POD final
What did the Starr report accuse president Clinton of doing?
10 sexual encounters with Lewinsky in rooms next to the oval office
It is article _ of the constitution the establishes the presidency.
2
The us emerged from ww2 as one of...
2 major world powers
How does the 22nd amendment limit the president's power?
2 terms and thereby weakens his power in the second term
How can congress override the president?
2/3 of each house
The __ amendment limits the presidency to two elected terms.
22
The __th amendment allows for the dept heads acting as a group in case of presidential disability.
25
The ___ amendment was passed to settle questions concerning presidential succession.
25th
The judiciary committee voted for _ articles of impeachment against Nixon. What were they?
3, obstruction of justice, violating constitutional rights of citizens, defied the committee by failing to produce subpoenaed tapes and documents
Only about _% of presidential vetos have been overridden.
4
The judiciary committee approved _ articles of impeachment while the full house voted just _ of those.
4, 2
What is the combined payroll and # of staff under the executive office of the president?
402 employees, $25.7 million
what was the courts ruling in hamdan v rumsfield?
450 prisoners held at guantanamo could not be brought before the military tribunals.
The burger court restricted the reach of the ___ amendments protections against search and seizure.
4th
Only _/11 presidents since ww2 have been reflected.
5
In a series of cases the court used the 14th and the ___ amendments to protect industry, _________, and ________________ from social regulation.
5th, banking, public utilities
How many countries are in the nuclear fraternity?
6
Explain how president's combine their power as chief diplomat and commander in chief.
Back up his diplomacy with military power.
Explain what happens to a bill after a president receives it.
He can either sign or veto it
How is the president assisted in his role as chief executive?
He confines himself to presidential decisions such as resolving major conflicts within the bureaucracy, or among his own advisors, and initiating and approving major programs major programs and policies
According to greenstein, how did jfk deal with the cmc?
He was cautious but said the missiles can't stay in one place
How has Cheney been different than most vps?
He was very vocal about the war in Iraq and wanting to invade and wouldn't make any controversy open to the public until the day after.
Why do president's appoint. "Ad-hoc" commissions? Give an example.
Help them deal with a crisis, provide influential support for his programs, or deflecting political pressure. 1986 Reagan hired someone to investigate the Iran-contra scandal and the panel criticized the president
As party leader what is the basic weakness built into the system for the president?
His own leaders in congress may not bow to his political wisdom or policy wishes in every case
What kind of verdict is required to remove a president from office?
House majority vote, 2/3 senate
What was the problem with clintons cabinet?
Housing and urban development secretary told the govt Clinton was guilty of having a misstriss
The presidency is both an ___________ and a ______.
Institution, person
The 1936 court was dubbed the ___________ and it was known for striking down ___'s new deal programs.
Nine old men, Fdr
James barber grouped presidents into four character types and unfortunately predicted whose demise?
Nixon
Dm how did Nixon describe burger?
Strict constructionist
A presidents ______ and ___________ help to shape the times and the national mood.
Style, personality
The supreme courts must operate within...
The bounds of public opinion, and in the long run, within the political mainstream of the times
Why do some Americans act as if they suffered a great personal loss when a president dies? (Give an example)
The chief executive is such a symbolic and familiar figure. Even the radio announcers wept in 1945 over fdrs death
T/f: with Reagan and the 80s we contained our post Vietnam detente/ disarmament policy.
True
why didnt either party like harriet miers?
she had never been a judge and had written a number of highly flattering letters to Bush
How did/does post 9/11 echo the fears of the cold war?
the fbi conducted illegal break-ins at the offices of left-wing groups, fomented among militants, drew up lists of supposed subversives to be rounded up in the event of war, and opened files on entertainers and other prominent figures
clinton was investigated for both __________ and his affair with ________.
whitewater, lewinsky
How do president's unveil their annual legislative programs?
State of the Union address
What was the payroll of the 2005 white house staff?
$25.7 million/year
How is the president compensated?
$400,000/ year $50,000 nontaxable expenses $100,000 travel expenses $171,900 retirement every year
What words of jfk did gw bush use in his speech about the dangers posed by Iraq?
"We no longer live in a world where only the actual firing of weapons represents a sufficient challenge to a nations security to constitute maximum peril"
How can the orders to launch nuclear middles be dispatched?
By telephone, teletype, or microwave radio
Give 2-3 examples of the numerous occasions when a president has sent troops into battle without a declaration of war.
