Differences, Perceptions, and Attributions Wk2 Notes

Managers employ a person-based schema to _____.

-compare job candidates and current employees

situational factors

managers who hold certain attitudes or are under time pressures to meet deadlines may make quick judgements about people or situations

stereotyping and prejudice

managers who rely on racial, gender, or ethnic stereotypes will not be able to capitalize on diversity management

How can stereotyping be a useful process?

It increases one's efficiency in understanding one's environment

Identify a true statement about skill.

It is a learned talent that has been acquired by a person to perform a job

Identify a true statement about skills.

It is a learned talent that has been acquired by a person to perform a job.

A true statement about diversity in the workplace is that ________.

It is much more than comprehending population based on race, age, and ethnicity.

Pygmalion effect

Supervisor expects subordinate to perform at higher level --> subordinate raises own expectations and is more motivated --> subordinate increases performance level and meets higher expectations --> supervisor expectations are confirmed and the cycle repeats its self

Identify the primary emotions. -Anger and disgust -Pride, loneliness, and shame -Envy and passion -joy, anticipation, and surprise -Sadness and fear

Surprise, joy, anticipation, fear, sadness, disgust, and anger.

Cognitive Dissonance

The state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude changes

Which of the following statements are true of individual differences?

They are important in the study of management and organizational behavior because they directly affect behavior.

Self-efficacy

3 dimensions: -magnitude -strength -generality

Identify a process that involves stating the responsibilities, training, and education required to do a job successfully.

Job Analysis

Distinctiveness

The degree to which a person behaves similarly in different situations

Identify the true statements about emotional labor

- it is generally more in workplaces that have high frequency of negative events -it may require employees to pay a price, such as stress and burnout -it can be experienced through empathy

Identify the ways in which emotional labor may be carried out in organizations -By suppressing feelings -By faking emotions -By being genuine -By enhancing emotions -By expressing one's real emotions

-By suppressing feelings -By faking emotions -By enhancing emotions

According to Robert J. Sternberg, which of the following are true of practically intelligent leaders and managers who use tacit knowledge?

-Capitalize on their own strengths and overcome their weaknesses -Realize they are not good at everything -Overcome negative expectations set by others around them -Learn from their positive and negative experiences -Have can-do attitudes

Identify the benefits that can be gained by organizations that create a culture of inclusiveness and commit to diversity.

-Enhanced decision quality -Better connection with customers -More creative innovations

Which of the following are true of emotional intelligence

-Improved EI may mean more career success overtime -EI has been seen to decline as one moves from middle to senior management - EI seems to increase over the course of a career

identify the factors with which emotional intelligence works in conjunction for career success.

-Integrity -persistence - passion - general intelligence

Which of the following are true of the cognitive component of an attitude?

-It includes an individual's evaluative beliefs -It refers to an individual's thought processes with special focus on logic and rationality

Which of the following are features of creativity?

-It involves the production of useful and novel ideas - it gives rise to innovative schemes and goals -it can be developed by giving people freedom to think unorthodoxly

Identify the true statements about scapegoating

-It is an extreme form of prejudice -It occurs when individuals turn hostile because of frustrations -it is a type of displaced aggression

Identify the true statements about stereotyping

-It may occur as the consequence of a reaction to a name or label -It is a way of classifying events, people, or organizations based on limited observation or information

Identify the true statements about attribution theory -It classifies individuals and organizations on the basis of limited information. -It states that the actual events themselves, not the perceived causes of events, influence, impact, or modify people's behavior. -It offers a basis for comprehending the relationship between behavior and perception. -It strives to explain the why of individuals' behavior.

-It offers a basis for comprehending the relationship between behavior and perception. -It strives to explain the why of individuals' behavior.

Identify the true statements of self-efficacy

-It refers to a person's belief in his or her ability to successfully accomplish a task - It relates to a person's personal beliefs about his or her abilities and competencies

Identify the professions and jobs that require people high in agreeableness

-Nursing -Customer service -Sales -Teaching

Match the term with the description Observation selection translation

-Observation: sight, hearing, taste, smell -Selection: Intensity, size, impatience -Translation: stereotyping , self-concept, emotions

Which of the following are true of self-efficacy

-Self-efficacy tends to be task specific -Beliefs associated with self-efficacy are learned -Past experience appears to be the most important factor in the development of positive self-efficacy

Select all that apply Identify the different dimensions of emotional intelligence (EI). Multiple select question. -Social awareness -Self-awareness -Self-efficacy -Relationship management -Social efficacy -Self-management

-Social awareness -Self-awareness -Self-management -Relationship management

Which of the following should managers do to understand individual differences among employees?

