amino acids is most likely to be the limiting amino acid in foods?
Tryptophan
diabetes range
126
What is the adult/age 1-3 child RDA for carbs?
130 grams
If some weighs 150 lbs, how much grams of protein a day
150/2.2= 68Kg 68x.8= 54 grams of protein per day
Structure of Fatty Acid
18 Carbon saturated fatty acid.
What blood alcohol level is the standard for drunkenness in Canada and US?
.08
Alpha-linolenic acids
.6-1.2% of total collies (1-3 grams for 2000kcal diet )
The RDA for protein is
.8 g/kg of body weight
Dietary Protein recommendation is
.8g/kg
Hypoglycemia range
0-69
How many adults have celiac disease
1 in 133 adults have it
How many kids are food insecure
1 in 5
How many americans are food insecure
1 in 6 Americans
Diabetes or glycemic categories
1. 70-100mg/dl → normal fasting blood glucose 2. <70 → hypoglycemia 3. 100-125 → pre-diabetes 4. > 126 → diabetes
Diet treatments for diabetes
1. Focus on whole grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, poultry, fish and low fat dairy food. 2. Monitor (limit) simple sugar and starch intake 3. Carbohydrate counting 4. Type2: if overweight, try to lose weight.
Lipid Digestion and Absorption
1. TG detected in duodenum. Bile released from Gallbladder. Bile emulsifies fat droplets. 2. Pancreatic lipase secreted from pancreases. 3. Pancreatic lipase breaks Fatty acid off of triglyceride backbone 4. Glycerol, Fatty acids, monoglyceride are major products of lipid digestion 5. Packaged as micelle for transport of lipids to end of absorptive cell. 6. Absorptive cells remove end products of lipid digestion. 7. Monogycerides combine to become Triglyceride 8. Absorptive cells package the Triglyceride with some cholesterol and coats the particle with proteins and PL to form chylomicron 9. Chylomicrons enters the lacteal and eventually enters the blood stream
What are the three categories of lipids
1. Triglycerides: fats and oils (95% of fat we eat is in this form) 2. Phospholipids 3. Sterols: cholesterol
Major sites for glucose stored as glycogen
1/3 Liver 2/3 in the muscles
To control her weight, Louisa began following a very-low-carbohydrate diet that supplied, on average, less than 5% of her daily kilocalories from carbohydrates. Louisa, however, did not change her daily caloric intake, which averaged 1600 kcal per day. Compared to her previous diet, her new diet emphasized lean meats and healthy fats. After following the low-carbohydrate diet for 4 weeks, Louisa reported experiencing constipation and fatigue. To avoid ketosis, the average person needs to consume ______ of digestible carbohydrates daily. 200 grams 150 grams 100 grams 50 grams
100 grams
Pre-diabetes range
100-125
College senior Manuel is 6 feet, 2 inches tall and weighs 175 pounds. Manuel is a former high school baseball player. Although he does not play the sport in college, he stays in shape by working out for 30 to 40 minutes three or four times per week. His workout program involves jogging two days per week and lifting weights one or two days per week. Manuel eats a protein-rich diet that includes meat, poultry, or eggs at every meal. According to his calculations, his diet supplies between 120 and 150 g of protein daily. Despite his high intake of animal protein, he is considering adding a protein shake for snacks, twice a day. The protein shake he would like to add to his diet provides 20 g of protein per serving. Based on Manuel's current protein intake of 120-150 g of protein daily, how much protein is he is consuming daily?
About twice as much protein as needed
Which of the following does not describe acetone? Acetone is toxic to cells. Acetone is removed from the body by exhalation through the lungs. Acetone is one of three ketone bodies. Acetone is made from beta-hydroxybutyrate.
Acetone is made from beta-hydroxybutyrate.
How many serving of fish should I eat?
Aim for 2-3 servings per week but Include a variety
Which of the following amino acids can be made by the human body? Leucine Alanine Phenylalanine Valine
Alanine
Pearson's mother and father have type 2 diabetes. To reduce risk of this disease, Pearson should: A) avoid gaining excess weight B) consume a high-fiber diet C) exercise regularly
All of these are correct
Carlos has a family history of premature heart disease and stroke. To lower his risk of cardiovascular disease, Carlos should learn relaxation techniques to manage his emotional stress level. stop smoking cigarettes. lose excess body weight. All of these are correct.
All of these are correct.
Following a victory, Regina's soccer coach takes the team out for a celebratory meal. A teammate orders French fries, noting that they must be healthy because the restaurant menu says they are fried in "cholesterol-free" vegetable oil. Which statement about "cholesterol-free" vegetable oil is correct?
All vegetable oil is cholesterol-free because cholesterol is only found in animal foods
Testing Celiacs disease
Antibody test Intestinal biopsy
LDL is good or bad??