-1794 Washington lead his troops into pa during the whiskey rebellion -Truman dropped the atomic bomb
Article 2 of the articles of impeachment against president Nixon stated that the president "repeatedly engaged in conduct violating the constitutional rights of citizens". If the president took action against anti-war groups, which constitutional rights did he likely violate?
-4: right to privacy -profiling of "black bag jobs" -1: protest
Define the military industrial complex-
-Describe the ties between the military establishment and the defense-aerospace industry -another limit on the president's power as commander in chief
Public approval of a president often represents a roller coaster. Explain- give example.
-highs and lows that vary with his performance and external events -pres George w bush enjoyed extraordinary public support after the 9/11 terrorist attacks and during the war in Afghanistan that followed, but his public approval dropped in his second term.
What were the first and second times the 25th was used?
1 Nixon nominated ford to succeed Agnew 2 ford nominated Nelson A Rockefeller to be vp
No detail in the life of modern presidents escapes the media. Give at least 2 examples.
1 lbj pulling his dogs ears 2 jfk cancelling a newspaper subscription 3 bush doesn't like broccoli
The court is made up of _ justices who are appointed by the __________ for _____.
9, president, life
What did opinion polls show?
A solid majority of Americans were opposed to the removal of the president from office
The president is not only the leader of our great nation but also...
A world leader
Because we are the worlds most powerful nation the president is inevitably...
A world leader as well as a national leader.
Why did John sununu prove not to be the best choice as bush 41's chief?
Abrasive manor grated on his colleagues and members of congress, and his high living style caught the attention of the press
How did bush expand presidential powers? Do you think he was justified?
After 9/11, bush had encoded the war on terrorism. He promulgated a policy of pre emptive war if necessary to strike an enemy before the us was attacked.
What was the warren courts extraordinary impact on American politics and government?
An extraordinary activist, innovative tribunal that wrought far-reaching change in the meaning of the constitution.
Who argued that the court did have judicial review in the federalist papers?
Alexander hamilton
Explain how judicial review can be described as a 2 sided coin.
Although the Supreme Court may exercise judicial review and strike down a law as unconstitutional, it may also affirm that a law or executive act is unconstitutional
How were the Roberts and alito appointments viewed?
An effort by George w bush to move the court in a more conservative direction
What advice did ken pollack give concerning Iraq?
An invasion of Iraq is now the best choice even though it will be expensive
With CJ Burger's retirement and Rehnquist's promotion, Reagan was able to successfully appoint the very conservative ______________ (also the first italian-american) to the court.
Antonin Scalia
John Locke came up with the idea of natural rights (define) which the ffs then used to justify the....
Belief that all people possess certain basic rights that may not be abridged by government; revolt against england
According to jfk loyalists what is the difference between "blockade" and "quarantine" and why was this choice of word important in the 1962 decision making process?
Blockade is an act of war. They were trying to find a way of communicating more forceful that the English language
The end of the Cold War was marked by...
Breakup of the communist central govt into 15 seperate nations
How did Lincoln exercise his war powers immediately following the attack on ft. Sumter?
Called out the militia, spent $2 million without authorization of congress, blockaded southern parts, and suspended the writ of habeas corpus in certain areas
What does the authors reference to "arm-twisting" deal with?
Calling congressmen in their offices or inviting them to the White House for a chat about the merits of his program
Which one of the presidents quotes about the office do you like, why?
Carter: "the most difficult job, maybe on earth"
John Roberts, at 50, became the youngest...
Chief Justice in 204 years
Represents the country in foreign affairs
Chief diplomat
Oversees the operation of government agencies; appoints cabinet members, agency heads, and other officials; and sees that laws are properly enforced
Chief executive
Initiates possible legislation and works with congress to achieve the administrations goals
Chief legislator
Heads chosen political party
Chief of party
Serves as the ceremonial head of government at public functions
Chief of state
List all of the main roles a president must fill.
Chief of state, chief executive, commander in chief, chief diplomat, chief legislator, chief of party, and popular leader
__________ laws are those relations between individuals and organizations, while _________ law involves crimes committed against public order.
Civil, criminal
What is executive privilege?
Claim by president's of an inherent right to withhold info from congress and the judiciary
Why did pres carter refuse to campaign for reelection?
Claimed that the hostage crisis took precedence over his political duties and made it necessary for him to stay in the White House.
When Thurgood Marshall retired in 91' Bush 41' appointed ______________ to the court.
