Digestive System Chapter Assessment

Cholesterol metabolism and transport

-Cholesterol not used to make ATP -Functions of cholesterol: -structural basis of steroid hormones and Vitamin D -Building blocks of plasma membranes -Most cholesterol (85%) is produced in the liver; only 15% is from the diet -Cholesterol and fatty acids cannot freely circulate in the bloodstream -they are transported by lipoproteins (lipid-protein complexes) known as LDLs and HDLs -Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) transport cholesterol to body cells -Rated "bad lipoproteins" since they can lead to atherosclerosis -High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) transport cholesterol from the body cells to the liver -Rated "good lipoproteins" since cholesterol is destined for breakdown and elimination

Body Energy Balance

-Energy intake = Total energy output (heat + work + energy storage) -Energy intake is the energy liberated during food oxidation -Energy produced during glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain - Energy output -Energy we lose as heat (60%) -Energy stored as fat or glycogen -Interference with the body's energy balance leads to: -Obesity -Malnutrition (leading to body wasting) -Regulation of food intake -Body weight is usually relatively stable -Energy intake and output remain about equal -Mechanisms that may regulate food intake -Levels of nutrients in the blood -Hormones -Body temperature -Psychological factors -Metabolic rate and body heat production -Nutrients yield different amounts of energy -Energy value is measured in kilocalories (kcal) -Carbohydrates and proteins yield 4 kcal/gram -Fats yield 9 kcal/gram -Basic metabolic rate (BMR) - amount of heat produced by the body per unit of time at rest -Average BMR is about 60 to 72 kcal/hour for an average 70-kg (154-lb) adult -Factors that influence BMR -Surface area - a small body usually has a higher BMR -Gender - males tend to have higher BMRs -Age - children and adolescents have higher BMRs -The amount of thyroxine produced is the most important control factor - More thyroxine means a higher metabolic rate

Energy content of food

A kilocalorie (kcal) is measure of the A. Protein content of food B. Acidity of food C. Fat content of food D. Energy content of food E. Heat content of food

Stomach

A muscular and elastic sac that serves mainly to store food, break it up mechanically, and begin chemical digestion of proteins and fat.

Gallbladder

A muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion

Rectum

A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated. Ends at the anus

Pancreas

An organ in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.

3, 1, 4, 2

Arrange the following in proper sequence: (1) Digestion (2) Elimination (3) Ingestion (4) Absorption

Digestions

Breaking food into nutrient molecules

Monosaccharides

Carbohydrates are absorbed into the blood stream as A. Disaccharides B. Monosaccharides C. Oligosaccharides D. Polysaccharides E. Glycoproteins

3

Each NADH molecule fed into the electron transport chain produces ____ ATPs. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 E. 6

Salivary glands

Empty secretions into the mouth. parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands.

Increases surface area for lipid digestion

Emulsification A. converts small lipid droplets into larger droplets B. Occurs in the gallbladder C. Chemically digests lipids D. Increases surface are for lipid digestion E. Involves enzymes

Disaccharidases

Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include A. Disaccharidases B. Secretin C. Cholecystokinin D. Bile E. Histamine

Cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body

Essential nutrients A. Are important in the diet but not necessary for life B. Are the only nutrients required by the body C. Cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body D. Are needed to make food taste good E. Are manufactured by the body

Glycogen

Excess glucose in animals is stored as A. starch B. Sucrose C. Glycogen D. Galactose E. Cellulose

K

Excessive bleeding due to slowed blood clotting is a symptom of vitamin ___ A. A B. D C. E D. K E. C

Defecation

Excretes to rid the body of indigestible waste

Pharynx

Food from the mouth, food passes posteriorly into the oropharynx and laryngopharynx, both of which are common passageways for food, fluids, and air.

Glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid

Glycolysis is best define as the breakdown of A. Glucose to carbon dioxide and water B. Glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid C. Pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water D. Glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate E. Glucose to glycogen

All of these choices are functions of hepatocytes

Hepatocytes A. Phagocytize cells B. Form phospholipids and hydroxylate vitamin D C. Convert ammonia to urea D. Remove sugar from the blood and store is a glycogen E. All of these choices of functions of hepatocytes

2

How many ATP are made from each FADH2 that transfers electrons to the electron transport chain? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Food from entering the small intestine

Inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent A. Food from entering the stomach B. Stomach acid from being released C. Digestive enzymes from being released D. Food from entering the small intestine E. The making of chyme

pharyngeal-esophageal phase

Involuntary transport of the bolus by peristalsis Nasal and respiratory passageways are blocked Peristalsis moves the bolus toward the stomach The cardioesophageal sphincter is opened when food presses against it

Parotid gland

Largest salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear

Age problems

Middle-age digestive problems -Ulcers -Gallbladder problems Later middle-age problems -obesity -diabetes mellitus Activity of digestive tract in old age -fewer digestive juices -peristalsis slows -diverticulosis and gastrointestinal cancers are more common

Can serve as buffers and components of enzymes

Minerals A. Are organic nutrients B. Can be manufactured by the body if the diet does not supply enough C. Can serve as buffers and components of enzymes D. Are found in high concentrations in refined cereal and breads E. Are not necessary for normal metabolic function

Absorption

Movement of nutrients into the bloodstream

All of these choices are correct

Nutrition includes the study of A. The nutrients in food B. The body's utilization of nutrients C. How nutrients play a role in your body's health D. Digestion, absorption, and transportation of nutrients E. All of these choices are correct

Relaxation of the cardiac sphincter

Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of A. Relaxation of the cardiac sphincter B. Contraction of the pyloric sphincter C. Spasms of the submucosal layer of the stomach wall D. Increased hydrochloric acid production by the parietal cells E. Increased amounts of mucous produced by the stomach

Newborn reflexes

Rooting reflex: helps the infant find the nipple Sucking reflex: helps the infant hold on to the nipple and swallow Teething begins around age 6 months

Moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth

Saliva A. Is produced only when there is food in the mouth B. Increases ulceration in the mouth C. Is responsible for peristalsis in the mouth D. Moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth E. Does not prevent bacterial infection in the mouth

Carbohydrates

Starches and sugars are examples of A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Proteins D. Vitamins E. Minerals

Ingestion

Taking in food

Are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw

Teeth in adults A. Are replaced by osteoblast activity if they are extracted B. Are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw C. Are all of the same type - molars D. Are composed of living cells called enamel cells E. Do not play a role in speech

Has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle

The anal canal A. Begins at the sigmoid colon and ends at the rectum B. Has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle C. Contains many goblet cells D. Contains tubular glands called crypts E. Has an external sphincter composed of smooth muscle

Alimentary canal

The continuous hollow tube extending from the mouth to the anus; present by the fifth week of development.

Results in the formation of ATP

The electron transport chain A. Results in the formation of ATP B. Converts acetate to ketone bodies C. Converts glucose to fatty acids D. Converts fatty acids to glucose E. Removes a phosphate from ATP

ATP

The energy currency of the cell is a molecule called A. Glucose B. Pyruvate C. Fat D. ADP E. ATP

The pharyngeal phase of swallowing

The epiglottis covers the opening in the larynx during A. The voluntary phase of swallowing B. The pharyngeal phase of swallowing C. The esophageal phase of swallowing D. The gastric phase of swallowing E. The oral phase of swallowing

Has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food

The esophagus A. Extends from the fauces to the stomach B. Has cartilage in its walls to keep it from collapsing C. Produces two enzymes that digest proteins D. Has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food E. Has thin walls of connective tissue

Cecum

The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens. where appendix is attached.

Stores bile

The gallbladder A. Produces bile B. Is attached to the pancreas C. Stores bile D. Produces secretin E. Breaks down red blood cells

Leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion

The gastric phase of gastric secretion A. Decreases the release of gastrin in the stomach B. Is triggered by taste, sight, thought, or smell of food C. Is mediated by impulses on sympathetic nerves D. Leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion E. Leads to the least volume of gastric secretion

Have phagocytic cells in their lining

The hepatic sinusoids A. transport bile B. Have phagocytic cells in their lining C. are part of the portal triad D. Connect to the gallbladder E. Do not have a function

