Differences, Perceptions, and Attributions Wk2 Notes
Managers employ a person-based schema to _____.
-compare job candidates and current employees
situational factors
managers who hold certain attitudes or are under time pressures to meet deadlines may make quick judgements about people or situations
stereotyping and prejudice
managers who rely on racial, gender, or ethnic stereotypes will not be able to capitalize on diversity management
How can stereotyping be a useful process?
It increases one's efficiency in understanding one's environment
Identify a true statement about skill.
It is a learned talent that has been acquired by a person to perform a job
Identify a true statement about skills.
It is a learned talent that has been acquired by a person to perform a job.
A true statement about diversity in the workplace is that ________.
It is much more than comprehending population based on race, age, and ethnicity.
Pygmalion effect
Supervisor expects subordinate to perform at higher level --> subordinate raises own expectations and is more motivated --> subordinate increases performance level and meets higher expectations --> supervisor expectations are confirmed and the cycle repeats its self
Identify the primary emotions. -Anger and disgust -Pride, loneliness, and shame -Envy and passion -joy, anticipation, and surprise -Sadness and fear
Surprise, joy, anticipation, fear, sadness, disgust, and anger.
Cognitive Dissonance
The state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude changes
Which of the following statements are true of individual differences?
They are important in the study of management and organizational behavior because they directly affect behavior.
Self-efficacy
3 dimensions: -magnitude -strength -generality
Identify a process that involves stating the responsibilities, training, and education required to do a job successfully.
Job Analysis
Distinctiveness
The degree to which a person behaves similarly in different situations
Identify the true statements about emotional labor
- it is generally more in workplaces that have high frequency of negative events -it may require employees to pay a price, such as stress and burnout -it can be experienced through empathy
Identify the ways in which emotional labor may be carried out in organizations -By suppressing feelings -By faking emotions -By being genuine -By enhancing emotions -By expressing one's real emotions
-By suppressing feelings -By faking emotions -By enhancing emotions
According to Robert J. Sternberg, which of the following are true of practically intelligent leaders and managers who use tacit knowledge?
-Capitalize on their own strengths and overcome their weaknesses -Realize they are not good at everything -Overcome negative expectations set by others around them -Learn from their positive and negative experiences -Have can-do attitudes
Identify the benefits that can be gained by organizations that create a culture of inclusiveness and commit to diversity.
-Enhanced decision quality -Better connection with customers -More creative innovations
Which of the following are true of emotional intelligence
-Improved EI may mean more career success overtime -EI has been seen to decline as one moves from middle to senior management - EI seems to increase over the course of a career
identify the factors with which emotional intelligence works in conjunction for career success.
-Integrity -persistence - passion - general intelligence
Which of the following are true of the cognitive component of an attitude?
-It includes an individual's evaluative beliefs -It refers to an individual's thought processes with special focus on logic and rationality
Which of the following are features of creativity?
-It involves the production of useful and novel ideas - it gives rise to innovative schemes and goals -it can be developed by giving people freedom to think unorthodoxly
Identify the true statements about scapegoating
-It is an extreme form of prejudice -It occurs when individuals turn hostile because of frustrations -it is a type of displaced aggression
Identify the true statements about stereotyping
-It may occur as the consequence of a reaction to a name or label -It is a way of classifying events, people, or organizations based on limited observation or information
Identify the true statements about attribution theory -It classifies individuals and organizations on the basis of limited information. -It states that the actual events themselves, not the perceived causes of events, influence, impact, or modify people's behavior. -It offers a basis for comprehending the relationship between behavior and perception. -It strives to explain the why of individuals' behavior.
-It offers a basis for comprehending the relationship between behavior and perception. -It strives to explain the why of individuals' behavior.
Identify the true statements of self-efficacy
-It refers to a person's belief in his or her ability to successfully accomplish a task - It relates to a person's personal beliefs about his or her abilities and competencies
Identify the professions and jobs that require people high in agreeableness
-Nursing -Customer service -Sales -Teaching
Match the term with the description Observation selection translation
-Observation: sight, hearing, taste, smell -Selection: Intensity, size, impatience -Translation: stereotyping , self-concept, emotions
Which of the following are true of self-efficacy
-Self-efficacy tends to be task specific -Beliefs associated with self-efficacy are learned -Past experience appears to be the most important factor in the development of positive self-efficacy
Select all that apply Identify the different dimensions of emotional intelligence (EI). Multiple select question. -Social awareness -Self-awareness -Self-efficacy -Relationship management -Social efficacy -Self-management
-Social awareness -Self-awareness -Self-management -Relationship management
Which of the following should managers do to understand individual differences among employees?
