Diagnostic Imaging Final Exam Review

Which of the following techniques produces the image with the most radiographic density?

200 mA, 1/10 sec

Things needed for the production of x-rays include:

A target where the electron can collide to produce x-rays

The workplace program that has been developed to ensure radiation exposures are kept as low as possible is

ALARA

Which of the following is least dense?

Air

Dose equivalent:

Allows you to compare the doses of different types of radiation

Grid cut-off:

Can appear as underexposed areas at the film's edge Is less likely to occur with pseudofocused grids

What are the components of a typical x-ray film cassette in order from front (where x-rays enter) to back?

Cassette front, padding, intensifying screen, film, intensifying screen, padding, cassette back

Regarding the production of x-rays in the x-ray tube, the

Cathode includes the filament and the focusing cup

During an exposure, electrons in the x-ray tube travel from the

Cathode to the anode

The best view for the shoulder joint is:

Caudocranial

Which of the following is the best view for assessing the lateral femoral condyle?

Caudocranial Stilfe

It is important to collimate the primary beam as much as possible so that there is LESS:

Contrast issues of the image Radiation exposure to the patient and restrainer

The purpose of the intensifying screen is to:

Convert the primary x-ray beam to light photons

Which of the following radiographic terms correctly describes the view obtained when the primary x-ray beam passes from the top surface to the bottom of the forelimb at the location of the radius and ulna?

Craniocaudal

When radiation strikes a cell, the most vulnerable area is the:

DNA

A radiograph in front of you appears too dark. You note that the bones are gray. You are best to do what for the next radiograph?

Decrease kVp

Because of the relationship between mA and the mAs, as you increase the mA you can

Decrease the length of the exposure time so that there is less a chance of motion artifact

When taking radiographs, you should whenever possible use

Decreased exposure time, increased distance from radiation sources, and increased shielding

Non-screen film would most likely be used to take which type of radiographic image?

Dental

What is the correct order of the steps of manual film processing?

Developing, Rinsing, Fixing, Washing, Drying

When performing a Penn-Hip evaluation of the hips, the test for joint laxity is called:

Distraction view

Which of the following is NOT considered personal protective equipment?

Dosimeter

All of the following are examples of radiation dosimeters EXCEPT:

Electron chambers

What are the subatomic particles involved in generation of x-rays?

Electrons

Which factor would contribute to making an x-ray film come out too gray (too light)?

Excess scatter radiation

For proper radiographic exposure, a radiograph should be taken during maximum

Expiration for the abdomen and inspiration for the thorax

True or False? 99% of the energy from the collision of electrons and matter is converted to x-rays

False

True or False? Albert Einstein discovered x-rays in 1895

False

True or False? Filtration removes high energy x-ray photons before they reach the patient

False

True or False? Only one view is needed when performing a radiographic study

False

True or False? Portable x-ray machines with stationary anodes have a higher mA capacity than stationary x-ray machines with rotating anodes

False

True or False? To take advantage of the heel affect, the head of the femur surrounded by thick muscling should be placed toward the anode

False

True or False? X-rays speed up as they penetrate an object

False

True or False? You have purchased a new cassette with rare-earth screens and therefore need to purchase blue-spectrum sensitive film

False

An intensifying screen that contains large crystals of calcium tungstate produces which of the following characteristics?

Fast screens, less detail, high grain

In film radiography, rare earth screens:

Fluoresce in the green spectrum

Which geometric distortion occurs if the anatomy of interest is NOT parallel to the film/sensor?

Foreshortening

Elongation and foreshortening of anatomic structure are associated with

Geometric distortion

Scatter radiation on a film is more noticeable if there is

Higher kVp, thicker patient, and larger field size

Film should be stored

In a well ventilated area Standing on end, in a vertical manner In a cool, low humidity environment

When radiographing a long bone, it is important to:

Include the joint proximal and the joint distal

As the wavelength of x-ray photons shortens, the energy of the x-ray beam will

Increase

As the wavelength of x-ray photons shortens, the energy of the x-ray beam will:

Increase

If a radiograph is too light, and the image appears underpenetratedc(poor contrast) , you should

Increase kVp 10-15%

Which exposure factor change must be made to compensate for the use of a grid?

Increase mAs

Which exposure factor must be changed (and how) to compensate for the use of a grid

Increase mAs

The x-ray cassette is a sophisticated film holder. Which of the following statements is true?

It must be sturdy and have a strong reliable closure

The potential difference between the anode and cathode is measured by which of the following?

Kilovolts

The heel effect is going to be more noticeable with:

Larger film, shorter SID, and lower kVp setting

The invisible image formed on the film when exposed to x-ray radiation is the:

Latent image

when doing a mediolateral view of the left radius/ulna, the patient will be positioned in?

Left lateral recumbency

Which geometric distortion can occur if the object of interest is not as close as possible to the film/sensor?

Magnification

Which view of the elbow is primarily used for evaluation of elbow dysplasia by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals?