Mastication, speech, and swallowing

The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in A. Speech and swallowing B. Mastication, speech, and swallowing C. Mastication and swallowing D. Mastication and sense of taste E. Deglutition and peristalsis

Consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes

The liver A. Has two major lobes - caudate and quadrate B. Is located on the superior surface of the diaphragm C. Is not vascular D. Is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen E. Consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes

The citric acid cycle and the electron-transport chain

The mitochondrion is the site of A. Glycolysis B. The citric acid cycle C. Anaerobic respiration D. Lactic acid formation E. The citric acid cycle and the electron-transport chain

Glucose and Fructose

The most common monosaccharides in the diet are A. Glucose and fructose B. Galactose and fructose C. Glucose and glycerol D. Glycogen and glucose E. Lactose and maltose

Propulsion

The movement of food through the digestive tract is A. Segmentation B. Propulsion C. Mixing D. Mastication

Composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers

The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is A. Skeletal muscle throughout the tract, especially in the large intestine B. The layer of the digestive tract wall that contains capillaries C. In direct contact with the food that is consumed D. Composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers ad a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers E. Connective tissue and the peritoneum

Has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks

The oral cavity A. Opens into the nasopharynx B. Directly connects with the esophagus C. Contains parotid salivary glands D. Has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks E. Is lined with cuboidal epithelium

Glucose

The primary source of energy for most cells is A. Sucrose B. Fructose C. Glucose D. Maltose E. Lactose

Parotid glands

The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the A. Parotid glands B. Submandibular glands C. Buccal glands D. Labial glands E. Sublingual glands

Submandibular glands

The salivary glands that open in the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue are the A. Parotid glands B. Sublingual glands C. Submandibular glands D. Labial glands E. Lacrimal glands

Plays a major role in swallowing

The tongue A. Secretes saliva B. Plays a major role in swallowing C. Contains a lot of connective and lymphatic tissue D. Is attached to the hard palate E. Functions in deglutition apnea

Are both antioxidants

Vitamin E and vitamin C A. Both release free radicals B. Are needed in RBC production C. Are both antioxidants D. Are formed from provitamins

Buccal Phase

Voluntary Occurs in the mouth Food is formed into a bolus The bolus is forced into the pharynx by the tongue

Store and concentrate bile

What is the function of the gallbladder? A. Produce bile B. Store bicarbonate C. Add pigment to bile D. Store and concentrate bile

Calories

What is the measurement of energy content of food? A. Grams B. Calories C. BTUs D. Joules

Buccinator muscle

What muscle form the cheeks? A. Buccinator muscle B. Orbicularis oculi muscle C. Orbicularis oris D. Zygomaticus muscles

Orbicularis oris muscle

What muscle forms the lips? A. Buccinator muscle B. Orbicularis oculi muscle C. Orbicularis oris muscle D. Labial frenulum muscle

In the cytoplasm of the Cell

Where does glycolysis take place? A. In the inner compartment of the mitochondrion B. On the surface of the mitochondrion C. In the cytoplasm of the cell D. Along the cristae of the mitochondrion

The jejunum and duodenum

Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur? A. The stomach and duodenum B. The duodenum and ileum C. The jejunum and duodenum D. The ileum and jejunum

Killing microorganisms with lysozyme - stomach

Which digestive activity is NOT correctly matched to its location? A. Killing microorganisms with lysozyme - stomach B. Digestion of carbohydrates - mouth C. Absorption of nutrients - small intestine D. Production of mucus - esophagus

Oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Which is the correct order of the regions of the digestive tract from superior to inferior? A. Pharynx, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine B. Oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine C. Stomach, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine D. Anus, large intestine, stomach, esophagus

A mastication of food

Which of the following is NOT a function of the small intestine? A. Mastication of food B. Absorption of nutrients C. Complete Digestion of food D. Mixing by segmental contractions

Segmental contractions

Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach? A. Storage B. Protein digestion C. Absorption of aspirin D. Segmental contractions

Esophagus

Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract? A. Esophagus B. Salivary glands C. Pancreas D. Gallbladder

