Diagnostic Imaging Final Exam Review
Which of the following techniques produces the image with the most radiographic density?
200 mA, 1/10 sec
Things needed for the production of x-rays include:
A target where the electron can collide to produce x-rays
The workplace program that has been developed to ensure radiation exposures are kept as low as possible is
ALARA
Which of the following is least dense?
Air
Dose equivalent:
Allows you to compare the doses of different types of radiation
Grid cut-off:
Can appear as underexposed areas at the film's edge Is less likely to occur with pseudofocused grids
What are the components of a typical x-ray film cassette in order from front (where x-rays enter) to back?
Cassette front, padding, intensifying screen, film, intensifying screen, padding, cassette back
Regarding the production of x-rays in the x-ray tube, the
Cathode includes the filament and the focusing cup
During an exposure, electrons in the x-ray tube travel from the
Cathode to the anode
The best view for the shoulder joint is:
Caudocranial
Which of the following is the best view for assessing the lateral femoral condyle?
Caudocranial Stilfe
It is important to collimate the primary beam as much as possible so that there is LESS:
Contrast issues of the image Radiation exposure to the patient and restrainer
The purpose of the intensifying screen is to:
Convert the primary x-ray beam to light photons
Which of the following radiographic terms correctly describes the view obtained when the primary x-ray beam passes from the top surface to the bottom of the forelimb at the location of the radius and ulna?
Craniocaudal
When radiation strikes a cell, the most vulnerable area is the:
DNA
A radiograph in front of you appears too dark. You note that the bones are gray. You are best to do what for the next radiograph?
Decrease kVp
Because of the relationship between mA and the mAs, as you increase the mA you can
Decrease the length of the exposure time so that there is less a chance of motion artifact
When taking radiographs, you should whenever possible use
Decreased exposure time, increased distance from radiation sources, and increased shielding
Non-screen film would most likely be used to take which type of radiographic image?
Dental
What is the correct order of the steps of manual film processing?
Developing, Rinsing, Fixing, Washing, Drying
When performing a Penn-Hip evaluation of the hips, the test for joint laxity is called:
Distraction view
Which of the following is NOT considered personal protective equipment?
Dosimeter
All of the following are examples of radiation dosimeters EXCEPT:
Electron chambers
What are the subatomic particles involved in generation of x-rays?
Electrons
Which factor would contribute to making an x-ray film come out too gray (too light)?
Excess scatter radiation
For proper radiographic exposure, a radiograph should be taken during maximum
Expiration for the abdomen and inspiration for the thorax
True or False? 99% of the energy from the collision of electrons and matter is converted to x-rays
False
True or False? Albert Einstein discovered x-rays in 1895
False
True or False? Filtration removes high energy x-ray photons before they reach the patient
False
True or False? Only one view is needed when performing a radiographic study
False
True or False? Portable x-ray machines with stationary anodes have a higher mA capacity than stationary x-ray machines with rotating anodes
False
True or False? To take advantage of the heel affect, the head of the femur surrounded by thick muscling should be placed toward the anode
False
True or False? X-rays speed up as they penetrate an object
False
True or False? You have purchased a new cassette with rare-earth screens and therefore need to purchase blue-spectrum sensitive film
False
An intensifying screen that contains large crystals of calcium tungstate produces which of the following characteristics?
Fast screens, less detail, high grain
In film radiography, rare earth screens:
Fluoresce in the green spectrum
Which geometric distortion occurs if the anatomy of interest is NOT parallel to the film/sensor?
Foreshortening
Elongation and foreshortening of anatomic structure are associated with
Geometric distortion
Scatter radiation on a film is more noticeable if there is
Higher kVp, thicker patient, and larger field size
Film should be stored
In a well ventilated area Standing on end, in a vertical manner In a cool, low humidity environment
When radiographing a long bone, it is important to:
Include the joint proximal and the joint distal
As the wavelength of x-ray photons shortens, the energy of the x-ray beam will
Increase
As the wavelength of x-ray photons shortens, the energy of the x-ray beam will:
Increase
If a radiograph is too light, and the image appears underpenetratedc(poor contrast) , you should
Increase kVp 10-15%
Which exposure factor change must be made to compensate for the use of a grid?
Increase mAs
Which exposure factor must be changed (and how) to compensate for the use of a grid
Increase mAs
The x-ray cassette is a sophisticated film holder. Which of the following statements is true?
It must be sturdy and have a strong reliable closure
The potential difference between the anode and cathode is measured by which of the following?
Kilovolts
The heel effect is going to be more noticeable with:
Larger film, shorter SID, and lower kVp setting
The invisible image formed on the film when exposed to x-ray radiation is the:
Latent image
when doing a mediolateral view of the left radius/ulna, the patient will be positioned in?
Left lateral recumbency
Which geometric distortion can occur if the object of interest is not as close as possible to the film/sensor?
Magnification
Which view of the elbow is primarily used for evaluation of elbow dysplasia by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals?