Clearance Thomas
Heads the military branches
Commander in chief
Judicial review traces all the way back to English _______ ____.
Common law
English _______ ____ came about when the 12th century judges dispensed law through the principle of stare decisis meaning....
Common law, stand by past decisions
Under the constitution is it _________ that can declare war.
Congress
Why can the pres's chief legislator role be so frustrating?
Congress controlled by the opposing party or a coalition of opponents
Why have several president's asked congress for an amendment legalizing line-item vetoes?
Congress often passes riders.
How was the presidency created?
Constitution, custom, cumulative federal law since 1789, and the gradual growth of informal and formal tools of presidential power.
Our foreign policy to _______ communism and our role as the _______________ was called into question in the 60s and 70s when the us became bogged down in the _______ war.
Contain, world policeman, Vietnam
Who was John poindexter and why was he fired?
Convicted of felonies in the Iran-contra affair and sentenced to 6 months in prison
Pres bush 53' modeled his 1st term staff on...
Corporate America
Great ______ and great __________ have contributed to the growth of the presidency since 1789.
Crises, presidents
What does Schlesinger argued fueled the imperial presidency that we learned about in 8th grade?
Danger from abroad
Despite politicians arguing over govts role modern govt is expected to...
Deal with social problems, from substandard school to healthcare, and the president is at the center of the debate.
When was the last time congress declared war?
Dec 1941 against Japan during ww2
When was the White House office of communications created and why?
During the Nixon administration, in part to enable the wh to bypass the Washington press corps and reach the local news media directly.
chief justice ____ ______'s court was known dor protecting the rights of the acused.
Earl Warren
__________'s heart attack (no, not Cheney) raised new questions about president disability.
Eisenhower
Regardless of what kind of staff organization a president chooses his staff may not let him hear...
Enough, or it may tell him only what he wants to hear.
List some of the people, subgroups and or offices that the president has to assist him.
Executive office, vp, cabinet, 15 cabinet departments, agencies of the executive branch. 4 million employees of the federal bureaucracy and the military
Explain fdrs fourth packing plan.
Expand the number of justices
T/f: Clinton, Nixon, and Johnson are the only three presidents to have been impeached in our history.
False
T/f: a president can pocket veto a bill even when congress is in recess.
False
T/f: although conservative in decisions involving the rights of criminals am the burger court on other issues gave little comfort to conservatives.
False
T/f: carter had poor relations with the press while bush 43' isnt comfortable with the press conference format.
False
T/f: despite its influence modern presidents don't tailor their actions to tv.
False
T/f: due to the above events the court emerged as the protector of big business.
False
T/f: it was jfk who established the eop.
False
T/f: jfk had a right organized formal system while Ike was the opposite concerning their staffs.
False
T/f: party chief and popular leader are the president's only two roles found in the constitution.
False
T/f: the cabinet as an organized body is specifically called for in the constitution.
False
T/f: the war powers resolution effectively limited the power of the president.
False
T/f: treaties are still used more today than executive agreements in conducting foreign policy.
False
T/f: active participation in the legislative process was started by Washington- our very first president. Explain
False, active participation in the legislative process is a 20th century phenomenon, and the practice of president's sending a comprehensive legislative package to congress developed only after the Second World War during the Truman administration
T/f: the framers thought of having a king lead the new nation. Explain.
False, they never thought of having a king
The modern presidency is rooted in the style of ___.
Fdr
Discuss fdrs exercise of power on the home front in ww2.
Food rationing and the economy, Japanese internment camps
The president also has the sole power to recognize...
Foreign governments
2x in American history presidents were incapacitated for long periods of time. What were they?
Garfield was shot, Wilson had a stroke
Give some of the general roles filled by the president's advisors.
Gatekeepers and guardians of presidents time, congress, executive department and agencies, channeling problems and conflicts among the departments to the president
To the institution what does the president as an individual bring?
Imprint of his personality and style
How can cabinet officials divert attention from the president, give an example.
In '04 when the prisoner abuse scandal in Iraq became public, it was secretary of defense who took much of the political heat, rather than president bush
Executive agencies are...
Independent agencies of government under the president within the executive branch, but not part of a cabinet department
Executive agreements-
International agreements between the president and foreign heads of state that, unlike treaties, do not require senate approval
Reagans "Teflon" image was tarnished because of the...
Iran contra scandal
At the very least what did Clinton remind the American public about the president?