Mediolateral hyper-flexed elbow joint

The focusing cup of the cathode is made of the metal:

Molybdenum

A grid ratio of 10:1 absorbs:

More scatter radiation and requires greater exposure factors than a 5:1 grid

Which of the following is LEAST sensitive to radiation?

Muscle Cells

Which of the following cell types is LEAST sensitive to radiation?

Muscle cells

The front of the x-ray cassette:

Must be radiolucent and free of artifacts

The exposure factors from a standard technique chart should be modified by decreasing the mAs by 50% for which of the following patients?

Neonatal dog

The kVp setting on an x-ray machine controls all of the following EXCEPT:

Number of electrons produced

An OFA Ventrodorsal (VD) extended hip radiograph of the pelvis that has been appropriately positioned will have all of the following EXCEPT:

Patellas positioned laterally to the stifle joints

Factors to consider when positioning a patient for an x-ray include all of the following except:

Patient welfare Least risk of radiation exposure of patient and personnel Minimizing trauma to the area of interest

A radiology log should include all of the following, EXCEPT:

Patient's weight

The primary difference between an OFA and a PennHIP evaluation is that

PennHIP focuses on the degree of joint laxity using three views

To take advantage of the "heel effect" a veterinary technician would do which of the following when positioning an animal for a study?

Place the thickest part of the patient toward the cathode side of the x-ray tube

All of the following can cause grid cut off, EXCEPT:

Placing a focused grid upside down Decreased SID Improper centering of x-ray tube over grid Tilting the grid

Grids are composed of strips of

Radiodense lead to absorb scatter radiation

The purpose of a filter in an x-ray machine is to do which of the following?

Remove the longer wavelength x-rays from the primary x-ray beam

To properly prepare an animal for a radiograph you should:

Remove the pet's collar prior to taking thoracic radiographs

Which views must be taken to properly perform a thoracic metastasis check on a patient with mammary adenocarcinoma?

Right and left lateral views, and a VD or DV view

What is the metallic element present on radiograph film that turns black when exposed and run through the radiograph development process?

Silver

What is the chemical compound that allows film to respond to light?

Silver halide

For a dorsoventral view of the thorax, the patient will be positioned in:

Sternal recumbency, so that the x-ray beam enters the dorsal surface and exits the ventral surface

The glass envelope:

Surrounds the anode and the cathode

To prepare an animal for a radiograph:

Take off the collar

The mAs setting of an x-ray machine controls all of the following EXCEPT:

The acceleration of the electrons

Factors controlling the amount of scatter radiation include all of the following EXCEPT:

The field of exposure The kVp The patient thickness The density of structure being radiographed

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding radiation exposure?

The lens of the eye is not affected by exposure to radiation

What is the definition of grid ratio?

The relationship of the height of the lead strips to the width between them

You have taken a radiograph of a beagle for routine thoracic radiographs before surgery. You are confident that you are presenting the veterinarian with a well-positioned VD thoracic radiograph of the beagle because on the image you see:

The sternum and vertebral column are superimposed

Plantar refers to:

The underside of the hindlimb from the tarsus distally

In the right lateral view of the abdomen, as opposed to a left lateral abdomen view:

There is greater longitudinal separation of the kidneys

Low energy photons should be removed from radiographic procedures for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

They have shorter wavelengths and pass through objects

Low energy photons should be removed from radiographic procedures for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT:

They have shorter wavelengths and pass through objects

Which of the following is NOT a part of screen construction?

Thick base of lead foil

Film speed is determined by the _________________ of the emulsion and the ____________ of the silver halide crystals

Thickness, size

What is the purpose of a grid in film radiography?

To prevent scatter radiation from reaching the film/sensor

Which of the following is a physical property of x-rays?

Travel in straight lines

True or False? ALARA is a practical approach to radiation safety in the workplace and stands for "as low as reasonably achievable"

True

True or False? Focused grids have the lead strips placed with increasing angles to match the divergence of the x-ray beam:

True

True or False? The main concerns of radiation damage due to diagnostic imaging are latent (stochastic) effects

True

True or False? X-ray photons have no mass or electrical charge

True

The filament of the x-ray tube is the:

Tungsten coil that emits electrons when heated

A dog with pneumonia and a broken right femur presents at your clinic. Which of the following films would NOT be appropriate? A. right lateral femur B. right lateral thorax C. VD thorax D. right lateral pelvis

Ventrodorsal (VD) Thorax

Electromagnetic radiation is distinguished by all of the following EXCEPT:

Vibration

Electromagnetic radiation is distinguished by all of the following except:

Vibration

When you increase the kVp, all of the following are true EXCEPT:

X-ray beam quality is decreased

Radiographic density is affected by all of the following, EXCEPT:

mAs kVp Tissue type Tissue thickness

What are the units used to measure for filtration?

mm of Al

Plantar refers to

the underside of the hind limb from the tarsus distally