Digestive System Chapter Assessment
Cholesterol metabolism and transport
-Cholesterol not used to make ATP -Functions of cholesterol: -structural basis of steroid hormones and Vitamin D -Building blocks of plasma membranes -Most cholesterol (85%) is produced in the liver; only 15% is from the diet -Cholesterol and fatty acids cannot freely circulate in the bloodstream -they are transported by lipoproteins (lipid-protein complexes) known as LDLs and HDLs -Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) transport cholesterol to body cells -Rated "bad lipoproteins" since they can lead to atherosclerosis -High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) transport cholesterol from the body cells to the liver -Rated "good lipoproteins" since cholesterol is destined for breakdown and elimination
Body Energy Balance
-Energy intake = Total energy output (heat + work + energy storage) -Energy intake is the energy liberated during food oxidation -Energy produced during glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain - Energy output -Energy we lose as heat (60%) -Energy stored as fat or glycogen -Interference with the body's energy balance leads to: -Obesity -Malnutrition (leading to body wasting) -Regulation of food intake -Body weight is usually relatively stable -Energy intake and output remain about equal -Mechanisms that may regulate food intake -Levels of nutrients in the blood -Hormones -Body temperature -Psychological factors -Metabolic rate and body heat production -Nutrients yield different amounts of energy -Energy value is measured in kilocalories (kcal) -Carbohydrates and proteins yield 4 kcal/gram -Fats yield 9 kcal/gram -Basic metabolic rate (BMR) - amount of heat produced by the body per unit of time at rest -Average BMR is about 60 to 72 kcal/hour for an average 70-kg (154-lb) adult -Factors that influence BMR -Surface area - a small body usually has a higher BMR -Gender - males tend to have higher BMRs -Age - children and adolescents have higher BMRs -The amount of thyroxine produced is the most important control factor - More thyroxine means a higher metabolic rate
Energy content of food
A kilocalorie (kcal) is measure of the A. Protein content of food B. Acidity of food C. Fat content of food D. Energy content of food E. Heat content of food
Stomach
A muscular and elastic sac that serves mainly to store food, break it up mechanically, and begin chemical digestion of proteins and fat.
Gallbladder
A muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion
Rectum
A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated. Ends at the anus
Pancreas
An organ in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.
3, 1, 4, 2
Arrange the following in proper sequence: (1) Digestion (2) Elimination (3) Ingestion (4) Absorption
Digestions
Breaking food into nutrient molecules
Monosaccharides
Carbohydrates are absorbed into the blood stream as A. Disaccharides B. Monosaccharides C. Oligosaccharides D. Polysaccharides E. Glycoproteins
3
Each NADH molecule fed into the electron transport chain produces ____ ATPs. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 E. 6
Salivary glands
Empty secretions into the mouth. parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands.
Increases surface area for lipid digestion
Emulsification A. converts small lipid droplets into larger droplets B. Occurs in the gallbladder C. Chemically digests lipids D. Increases surface are for lipid digestion E. Involves enzymes
Disaccharidases
Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include A. Disaccharidases B. Secretin C. Cholecystokinin D. Bile E. Histamine
Cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body
Essential nutrients A. Are important in the diet but not necessary for life B. Are the only nutrients required by the body C. Cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body D. Are needed to make food taste good E. Are manufactured by the body
Glycogen
Excess glucose in animals is stored as A. starch B. Sucrose C. Glycogen D. Galactose E. Cellulose
K
Excessive bleeding due to slowed blood clotting is a symptom of vitamin ___ A. A B. D C. E D. K E. C
Defecation
Excretes to rid the body of indigestible waste
Pharynx
Food from the mouth, food passes posteriorly into the oropharynx and laryngopharynx, both of which are common passageways for food, fluids, and air.
Glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid
Glycolysis is best define as the breakdown of A. Glucose to carbon dioxide and water B. Glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid C. Pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water D. Glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate E. Glucose to glycogen
All of these choices are functions of hepatocytes
Hepatocytes A. Phagocytize cells B. Form phospholipids and hydroxylate vitamin D C. Convert ammonia to urea D. Remove sugar from the blood and store is a glycogen E. All of these choices of functions of hepatocytes
2
How many ATP are made from each FADH2 that transfers electrons to the electron transport chain? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
Food from entering the small intestine
Inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent A. Food from entering the stomach B. Stomach acid from being released C. Digestive enzymes from being released D. Food from entering the small intestine E. The making of chyme
pharyngeal-esophageal phase
Involuntary transport of the bolus by peristalsis Nasal and respiratory passageways are blocked Peristalsis moves the bolus toward the stomach The cardioesophageal sphincter is opened when food presses against it
Parotid gland
Largest salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear
Age problems
Middle-age digestive problems -Ulcers -Gallbladder problems Later middle-age problems -obesity -diabetes mellitus Activity of digestive tract in old age -fewer digestive juices -peristalsis slows -diverticulosis and gastrointestinal cancers are more common
Can serve as buffers and components of enzymes
Minerals A. Are organic nutrients B. Can be manufactured by the body if the diet does not supply enough C. Can serve as buffers and components of enzymes D. Are found in high concentrations in refined cereal and breads E. Are not necessary for normal metabolic function
Absorption
Movement of nutrients into the bloodstream
All of these choices are correct
Nutrition includes the study of A. The nutrients in food B. The body's utilization of nutrients C. How nutrients play a role in your body's health D. Digestion, absorption, and transportation of nutrients E. All of these choices are correct
Relaxation of the cardiac sphincter
Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of A. Relaxation of the cardiac sphincter B. Contraction of the pyloric sphincter C. Spasms of the submucosal layer of the stomach wall D. Increased hydrochloric acid production by the parietal cells E. Increased amounts of mucous produced by the stomach
Newborn reflexes
Rooting reflex: helps the infant find the nipple Sucking reflex: helps the infant hold on to the nipple and swallow Teething begins around age 6 months
Moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth
Saliva A. Is produced only when there is food in the mouth B. Increases ulceration in the mouth C. Is responsible for peristalsis in the mouth D. Moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth E. Does not prevent bacterial infection in the mouth
Carbohydrates
Starches and sugars are examples of A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Proteins D. Vitamins E. Minerals
Ingestion
Taking in food
Are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw
Teeth in adults A. Are replaced by osteoblast activity if they are extracted B. Are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw C. Are all of the same type - molars D. Are composed of living cells called enamel cells E. Do not play a role in speech
Has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle
The anal canal A. Begins at the sigmoid colon and ends at the rectum B. Has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle C. Contains many goblet cells D. Contains tubular glands called crypts E. Has an external sphincter composed of smooth muscle
Alimentary canal
The continuous hollow tube extending from the mouth to the anus; present by the fifth week of development.
Results in the formation of ATP
The electron transport chain A. Results in the formation of ATP B. Converts acetate to ketone bodies C. Converts glucose to fatty acids D. Converts fatty acids to glucose E. Removes a phosphate from ATP
ATP
The energy currency of the cell is a molecule called A. Glucose B. Pyruvate C. Fat D. ADP E. ATP
The pharyngeal phase of swallowing
The epiglottis covers the opening in the larynx during A. The voluntary phase of swallowing B. The pharyngeal phase of swallowing C. The esophageal phase of swallowing D. The gastric phase of swallowing E. The oral phase of swallowing
Has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food
The esophagus A. Extends from the fauces to the stomach B. Has cartilage in its walls to keep it from collapsing C. Produces two enzymes that digest proteins D. Has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food E. Has thin walls of connective tissue
Cecum
The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens. where appendix is attached.