Mediolateral hyper-flexed elbow joint
The focusing cup of the cathode is made of the metal:
Molybdenum
A grid ratio of 10:1 absorbs:
More scatter radiation and requires greater exposure factors than a 5:1 grid
Which of the following is LEAST sensitive to radiation?
Muscle Cells
Which of the following cell types is LEAST sensitive to radiation?
Muscle cells
The front of the x-ray cassette:
Must be radiolucent and free of artifacts
The exposure factors from a standard technique chart should be modified by decreasing the mAs by 50% for which of the following patients?
Neonatal dog
The kVp setting on an x-ray machine controls all of the following EXCEPT:
Number of electrons produced
An OFA Ventrodorsal (VD) extended hip radiograph of the pelvis that has been appropriately positioned will have all of the following EXCEPT:
Patellas positioned laterally to the stifle joints
Factors to consider when positioning a patient for an x-ray include all of the following except:
Patient welfare Least risk of radiation exposure of patient and personnel Minimizing trauma to the area of interest
A radiology log should include all of the following, EXCEPT:
Patient's weight
The primary difference between an OFA and a PennHIP evaluation is that
PennHIP focuses on the degree of joint laxity using three views
To take advantage of the "heel effect" a veterinary technician would do which of the following when positioning an animal for a study?
Place the thickest part of the patient toward the cathode side of the x-ray tube
All of the following can cause grid cut off, EXCEPT:
Placing a focused grid upside down Decreased SID Improper centering of x-ray tube over grid Tilting the grid
Grids are composed of strips of
Radiodense lead to absorb scatter radiation
The purpose of a filter in an x-ray machine is to do which of the following?
Remove the longer wavelength x-rays from the primary x-ray beam
To properly prepare an animal for a radiograph you should:
Remove the pet's collar prior to taking thoracic radiographs
Which views must be taken to properly perform a thoracic metastasis check on a patient with mammary adenocarcinoma?
Right and left lateral views, and a VD or DV view
What is the metallic element present on radiograph film that turns black when exposed and run through the radiograph development process?
Silver
What is the chemical compound that allows film to respond to light?
Silver halide
For a dorsoventral view of the thorax, the patient will be positioned in:
Sternal recumbency, so that the x-ray beam enters the dorsal surface and exits the ventral surface
The glass envelope:
Surrounds the anode and the cathode
To prepare an animal for a radiograph:
Take off the collar
The mAs setting of an x-ray machine controls all of the following EXCEPT:
The acceleration of the electrons
Factors controlling the amount of scatter radiation include all of the following EXCEPT:
The field of exposure The kVp The patient thickness The density of structure being radiographed
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding radiation exposure?
The lens of the eye is not affected by exposure to radiation
What is the definition of grid ratio?
The relationship of the height of the lead strips to the width between them
You have taken a radiograph of a beagle for routine thoracic radiographs before surgery. You are confident that you are presenting the veterinarian with a well-positioned VD thoracic radiograph of the beagle because on the image you see:
The sternum and vertebral column are superimposed
Plantar refers to:
The underside of the hindlimb from the tarsus distally
In the right lateral view of the abdomen, as opposed to a left lateral abdomen view:
There is greater longitudinal separation of the kidneys
Low energy photons should be removed from radiographic procedures for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
They have shorter wavelengths and pass through objects
Low energy photons should be removed from radiographic procedures for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT:
They have shorter wavelengths and pass through objects
Which of the following is NOT a part of screen construction?
Thick base of lead foil
Film speed is determined by the _________________ of the emulsion and the ____________ of the silver halide crystals
Thickness, size
What is the purpose of a grid in film radiography?
To prevent scatter radiation from reaching the film/sensor
Which of the following is a physical property of x-rays?
Travel in straight lines
True or False? ALARA is a practical approach to radiation safety in the workplace and stands for "as low as reasonably achievable"
True
True or False? Focused grids have the lead strips placed with increasing angles to match the divergence of the x-ray beam:
True
True or False? The main concerns of radiation damage due to diagnostic imaging are latent (stochastic) effects
True
True or False? X-ray photons have no mass or electrical charge
True
The filament of the x-ray tube is the:
Tungsten coil that emits electrons when heated
A dog with pneumonia and a broken right femur presents at your clinic. Which of the following films would NOT be appropriate? A. right lateral femur B. right lateral thorax C. VD thorax D. right lateral pelvis
Ventrodorsal (VD) Thorax
Electromagnetic radiation is distinguished by all of the following EXCEPT:
Vibration
Electromagnetic radiation is distinguished by all of the following except:
Vibration
When you increase the kVp, all of the following are true EXCEPT:
X-ray beam quality is decreased
Radiographic density is affected by all of the following, EXCEPT:
mAs kVp Tissue type Tissue thickness
What are the units used to measure for filtration?
mm of Al
Plantar refers to
the underside of the hind limb from the tarsus distally