-They should observe and acknowledge the differences -They should examine relationships among variables that affect individual behavior
Which of the following should managers do to understand differences among employees?
-They should observe and acknowledge the differences. -They should examine relationships among variables that affect individual behavior
Identify the subcategories of mental ability.
-Verbal Fluency and comprehension -inductive and deductive reasoning -associative memory -spatial orientation
Identify the secondary dimensions of diversity.
-Work experience -Educational background -Marital status -Religious beliefs -Health
4 steps to emerge from failure stronger
1. detect and accept failures quickly 2. analyze what happened and how it happened to maximize what can be learned 3. apply this learning to change our mindsets 4. continue to take smart risks and innovate to ensure we make "better" mistakes
Identify the individual differences that affect workplace behavior. Skills and abilities Personality Perceptions Organizational structure Diversity Working conditions
-diversity -abilities and skills -attitudes -personality -emotions -perceptions
Steps in Impression management
-individuals communicate desired identities -individuals attempt to maintain congruency with the established impression -the audience respects the desired identity -the audience tries to comply with conveyed impression
Match the laws of perceptual grouping to the description The law of nearness The law of similarity The law of closure The law of figure and ground
-law of nearness: all other things being equal, stimuli that are near each other tend to be grouped together -law of similarity: stimuli that similar in size, color, shape, or form tend to be grouped together -law of closure- the tendency to complete a figure, so that it has a consistent overall form -law of figure and ground: organize sensations into figures and backgrounds
Identify the true statements about moods.
-they can be contagious -they act as minute emotional factors that affect day-to-day behavior -They are long-lasting, low-intensity emotional states
Identify a true statement about personality
1. Appears to be organized into patterns that are, to some degree, observable and measurable 2. Has superficial aspects, such as attitude toward being a team leader, and a deeper core, such as sentiments about authority or a strong work ethic 3. Involves both common and unique characteristics. Every person is different from every other person in some respects and similar to other persons in other respects.
Identify the features of attitudes.
1. Attitudes are learned 2. Attitudes define one's predispositions toward given aspects of the world 3. Attitudes provide the emotional basis of one's interpersonal relations and identifications with others 4. Attitudes are organized and are close to the core of personality.
Which of the following should managers do to understand individual differences among employees?
1. Observe and recognize the differences 2. Study relationships among variables
Identify the views on the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance.
3 general views 1. job satisfaction causes job performance 2. job performance causes job satisfaction 3.the job satisfaction-job performance relationship is moderated by other variables such as rewards
_____________ refers to the emotional part of an attitude and is frequently acquired by learning from peer group members, teachers, and parents
Affect
Which of the following Big Five personality dimensions involves the tendency of people to be trusting, softhearted, forgiving, courteous, and tolerant?
Agreeableness
Individuals' knowledge about their environment and themselves is known as _______.
Cognition
_______implies a conscious process of acquiring knowledge
Cognition
A mental state of anxiety that occurs when there is a conflict among an individual's various attitudes and beliefs after a decision has been made is known as _____________.
Cognitive dissonance
The Big Five personality dimensions of _________ is the tendency of people to be thorough, responsible, dependable, and organized.
Conscientiousness
In the context of the Big Five personality dimensions, __________ refers to the ability of people to feel psychologically relaxed , calm, and secure.
Emotional Stability
A state of physiological arousal accompanied by changes in facial expressions, gestures, posture, or subjective feelings is called a _________.
Emotions
In the context of the Big Five personality dimensions, people high in extroversion tend to ____________.
Enjoy interacting with their co-workers
Which of the following Big Five personality dimensions refers to an individual's tendency to be sociable, gregarious, assertive, talkative, and active?
Extroversion
An individual's ability generally changes over time with experience and training. True or False
False
Anxiety, depression, anger, and embarrassment are characteristics of high emotional stability
False
Learning about perceptual interpretation is important because people see the world around them in the same way and respond to them in a similar manner.