Elimination of undigested food

Which of the following is a function performed by the digestive system? A. Cellular respiration B. Food selection C. Elimination of undigested food D. Regulation of blood pH E. Integration and coordination of other systems

Liver

Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract? A. Pharynx B. Stomach C. Liver D. Large intestine

Papillae and taste buds

Which of the following is associated with the tongue? A. Uvula B. Constrictor muscles C. Papillae and taste buds D. Periodontal ligament E. Fauces

Sigmoid colon

Which of the following is located closest to the rectum? A. Ascending colon B. Descending colon C. Transverse colon D. Sigmoid colon E. Cecum

Mass movements

Which of the following occur in the large intestine? A. Chemical digestion B. Mass movement C. Mastication D. Mixing waves E. Neutralization

Liver and muscles

Which of the following organs can store glycogen? A. Spleen and pancreas B. Kidney and adrenal gland C. Large and small Intestines D. Liver and muscles E. Stomach and pancreas

Stomach

Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract or alimentary canal? A. Salivary gland B. Liver C. Gallbladder D. Stomach E. Pancreas

Muscularis - two layers; both circular

Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure? A. Muscularis - two layers; both circular B. Rugae - folds of mucosa and submucosa C. Mucosa - gastric glands D. Gastric pits - open onto surface of stomach mucosa E. Lining - simple columnar epithelium

submandibular gland

a smaller salivary gland inside the lower jaw on either side that produces most of the nocturnal saliva

Sigmoid Colon

an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins with the rectum below

sublingual salivary gland

below the tongue, empty their secretions into the floor of the mouth through tiny ducts.

appendix

blind pouch hanging from the cecum. Because it is usually twisted, it is an ideal location for bacteria to accumulate and multiply.

Small intestine

body's major digestive organ. Within its twisted passageways, usable nutrients are finally prepared for their journey into the cells of the body. Extends from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine Average length 7 to 13 feet. (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)

Hypothalamus

body's thermostat initiates mechanisms to maintain body temperature

Digestive glands

bud from the mucosa of the alimentary tuve

Oropharynx

central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis

Mumps

common childhood disease, is an inflammation of the parotid glands.

Fever

controlled hyperthermia Results from infection, cancer, allergic reactions, CNS injuries. If the body thermostat is set too high, body proteins may be denatured, and permanent brain damage may occur

Metabolism

decreases with old age

pancreatic ducts

enzymes that are produced by the pancreas and the delivered to the duodenum to complete the chemical breakdown of foods in the small intestine.

Newborns

feeding must be frequent, peristalsis is inefficient, and vomiting is common

Villi

fingerlike projections in the small intestine that increase surface area

Bile

formed by the liver, also enters the duodenum through the bile duct in the same area as pancreatic ducts

jejunum and ileum

function mainly in absorption of nutrients and water

Appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix

Gastroenteritis

inflammation of the stomach and intestines; can occur at any time

Large intestine

larger in diameter than the small intestine but shorter in length. About 5 ft long. Extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus. The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body.

laryngopharynx

lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus

Tongue

manipulates food for chewing and swallowing; a taste organ

Pharynx and esophagus

no digestive function; serve as passageways to the stomach

Mouth (oral cavity)

opening where food enters the body and undergoes the first process of digestion, a mucous membrane-lined cavity

Esophagus

or gullet, runs from the pharynx through the diaphragm into the stomach, about 10 inches longs, it is essentially a passageway that conducts food (by peristalsis) to the stomach.

Pharynx (throat)

performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus Two phases of swallowing: 1. Buccal phase 2. Pharyngeal-esophageal phase

Descending Colon

portion of the colon that extends downward from the transverse colon

Developing fetus

receives all nutrients through the placents

Anal canal

region, containing two sphincters, through which feces are expelled from the body. Has two valves: the external anal sphincter

internal sphincter

smooth muscle, involuntary

Food propulsion

swallowing and peristalsis

Liver

the largest gland in the body and is an accessory organ to the digestive system; produces bile

Transverse colon

the middle part of the large intestine, passing across the abdomen from right to left below the stomach.

Ascending Colon

the part of the large intestine that ascends from the cecum to the transverse colon

Duodenum

twelve finger widths long

External anal

voluntary skeletal muscle