Diencephalon
What are the three sections of the hypothalamus?
1. Anterior 2. Tuberal 3. Posterior
What week of embryonic life does the diencephalon differentiate from the forebrain?
5th week of intrauterine life
If you lesion these nuclei, what deficit do you see?
Diabetes insipidus (pee super)--polydipsia and polyuria
Lesion in the suprachiasmatic nuclei?
Seasonal affective disorder
Tuberal region 2? Function? Lesion?
Ventromedial nucleus, promotes satiety, obesity (LoVE me Obese: ventromedial produces obesity)
What does the thalamus process?
all sensory information except for olfaction
What nucleus is contained in the anterior group of the thalamus?
anterior nucleus
Tuberal region 1 nucleus? Function? Lesion?
arcuate nucleus, secreoty activities of cells in posterior pituitary, amenorrhea and galactorrhea
Anterior nucleus
connects mamillary body to the limbic system
LGB and MGB input and function
contralateral visual fields and ear so helps with vision and auditory
What is the function of the subthalamus?
coordinates the basal ganglia, midbrain reticular formation, thalamus and cerebral cortex in motor control
What nucleus is contained in the medial group of the thalamus?
dorsomedial nucleus
When is melatonin levles high?
during darkness (low during the light)
What interconnects each habenula?
habenular commissure
What effect does melatonin have on gonadotropic hormones?
inhibitory
What divides the thalamus into three groups?
internal medullary lamina
What is the function of the pineal gland?
involved in season cycles and secretes melatonin
What fibers does the stria medullaris thalmi receive?
limbic fibers
Function of Habenula
mediates fear responses that drive autonomic functions
What is the subthalamus a continuation of?
midbrain tegmentum into the diencephalon
VA and VL
motor function from the cerebellum and basal ganglia; purposeful planning, initiation and coordination of movement
What does the optic stalk and optic cup become?
optic nerve and the retina
Parinaud syndrome
paralysis of upward gaze
How is it attached to the roof of the third ventricle?
pineal stalk
VPL and VPM input and function
sensory from body and head; touch, pressure, pain and temperature
What is the function of the suprachiasmatic nuclei?
setting the 24 hours light dark circadian rhythm
If I lesioned the suprachiasmatic nucleus what will I disturb?
sleep-wake cycle
What is the ventricle of the diencephalon?
third ventricle
What is the two groups of the ventral posterior?
1. Ventral posterior lateral 2. ventral posterior medial
What is the four main roles of the thalamus?
1. associative 2. relay 3. regulatory 4. gatekeeping
What are the four parts of the diencephalon?
1. epithalamus 2. subthalamus 3. hypothalamus 4. thalamus
What is the order of the habenular pathway?
1. fibers from limbic system project to the stria medullaris thalami 2. the stria medullaris thalmi sends fibers to the habenula 3. the habenula sends fibers to the interpeduncular nuclei via the habenulointerpeduncular tract to create an autonomic reaction
What hormones does the pineal gland secrete?
1. melatonin 2. serotonin 3. cholecystikinin
What happens when you damage the superior and inferior colliculi?
1. parinaud syndrome 2. disorder of saccadic movement of eyes 3. disorder of consensual pupillary light reflex
What structures does the epithalamus consist of?
1. pineal gland 2. habenular
What happens if I have enlargement of the pineal gland?
1. precocious puberty 2. damage to superior and inferior colliculi 3. blockage of cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius causing non-communicating hydrocephalus 4. occulomotor and trochlea nerve palsies
What are the three dorsal subgroups of the lateral group?
1. pulvinar 2. lateral posterior 3. lateral dorsal
What is the circuitous retino-suprachiasmatic pineal pathway?
1. retina 2. suprachiastmatic nucleus 3. reticular formation 4. intermediolateral neurons of spinal cord 5. superior cervical ganglion 6. pineal gland
What are some of the major functions of the diencephalon?
1. sensory integration 2. motor integration 3. emotional integration 4. behavior integration 5. sleep-wafefulness 6. autonomic control 7. homeostatic balance
What does the subthalamus consist of?
1. subthalamic nuclei 2. zona incerta 3. rostral extensions of the red nucleus and substantia nigra
What nuclei are seen in the first anterior part of the hypothalamus?
1. supraoptic 2. paraventricular
What is the ventral subgroups of the lateral group of the thalamus?
1. ventral anterior 2. ventral lateral This is all motor control 3. ventral posterior (sensory)
At what age do we have calcification of the pineal gland?
17 onwards
Nucleus in the third region of the anterior part of the hypothalamus, function, and lesion?
Anterior nucleus, mediates heat dissipation, AN-HYdrosis, (anterior nucleus lesion gives anhydrosis and hyperthermia)
Posterior region 1? Function?Lesion?
Mamillary bodies, control of memory, emotion and drive, produces disorder of memory, affect, emotion and drive
Posterior Region 2? Function? Lesion?
Posterior nucleus, mediates heat conservation by sensing a decrease in the body temperature, poikilothermia
The pineal gland is a circumventricular organ which means?
That it lacks a blood brain barrier
What nuclei do you see in the 2nd anterior part of the hypothalamus?
suprachiasmatic
What part of the brain does the pineal gland lie on top of?
tectal part