False
Most studies dealing with the performance-satisfaction relationship have found that managerial attempts to satisfy everyone usually yield high levels of productivity.
False
Organizational activity remains unaffected by individual differences. True or False
False
A person's skills usually remain stable over time even when training or experience occurs.
False- skills change as one's training or experience occurs.
Five impressions
Ingratiation self-promotion exemplification supplication intimidation
The internal attribution of a person's behavior is associated with ________.
High consistency
Self-based schema
Individuals generalize about their own prowess, competencies, and preferences based on a current or previous experience
Match the term with the description Internals Externals
Internals- they bear personal responsibility for what happens to them and believe they are masters of their own fate. Externals-they believe that they are controlled by outside forces over which they have little, or no, influence and view themselves as helpless pawns of fate.
A true statement about the cognitive component of an attitude is that _______________.
It consists of an individual's beliefs, perceptions, and opinions
Identify a true statement about perceptions
It enables individuals to gain a better insight into their environment
Identify a true statement about affect.
It is related to feeling a certain way about a situation, person, or group.
Group prejudice
It occurs when an individual abides by norms of a group he or she belongs to.
Personal prejudice
It occurs when another group's members are seen as a threat to one's own interest.
Identify a true statement about the behavioral component of an attitude.
It refers to a person's tendency to act in a certain way toward something or someone
A process that defines and studies a work in terms of behaviors or tasks is called ____________.
Job analysis
The attitude people have about their job is known as __________
Job satisfaction
Identify a scenario that exemplifies the halo effect.
Ken is considered ineligible for the position of manager because he is from a backward section of society
Match the term to the description Magnitude Strength Generality
Magnitude- refers to the level of task difficulty that individuals believe they can attain Strength - refers to whether the belief regarding the magnitude is strong or weak Generality - indicates how generalized across different situations the belief in capability is
As managers, baby boomers and Gen X need to realize that _________.
Millennials can be employed to improve teamwork on virtual team projects
As managers, baby boomers and Gen X need to realize that __________.
Millennials can be employed to improve teamwork on virtual team projects.
Millennials Gen X Baby Boomers
Millennials- This group includes individuals who are in their 30s and late 20s Gen X- This group includes individuals who are in their 40s and early 50s Baby Boomers- This group includes individuals who are in their mid-50s and older
The automatic transfer of mood or emotions from one individual to others is known as
Mood or emotional contagion
Selective attention
Narrows the information channel that links the senses to perception
_________ is a Big Five personality dimension that reflects the extent of which a person is intelligent, creative, curious, and broad-minded.
Openness to experience
Match the following terms with their descriptions Pay Work Itself Promotion Opportunities Supervision Working Conditions Job Security
Pay- The amount of pay received and the perceived fairness of that pay. Work Itself- the extent to which job tasks are considered interesting and provide opportunities for learning and accepting responsibility Promotion Opportunities - the availability of opportunities for advancement Supervision- the technical competence and the interpersonal skills of one's immediate boss Working Conditions- the extent of which the physical work environment is comfortable and supportive of productivity Job Security - the belief that one's position is relatively secure
Schemas or perceptual frameworks are often used by managers to ______.
Prepare for a situation or think about a problem
Identify the primary and stable dimensions of diversity. Physical attributes Sexual/affectional orientation Educational background and work experience Gender and age Marital status Ethnicity and race
Primary reasons: -age -ethnicity -gender -physical attributes -race -sexual/affectional orientation Secondary reasons: -educational background -marital status -religious beliefs -health -work experience
Which of the following is true of diversity in the workplace?
Refers to those attributes that make people different from one another. Actual Answer: It refers to the variety of cultural and physical differences that comprise the wide range of human differences.
Tacit Knowledge
Refers to work-related practical know-how that employees acquire through observation and direct experience.
According to Gist and Mitchell's analysis of self-efficacy, identify a finding of research on self-efficacy -one's attitude at present, not past experience, is solely responsible for the development of positive self-efficacy. -Self-efficacy cannot be enhanced in individual trainees by any training method. -Self-efficacy is associated with learning and achievement and career choice. -One's beliefs regarding one's self-efficacy are inherited, rather than learned, and exclude the dimension of magnitude.