Bad cholesterol if levels aren't normal
_____ is the process that changes the normal shape of a protein and, as a result, the molecule loses its usual function. Filtration Denaturation Protonation Hydrogenation
Denaturation
Blood glucose regulation
Eat, blood glucose levels rise, release of insulin from pancreas, glucose enters the cell, may be used for energy or be converted into glycogen, normal blood glucose, if it drops too low, pancreas releases glucagon, Breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose,
Cardiovascular disease -- Risk factors VS non-risk factors
Risk factors: HDL chol = 31, elevated C-reactive protein levels, smoking, inactivity Not rf: total blood cholesterol = 176, HDL chol ratio 3:1, blood tri levels of 130
Which of the following menu items does not contain complementary protein? Whole-wheat crackers spread with soy nut butter Salad made with apples, pears, and grapes Kidney beans mixed with rice Pita bread dipped in mashed chickpeas
Salad made with apples, pears, and grapes
In 2008 FDA approved a sweetener derived from a South African shrub called
Stevia
To control her weight, Louisa began following a very-low-carbohydrate diet that supplied, on average, less than 5% of her daily kilocalories from carbohydrates. Louisa, however, did not change her daily caloric intake, which averaged 1600 kcal per day. Compared to her previous diet, her new diet emphasized lean meats and healthy fats. After following the low-carbohydrate diet for 4 weeks, Louisa reported experiencing constipation and fatigue. Which of the following statements is true? There are no known long-term health effects of mild ketosis. The end products of gluconeogenesis are ketone bodies. Physicians generally prescribe ketogenic dietes to treat diabetes. Ketosis can be avoided by consuming at least 30 grams of fat/day.
There are no known long-term health effects of mild ketosis.
Tomas is studying his family's genealogy for an anthropology class. He interviews an uncle about the family's health history and learns that a number of family members have sickle cell anemia. It is safe to assume that:
Tomas' family members with sickle cell anemia have a defect in the structure of the protein chains of hemoglobin
LDL
Transport lipid from liver to other tissues such as muscle and fat
Consuming a high-protein diet may lead to high urine urea nitrogen. (true/false)
True
Consuming excessive amounts of protein can lead to increased accumulation of body fat. (true/false)
True
For each two carbon segments removed from a fatty acid via beta-oxidation, two reduced electron carriers are produced. True False
True
Vegan, Lactovegetarian, and lactoovovegetarian diets
a. Vegan → oatmeal made with soy milk and blueberries b. Lactovegetarian → whole wheat toast with melted cheese and a glass of orange juice c. Lactoovovegetarian → omelet made with two eggs, shredded cheese, and peppers
Insulin does what?
allows cells to take in glucose
Protein is unique because it is the only macronutrient that has a nitrogenous component as part of its chemical makeup. When the carbon skeletons of amino acids are metabolized to produce glucose or fat, ammonia is the resulting product. What happens to ammonia?
ammonia is converted to urea and excreted in the urine
Digestible carbs
amylose, amylopectin, glycogen
Foods low in phenylalanine
apples, green beans, french fries, regular coke
Phospholipids
are Structure similar to TG except for one of the FA chains is replaced by a group containing phosphorus
A low-fiber diet and the lack of water in fecal matter can cause ______.
constipation
A complete protein ________________.
contains all of the essential amino acids in adequate amounts
Things that will denature protein
cooking a piece of meat, beating an egg vigorously, and adding acid to a protein-containing food
Gluten-free foods
corn, rice, processed soy
Tryglceride =
glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Lisa is a 19-year-old college student who recently began experiencing symptoms of lactose intolerance. Select all dietary practices that can help her meet her calcium needs without aggravating her lactose intolerance symptoms.
eat hard cheeses and yogurt, drink low-lactose or lactose-treated milk, drink calcium-fortified soy milk, and take lactase pills before eating or drinking dairy foods
A person consuming more than 100 g of protein daily may experience____________.
elevated UUN levels
HYPERGLYCEMIA
elevated blood glucose levels.
You go to your next class, but because you're so full from lunch, you doze off. You awake to your classmate poking you in the arm as you realize the teacher is calling your name to answer a question. With your heart racing, your body now releases _____, which increases glycogen breakdown in the liver and raises your blood sugar.
epinephrine
Regina is concerned that her dad is at high risk for having cardiovascular disease because her paternal grandfather died of a heart attack. Her father smokes, is overweight, and also has type 2 diabetes. Which of Regina's father's cardiovascular disease risk factors is not modifiable? Check all that apply:
family history of cardiovascular disease
If a diet does not provide adequate carbs to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbs can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are the byproducts of partial breakdown of
fat
Most lipids have _____ in their chemical structures.
fatty acids
How does gender affect a person's tolerance to alcohol?
females have a lower tolerance
Low quality, incomplete proteins
gelatin, garbanzo beans, rice
The type of diabetes that may occur during pregnancy is called _______. Women who have this condition are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes after giving birth.
gestational diabetes
After a late night, you overslept this morning and woke up late for class. In a rush to leave the house, you failed to eat breakfast. A few hours later, with an empty stomach, your blood pressure drops. This prompts your pancreas to release _____ to stimulate breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose.
glucagon
In the human intestinal tract, cooked rice is broken down into ____ molecules that can be absorbed.
glucose
Insoluble fiber increases stool bulk and increases regularity which
promotes colon health
The body uses essential fatty acids to make
prostaglandins
HDL is a concentrated source of
protein.
To tenderize a piece of thin cut of raw meat before cooking it, place the meat in a marinade that contains
red wine
Blood levels of triglycerides are borderline high when they are 150-199 mg/dl and are considered high at levels above 200 mg/dl. What dietary and lifestyle modifications can be made to reduce high triglyceride levels? Check all that apply
reduce refined carb and sweet intake, reduce alcohol intake, lose weight
Things that won't denature protein
refrigerating a glass of milk, exposing a piece of cheese to air, and soaking lentils in water
The alternative sweetener _____ is made by chemically modifying a sucrose molecule so it escapes digestion and absorption
sucralose
Nonnutritive sweeteners
sucralose & Acesulfame-K
Nutritive sweeteners
sugar, corn syrup, polydextrose, maltodextrin, & sorbitol