Is a human being, subject to all the failings, folibles and weaknesses of the human spirit
Richard neutral and Truman agreed that "presidential power....
Is the power to persuade
What does author Ed corwin point out concerning fdrs new deal?
It brought "soil acceptance of the idea that government should be active and reformist, rather than simply protective of the established order of things".
What conclusion about Iraqs readiness were released by the cia just after the white houses depiction of the threat?
It showed Iraq making an effort to acquire nuclear weapons but no actual threat. It also states Hussein will be more likely to release a bomb if he receives threat from the us
What in turn does congress argue concerning the above claim?
It's legislative powers include the right to investigate the executive branch and to obtain all necessary info from the president about his administration
Why can't the court completely ignore the reactions to its decisions?
It's power ultimately rests in public opinion
What is one (if not the) of the main reasons for the controversy surrounding the s court?
It's prestige role in the American political system was left ambiguous by the framers of the constitution
The court is now headed by Chief Justice _______________ who took over for __________ in 05'.
John g Roberts, rehnquist
What's the difference between a joint resolution and a law?
Jr- Bill, resolutions of congress do not require presidential actions because they are expressions of sentiment, not law.
__________ __________s believe that the court should take on a creative rule in shaping our destiny while those believing in _________ ____________ feel it should characterized with restrain and leave policy up to congress.
Judicial activists, judicial restraint
What happened on October 16 1962
Kennedy and his closest AIDS faced down the threat of soviet missiles in Cuba
According to scholars and historians, who were the 5 greatest presidents of all time?
Lincoln Fdr Washington teddy truman
___'s powers seemed to expand with the passage of the gulf of Tonkin resolution.
Lbj
___ met regularly with his cabinet but the conduct of the ______ war was not discussed.
Lbj, Vietnam
Although considered conservative, list 2-3 of burgers more "liberal" rulings.
Legalized abortion, declined to stop publication of pentagon papers about the vietnam war, outlawed wiretapping without a court warrant
Why did Nixon have to resort to Blackmun and how did this moderate justices ideology come back to bite tricky dick in 1973?
Liberal moderate, voted to legalize abortion in roe v wade
Koeing classified Madison and Taft as ________s and Lincoln and Fdr as _________s.
Literalist, effective
What did jfk initiate?
Live unedited tv press conferences in the modern auditorium of the state department.
What is the football/ black box?
Locked briefcase that must be near the president to guard
In Marbury v _________ the court held that the section of the...
Madison, judiciary act under which Marbury had sued was unconstitutional, since the constitution did not empower the court to issue a writ of mandamus, as the act provided
Engineers economic controls to maintain a stable aconomy
Manager of the prosperity
Clinton denied having sexual relations with ______ ________ that started when she showed him her thong underwear.
Monica Lewinsky
In 1947 the _________________________ was created to help the president in conducting foreign and military affairs.
National security counsil
What are the legal qualifications for president?
Natural born citizen, 35+, 14+ years as a us resident
Who challenged the concept of a large activist govt in the 1990s?
Newt Gingrich
Describe the "honeymoon" period.
No intense press criticism at first
President Nixon compares the situation he faced as president during the Vietnam war with the situation Lincoln faced during the civil war. He uses the comparison to support the idea that presidents may have to take extraordinary, even illegal, to hold the nation together and preserve its security. Does nixons comparison stand up? In other words, from your understanding of the historical period and president nixons actions, was he justified?
No, Lincolns administration during the civil war was much more of a national emergency than nixons term with the Vietnam war. Also, the constitution and rules are much more strict and meaningful now than when Lincoln was idolized for ending the civil war.
According to Matthews what is the best choice to look for in foreign policy?
Not to choose an unacceptable one, but to look for a third
Why can the presidency be described as a great paradox?
Office of enormous contrasts of great power and great limits
What tools does congress have with foreign policy?
Official briefings, background memoranda from the library of congress, data from the congressional budget office, unofficial leaks of the bureaucracy, and friends in the press and universities
According to prof Allison what was the "secret gamble" made by jfk?
Parallel American withdrawal of obsolete Jupiter missiles from turkey
What does the president's real ability to persuade congress rest on?
Personal popularity
The Supreme Court is a political institution that makes both _______ and ___.
Policy, law
Justice frankfurter believed that the court should refrain from deciding "____________ ________s".
Political questions
With its rulings in brown the court provided moral and _________ reminding us that the constitution...