Self- efficacy is associated with learning and achievement and career choice
A translation step in the perceptual process that is used to help people with massive demands of information processing is known as _________.
Sterotyping
Identify a scenario that illustrates cognitive dissonance.
Ted believes that consuming alcohol is harmful to health, but he continues to consume alcohol everyday.
In the context of the Big Five personality dimensions, a true statement about people high in openness to experience is that __________.
They tend to do well in occupations where innovation is critical and change is continuous
Match the saying with the description Through surface acting Through deep acting
Through surface acting- it involves managing one's emotional expressions Through deep acting- it involves regulating one's feelings for expressing a desired emotion
A person's actions such as being friendly, aggressive, or hostile can be measured to examine the behavioral component of attitudes.
True
An individual's attitude toward an object, situation, or person has a certain influence on the individual's response to that object, situation, or person.
True
Managers should learn about perceptual interpretations because it will help them understand ________.
Why individual differences must be considered at work. Actual answer: Why differences between individuals must be considered at work
Attribution theory
a process by which individuals attempt to explain the reasons for events
According to goffman, which of the following statements is true of impression management
an individual can mobilize style, creativity, and resources in others' presence to make a positive impression
Mental states of readiness that are learned and organized through experience are known as ___________.
attitude
Unlike the Pygmalion effect, the Golem effect ______.
causes a person to behave negatively so as to meet expectations
From a research perspective, the Big Five personality dimension that is most closely linked to job performance is __________.
conscientiousness
Attribution process
event --> analysis of what caused the event --> reinforcement or modification of previous assumptions of causality --> choices regarding future behavior
The external attribution of a person's behavior is associated with _________.
high destinctiveness
Identify a step that should be taken by managers to create an impact on employee behavior
they should refrain from assuming that their own attributions are devoid or shortcomings
Identify a true statement about creativity.
it involves the ability to get rid of habit-bound thinking
A person's belief that he or she does or does not master his or her fate is specified by the _______ _______ _______ of the person.
locus of control
Events-based schema
managers develop a script or story about the events they are facing
Person-based schema
managers employ a profile schema of the characteristics of good, poor, and outstanding employees. The schema is used to compare current employees and job candidates
halo effect
managers evaluation of job applicants or subordinates performances may be biased leading to lower quality decisions
similar to me errors
managers who focus too much on employees who possess similar qualities may not use the employees in effective ways
needs and desires
managers who have a high need of control, power, or recognition will tend to perceive events and others actions related to those needs
Divided attention
occurs when individuals are distracted by multiple demands
A relatively stable set of behaviors and feelings that have been significantly formed by environmental and genetic factors is known as an individual's ____________.
personality
Perception is verifiable in nature because it is based on ________.
previous experience
Blaming a person or a group for the actions of others or for conditions not of their making is known as ____.
scapegoating
When candidates who bear resemblance to interviewers in background, interests and appearance are rated higher than candidates who do not bear such resemblances, it is known as the __________.
similar-to-me perception error
The work-related practical know-how that employees acquire through observation and direct experience on the job is known as ________ _________.
tacit knowledge
External attributions
tendency to assume that events are caused by factors outside of a person's control
Internal attribution
tendency to assume that events are caused by factors within a person's control
Self-serving bias
tendency to take credit for successful work and deny responsibility for poor work
Fundamental attribution error
tendency to underestimate the importance of external factors and overestimate the importance of internal factors when making attributions about the behavior of others.
Impression management
the attempt to influence others' perception of you; a political strategy that refers to actions individuals take to control the impressions that others form of them
Consistency
the degree to which a person engages in the same behaviors at different times
Consensus
the degree to which other people are engaging in the same behavior
According to attribution theory, the behavior of people is influenced by ________.
the perceived causes of incidents
Role-based schema
these are judgements about the roles people play or can play
exemplification
they seek to be viewed as dedicated by going above and beyond the call of duty
supplication
they seek to be viewed as needing help because of limitations
intimidation
they seek to be viewed as powerful and threatening
Ingratiation
they seek to be viewed positively by flattering others or offering to do favors for them
self-promotion
they tout their own abilities and competence
Schemas are used by managers to understand information better. true or false
true
selective/divided attention
when managers are overly focused on one issue or are busy multitasking, they tend to perceive less information and rely more on stereotypes