-They should observe and acknowledge the differences -They should examine relationships among variables that affect individual behavior

Which of the following should managers do to understand differences among employees?

-They should observe and acknowledge the differences. -They should examine relationships among variables that affect individual behavior

Identify the subcategories of mental ability.

-Verbal Fluency and comprehension -inductive and deductive reasoning -associative memory -spatial orientation

Identify the secondary dimensions of diversity.

-Work experience -Educational background -Marital status -Religious beliefs -Health

4 steps to emerge from failure stronger

1. detect and accept failures quickly 2. analyze what happened and how it happened to maximize what can be learned 3. apply this learning to change our mindsets 4. continue to take smart risks and innovate to ensure we make "better" mistakes

Identify the individual differences that affect workplace behavior. Skills and abilities Personality Perceptions Organizational structure Diversity Working conditions

-diversity -abilities and skills -attitudes -personality -emotions -perceptions

Steps in Impression management

-individuals communicate desired identities -individuals attempt to maintain congruency with the established impression -the audience respects the desired identity -the audience tries to comply with conveyed impression

Match the laws of perceptual grouping to the description The law of nearness The law of similarity The law of closure The law of figure and ground

-law of nearness: all other things being equal, stimuli that are near each other tend to be grouped together -law of similarity: stimuli that similar in size, color, shape, or form tend to be grouped together -law of closure- the tendency to complete a figure, so that it has a consistent overall form -law of figure and ground: organize sensations into figures and backgrounds

Identify the true statements about moods.

-they can be contagious -they act as minute emotional factors that affect day-to-day behavior -They are long-lasting, low-intensity emotional states

Identify a true statement about personality

1. Appears to be organized into patterns that are, to some degree, observable and measurable 2. Has superficial aspects, such as attitude toward being a team leader, and a deeper core, such as sentiments about authority or a strong work ethic 3. Involves both common and unique characteristics. Every person is different from every other person in some respects and similar to other persons in other respects.

Identify the features of attitudes.

1. Attitudes are learned 2. Attitudes define one's predispositions toward given aspects of the world 3. Attitudes provide the emotional basis of one's interpersonal relations and identifications with others 4. Attitudes are organized and are close to the core of personality.

Which of the following should managers do to understand individual differences among employees?

1. Observe and recognize the differences 2. Study relationships among variables

Identify the views on the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance.

3 general views 1. job satisfaction causes job performance 2. job performance causes job satisfaction 3.the job satisfaction-job performance relationship is moderated by other variables such as rewards

_____________ refers to the emotional part of an attitude and is frequently acquired by learning from peer group members, teachers, and parents

Affect

Which of the following Big Five personality dimensions involves the tendency of people to be trusting, softhearted, forgiving, courteous, and tolerant?

Agreeableness

Individuals' knowledge about their environment and themselves is known as _______.

Cognition

_______implies a conscious process of acquiring knowledge

Cognition

A mental state of anxiety that occurs when there is a conflict among an individual's various attitudes and beliefs after a decision has been made is known as _____________.

Cognitive dissonance

The Big Five personality dimensions of _________ is the tendency of people to be thorough, responsible, dependable, and organized.

Conscientiousness

In the context of the Big Five personality dimensions, __________ refers to the ability of people to feel psychologically relaxed , calm, and secure.

Emotional Stability

A state of physiological arousal accompanied by changes in facial expressions, gestures, posture, or subjective feelings is called a _________.

Emotions

In the context of the Big Five personality dimensions, people high in extroversion tend to ____________.

Enjoy interacting with their co-workers

Which of the following Big Five personality dimensions refers to an individual's tendency to be sociable, gregarious, assertive, talkative, and active?

Extroversion

An individual's ability generally changes over time with experience and training. True or False

False

Anxiety, depression, anger, and embarrassment are characteristics of high emotional stability

False

Learning about perceptual interpretation is important because people see the world around them in the same way and respond to them in a similar manner.