Political, applies to all americans
What is a line-item-veto?
Power of the president to veto specific parts of appropriation bills
Give some statistical evidence of just how great presidential duties have grown.
Pres proposed an estimated budget of $2.7 trillion and presided over a bureaucracy of 2.7 million citizens and 1.4 million members of the armed forces
Who makes up the nsc?
Pres, vp, sec of state, sec of defense
What are the vps formal duties and how/why are they chosen?
Preside over the senate, vote in that body in case of a tie, and to help decide whether the president is disabled, and, if so, to serve as acting president.
According to uncle earl what were his courts 3 most important decisions?
Reapportionment, school desegregation, and the right to counsel
What is the war powers act?
President must report to congress within 48 hours after sending armed forces into combat abroad, and that their use would have to end in 60 days unless congress authorized a longer period.
Acts as spokesman for the free world
President of the weat
It is the ___________ that confirms or denies treaties as it did with the treaty of ___________.
President, Versailles
The cabinet consists of...
President, vp, heads of major executive departments of the government, and certain other senior officials who may hold cabinet rank
____________ _________s may determine the makeup of the court.
Presidential elections
Who does the president rely on to speak to the press on a daily basis?
Press secretary
What was the third broad area of decision making that the court made an impact in?
Protection of rights of criminal defendants
Preserves order in times of natural emergency
Protector of the peace
A foreign policy crises may increase the....
Publics support of a president's action
Independent regulatory agencies are...
Quasi-judicial and quasi-legislative powers and are administratively independent of both the president and congress
Why was pres Andrew Johnson impeached?
Radical republicans hated that he wanted to make the south construct after the civil war
Why did c. Rice draw criticism?
Relied on the concept of executive privilege in refusing at first to testify in public to a presidential commission investigating events that led to 9/11
How can the press weaken a president?
Reports news that reflects unfavorably on his actions and policy decisions or his personal conduct.
In addition to appointing and firing subordinates the president can also grant...
Reprieves and pardons for offenses against the us
What are some of the informal resources he has at his disposal?
Reputation, personality and style, ability to arouse public opinion, political party, informal advisors and friends
As chief executive the president...
Runs the executive branch of the government
In 93' Clinton nominated the very liberal (not moderate) __________ to join o'connor as the second female on the court.
Ruth Bader
it was ______ _____ who was nominated to fill o'connor's seat.
Samuel Alito
What checks are there against the executive branch?
Separation of powers, checks and balances, federal system, informal controls (mass media)
The ____ _____ program is/was intended to protect us from icbms.
Star wars
Reagan was known as the ______ president.
Teflon
Explain the debate (two major viewpoints) concerning the role of the Supreme Court.
The constitution is written in broad and ambiguous terms and languages
President Nixon states that there are other ways of containing a president's power besides the rule of law. What, according to Nixon, keeps a president in check? Do you think these checks are enough to prevent abuse of power by a president?
The electorate keeps the president in check. I think this is not enough because not all people are educated and very little thing the president does or attempts to enact needs to be brought to the electorates attention
Bush senior enjoyed record level approval ratings in 91' but these dramatically dropped due to...
The fall of the Soviet system
Bush argued that the Geneva convention did not apply to...
The fight against terrorism or prevent the use of harsh interrogation methods to extract information from subjects
Why have the immense pressures on the president become even greater?
The institution of the presidency has evolved and grown with the nation.
T/f: the members of major regulatory agencies are pointed from both major parties to staggered, fixed terms but do not report to him.
True
Describe cronin's "cult of the presidency".
The occupant of the White House becomes benevolent, omnipotent, omniscient
What eroded Congress's power to declare war in the 20th century?
The power of the president to use nuclear weapons, to commit us forces to meet sudden crises, and to fight so-called limited wars
Judicial review-
The power to declare acts of congress or acts of the executive branch unconstitutional
What does the author A. Schlesinger suggest about the presidency?
The pres cannot manage national problems and lead the nation
The Supreme Court has ruled that congress cannot interfere with...
The president's right to fire officials whom he has appointed with senate approval
Define civil supremacy-
The principle of civilian control of the military
Author Robert mccloskey says "the fact that the constitution is supreme does not settle...
The question of who decides what the constitution means"
It has often been said that in the us we have the rule of law, not men. What do you think this means? Does president Nixons statement that "when the president does it (something illegal) that means it's not illegal" support the idea that the us has the rule of law, not men? Why or why not?