False

Most studies dealing with the performance-satisfaction relationship have found that managerial attempts to satisfy everyone usually yield high levels of productivity.

False

Organizational activity remains unaffected by individual differences. True or False

False

A person's skills usually remain stable over time even when training or experience occurs.

False- skills change as one's training or experience occurs.

Five impressions

Ingratiation self-promotion exemplification supplication intimidation

The internal attribution of a person's behavior is associated with ________.

High consistency

Self-based schema

Individuals generalize about their own prowess, competencies, and preferences based on a current or previous experience

Match the term with the description Internals Externals

Internals- they bear personal responsibility for what happens to them and believe they are masters of their own fate. Externals-they believe that they are controlled by outside forces over which they have little, or no, influence and view themselves as helpless pawns of fate.

A true statement about the cognitive component of an attitude is that _______________.

It consists of an individual's beliefs, perceptions, and opinions

Identify a true statement about perceptions

It enables individuals to gain a better insight into their environment

Identify a true statement about affect.

It is related to feeling a certain way about a situation, person, or group.

Group prejudice

It occurs when an individual abides by norms of a group he or she belongs to.

Personal prejudice

It occurs when another group's members are seen as a threat to one's own interest.

Identify a true statement about the behavioral component of an attitude.

It refers to a person's tendency to act in a certain way toward something or someone

A process that defines and studies a work in terms of behaviors or tasks is called ____________.

Job analysis

The attitude people have about their job is known as __________

Job satisfaction

Identify a scenario that exemplifies the halo effect.

Ken is considered ineligible for the position of manager because he is from a backward section of society

Match the term to the description Magnitude Strength Generality

Magnitude- refers to the level of task difficulty that individuals believe they can attain Strength - refers to whether the belief regarding the magnitude is strong or weak Generality - indicates how generalized across different situations the belief in capability is

As managers, baby boomers and Gen X need to realize that _________.

Millennials can be employed to improve teamwork on virtual team projects

As managers, baby boomers and Gen X need to realize that __________.

Millennials can be employed to improve teamwork on virtual team projects.

Millennials Gen X Baby Boomers

Millennials- This group includes individuals who are in their 30s and late 20s Gen X- This group includes individuals who are in their 40s and early 50s Baby Boomers- This group includes individuals who are in their mid-50s and older

The automatic transfer of mood or emotions from one individual to others is known as

Mood or emotional contagion

Selective attention

Narrows the information channel that links the senses to perception

_________ is a Big Five personality dimension that reflects the extent of which a person is intelligent, creative, curious, and broad-minded.

Openness to experience

Match the following terms with their descriptions Pay Work Itself Promotion Opportunities Supervision Working Conditions Job Security

Pay- The amount of pay received and the perceived fairness of that pay. Work Itself- the extent to which job tasks are considered interesting and provide opportunities for learning and accepting responsibility Promotion Opportunities - the availability of opportunities for advancement Supervision- the technical competence and the interpersonal skills of one's immediate boss Working Conditions- the extent of which the physical work environment is comfortable and supportive of productivity Job Security - the belief that one's position is relatively secure

Schemas or perceptual frameworks are often used by managers to ______.

Prepare for a situation or think about a problem

Identify the primary and stable dimensions of diversity. Physical attributes Sexual/affectional orientation Educational background and work experience Gender and age Marital status Ethnicity and race

Primary reasons: -age -ethnicity -gender -physical attributes -race -sexual/affectional orientation Secondary reasons: -educational background -marital status -religious beliefs -health -work experience

Which of the following is true of diversity in the workplace?

Refers to those attributes that make people different from one another. Actual Answer: It refers to the variety of cultural and physical differences that comprise the wide range of human differences.

Tacit Knowledge

Refers to work-related practical know-how that employees acquire through observation and direct experience.

According to Gist and Mitchell's analysis of self-efficacy, identify a finding of research on self-efficacy -one's attitude at present, not past experience, is solely responsible for the development of positive self-efficacy. -Self-efficacy cannot be enhanced in individual trainees by any training method. -Self-efficacy is associated with learning and achievement and career choice. -One's beliefs regarding one's self-efficacy are inherited, rather than learned, and exclude the dimension of magnitude.