The real thing that runs our country is the constitution and laws associated with it. The men in our government have limited power because of this. Nixons statement is the opposite because he said the laws do not apply to the president himself
What is administrative law?
The rules and regulations made and applied by federal regulatory agencies and commissions
Why does a president have an advantage in directing foreign policy?
The state department, the pentagon, and the cia report to him as part of the executive branch
Truman also got into the game with his seizure of...
The steel mills in the face of a strike threat
What does political scientist George Edwards say about this role?
The support from congress is not typical and the president has little influence over congress
T/f: the nsc was used extensively under ike, Jfk, and Reagan.
True
T/f: the president may call congress back into session or he may just adjourn congress if the house and senate disagree about when to adjourn.
True
The power a president exercises not only depends on...
The times and circumstances but also the policy area involved
Define the Cold War/ nuclear age.
The us and Soviet Union were under nuclear pressure
How have other presidents followed reagans lead with his military use in Lebanon?
They informed congress of military actions, but maintained the did so, in effect, as a courtesy, not as a legal requirement.
T/f: the president's foreign policy making power is indirect power.
True
What is the omb and why was it created?
Tighten presidential control over the federal bureaucracy and improve its performance. Prepares federal budget and serves as a management tool for chief executive
Congress repealed the _______________________. Why?
Tonkin gulf resolution, it restricted nixons use of troops in Cambodia
Upon impeachment a president can be removed from office if convicted of...
Treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors
Under this role the president has the power to make _______s with other countries.
Treaties
T/f: a presidents personality and style can leave a more lasting impression than his accomplishments or failures.
True
T/f: all modern presidents have to rely on their advisors.
True
T/f: basically every president has come to resent if not look at the press as the enemy.
True
T/f: bush appointed a very "diverse" cabinet.
True
T/f: many of the presidential roles blend and overlap.
True
T/f: most press secretaries hold daily briefing for the wh press corp
True
T/f: not every president has filled the role of party chief with great enthusiasm.
True
T/f: reps and senators often times find it difficult to challenge the president's actions.
True
T/f: the cabinet is a relatively weak body and jfk felt that cabinet meetings were a waste of time.
True
T/f: the court not only made it easier for prosecutors to use illegally seized evidence but it also restored the death penalty.
True
T/f: the effectiveness of president's depends on their professional reputation.
True
T/f: the presidents military power remains formidable.
True
What has magnified the person and institution of the presidency?
Tv and other news media
Give some of the informal tools of the office used by presidents over the years.
Tv radio speeches press conferences
Why historically has congress been reluctant to impeach the president?
Understandable reluctance to act against the highest official in the land voted by the people
One measure of a president's power is how well he can...
Use the tools at his command
What did koeing mean by his "imagined presidency" concept?
Vested in our minds with more power than the presidency really has
The president's ability to ____ legislation is a powerful weapon.
Veto
Represents the wishes of the general public
Voice of the people
Congress enacted the ______________________ to curb "military adventures."
War powers reaolution
What two dramatic events diminished public trust in the presidency?
Watergate, clintons affair
When did the court first recognize executive privilege and was it to the pres benefit in this instance?
Watergate, yes
When did Clintons press relations became more stable?
When hired Michael mccurry
Clintons troubles began with his failed Arkansas land deal known as...
Whitewater
It was pres ______ who started inviting the press to the wh.
Wilson
How do most presidents try to keep up with the work load?
Work through the night
give a few examples on how terrorism now influences our way of life.
airlines, security cameras, armed guards at the mall, burglar alarms
What did/do opponents of the patriot act argue?
civil liberties and freedoms could be lost under the guise of protecting these same liberties and freedoms
How did Bush expand the federal govt's authority over terrorism?
he created military tribunals to try non-US citizens who were suspected terrorists, and he asserted the right to label some persons, including american citizens, as "enemy combatants" and hold them indefinitely without the right to have an attorney.
reagan's last couple of years were shadowed by the...
iran-contra scandal
the moderte sandra day o'connor was known as the _____ ____ whose decisions often decided key court cases.
swing vote
Nixon finally turned over the audio tapes when...
the supreme court rules 8-0 that he was required to produce them.
t/f: the court upheld the 2003 republican redistricting plan.
true
t/f: to most americans the police/govt represent law and order.
true
t/f: under the landmark buckley v valeo case campaign spending is capped.
true