Self- efficacy is associated with learning and achievement and career choice

A translation step in the perceptual process that is used to help people with massive demands of information processing is known as _________.

Sterotyping

Identify a scenario that illustrates cognitive dissonance.

Ted believes that consuming alcohol is harmful to health, but he continues to consume alcohol everyday.

In the context of the Big Five personality dimensions, a true statement about people high in openness to experience is that __________.

They tend to do well in occupations where innovation is critical and change is continuous

Match the saying with the description Through surface acting Through deep acting

Through surface acting- it involves managing one's emotional expressions Through deep acting- it involves regulating one's feelings for expressing a desired emotion

A person's actions such as being friendly, aggressive, or hostile can be measured to examine the behavioral component of attitudes.

True

An individual's attitude toward an object, situation, or person has a certain influence on the individual's response to that object, situation, or person.

True

Managers should learn about perceptual interpretations because it will help them understand ________.

Why individual differences must be considered at work. Actual answer: Why differences between individuals must be considered at work

Attribution theory

a process by which individuals attempt to explain the reasons for events

According to goffman, which of the following statements is true of impression management

an individual can mobilize style, creativity, and resources in others' presence to make a positive impression

Mental states of readiness that are learned and organized through experience are known as ___________.

attitude

Unlike the Pygmalion effect, the Golem effect ______.

causes a person to behave negatively so as to meet expectations

From a research perspective, the Big Five personality dimension that is most closely linked to job performance is __________.

conscientiousness

Attribution process

event --> analysis of what caused the event --> reinforcement or modification of previous assumptions of causality --> choices regarding future behavior

The external attribution of a person's behavior is associated with _________.

high destinctiveness

Identify a step that should be taken by managers to create an impact on employee behavior

they should refrain from assuming that their own attributions are devoid or shortcomings

Identify a true statement about creativity.

it involves the ability to get rid of habit-bound thinking

A person's belief that he or she does or does not master his or her fate is specified by the _______ _______ _______ of the person.

locus of control

Events-based schema

managers develop a script or story about the events they are facing

Person-based schema

managers employ a profile schema of the characteristics of good, poor, and outstanding employees. The schema is used to compare current employees and job candidates

halo effect

managers evaluation of job applicants or subordinates performances may be biased leading to lower quality decisions

similar to me errors

managers who focus too much on employees who possess similar qualities may not use the employees in effective ways

needs and desires

managers who have a high need of control, power, or recognition will tend to perceive events and others actions related to those needs

Divided attention

occurs when individuals are distracted by multiple demands

A relatively stable set of behaviors and feelings that have been significantly formed by environmental and genetic factors is known as an individual's ____________.

personality

Perception is verifiable in nature because it is based on ________.

previous experience

Blaming a person or a group for the actions of others or for conditions not of their making is known as ____.

scapegoating

When candidates who bear resemblance to interviewers in background, interests and appearance are rated higher than candidates who do not bear such resemblances, it is known as the __________.

similar-to-me perception error

The work-related practical know-how that employees acquire through observation and direct experience on the job is known as ________ _________.

tacit knowledge

External attributions

tendency to assume that events are caused by factors outside of a person's control

Internal attribution

tendency to assume that events are caused by factors within a person's control

Self-serving bias

tendency to take credit for successful work and deny responsibility for poor work

Fundamental attribution error

tendency to underestimate the importance of external factors and overestimate the importance of internal factors when making attributions about the behavior of others.

Impression management

the attempt to influence others' perception of you; a political strategy that refers to actions individuals take to control the impressions that others form of them

Consistency

the degree to which a person engages in the same behaviors at different times

Consensus

the degree to which other people are engaging in the same behavior

According to attribution theory, the behavior of people is influenced by ________.

the perceived causes of incidents

Role-based schema

these are judgements about the roles people play or can play

exemplification

they seek to be viewed as dedicated by going above and beyond the call of duty

supplication

they seek to be viewed as needing help because of limitations

intimidation

they seek to be viewed as powerful and threatening

Ingratiation

they seek to be viewed positively by flattering others or offering to do favors for them

self-promotion

they tout their own abilities and competence

Schemas are used by managers to understand information better. true or false

true

selective/divided attention

when managers are overly focused on one issue or are busy multitasking, they tend to perceive less information and rely more on stereotypes