Stores bile
The gallbladder A. Produces bile B. Is attached to the pancreas C. Stores bile D. Produces secretin E. Breaks down red blood cells
Leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion
The gastric phase of gastric secretion A. Decreases the release of gastrin in the stomach B. Is triggered by taste, sight, thought, or smell of food C. Is mediated by impulses on sympathetic nerves D. Leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion E. Leads to the least volume of gastric secretion
Have phagocytic cells in their lining
The hepatic sinusoids A. transport bile B. Have phagocytic cells in their lining C. are part of the portal triad D. Connect to the gallbladder E. Do not have a function
Mastication, speech, and swallowing
The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in A. Speech and swallowing B. Mastication, speech, and swallowing C. Mastication and swallowing D. Mastication and sense of taste E. Deglutition and peristalsis
Consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes
The liver A. Has two major lobes - caudate and quadrate B. Is located on the superior surface of the diaphragm C. Is not vascular D. Is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen E. Consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes
The citric acid cycle and the electron-transport chain
The mitochondrion is the site of A. Glycolysis B. The citric acid cycle C. Anaerobic respiration D. Lactic acid formation E. The citric acid cycle and the electron-transport chain
Glucose and Fructose
The most common monosaccharides in the diet are A. Glucose and fructose B. Galactose and fructose C. Glucose and glycerol D. Glycogen and glucose E. Lactose and maltose
Propulsion
The movement of food through the digestive tract is A. Segmentation B. Propulsion C. Mixing D. Mastication
Composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers
The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is A. Skeletal muscle throughout the tract, especially in the large intestine B. The layer of the digestive tract wall that contains capillaries C. In direct contact with the food that is consumed D. Composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers ad a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers E. Connective tissue and the peritoneum
Has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks
The oral cavity A. Opens into the nasopharynx B. Directly connects with the esophagus C. Contains parotid salivary glands D. Has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks E. Is lined with cuboidal epithelium
Glucose
The primary source of energy for most cells is A. Sucrose B. Fructose C. Glucose D. Maltose E. Lactose
Parotid glands
The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the A. Parotid glands B. Submandibular glands C. Buccal glands D. Labial glands E. Sublingual glands
Submandibular glands
The salivary glands that open in the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue are the A. Parotid glands B. Sublingual glands C. Submandibular glands D. Labial glands E. Lacrimal glands
Plays a major role in swallowing
The tongue A. Secretes saliva B. Plays a major role in swallowing C. Contains a lot of connective and lymphatic tissue D. Is attached to the hard palate E. Functions in deglutition apnea
Are both antioxidants
Vitamin E and vitamin C A. Both release free radicals B. Are needed in RBC production C. Are both antioxidants D. Are formed from provitamins
Buccal Phase
Voluntary Occurs in the mouth Food is formed into a bolus The bolus is forced into the pharynx by the tongue
Store and concentrate bile
What is the function of the gallbladder? A. Produce bile B. Store bicarbonate C. Add pigment to bile D. Store and concentrate bile
Calories
What is the measurement of energy content of food? A. Grams B. Calories C. BTUs D. Joules
Buccinator muscle
What muscle form the cheeks? A. Buccinator muscle B. Orbicularis oculi muscle C. Orbicularis oris D. Zygomaticus muscles
Orbicularis oris muscle
What muscle forms the lips? A. Buccinator muscle B. Orbicularis oculi muscle C. Orbicularis oris muscle D. Labial frenulum muscle
In the cytoplasm of the Cell
Where does glycolysis take place? A. In the inner compartment of the mitochondrion B. On the surface of the mitochondrion C. In the cytoplasm of the cell D. Along the cristae of the mitochondrion
The jejunum and duodenum
Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur? A. The stomach and duodenum B. The duodenum and ileum C. The jejunum and duodenum D. The ileum and jejunum
Killing microorganisms with lysozyme - stomach
Which digestive activity is NOT correctly matched to its location? A. Killing microorganisms with lysozyme - stomach B. Digestion of carbohydrates - mouth C. Absorption of nutrients - small intestine D. Production of mucus - esophagus
Oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Which is the correct order of the regions of the digestive tract from superior to inferior? A. Pharynx, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine B. Oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine C. Stomach, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine D. Anus, large intestine, stomach, esophagus
A mastication of food
Which of the following is NOT a function of the small intestine? A. Mastication of food B. Absorption of nutrients C. Complete Digestion of food D. Mixing by segmental contractions
Segmental contractions
Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach? A. Storage B. Protein digestion C. Absorption of aspirin D. Segmental contractions
Esophagus
Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract? A. Esophagus B. Salivary glands C. Pancreas D. Gallbladder
Elimination of undigested food
Which of the following is a function performed by the digestive system? A. Cellular respiration B. Food selection C. Elimination of undigested food D. Regulation of blood pH E. Integration and coordination of other systems
Liver
Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract? A. Pharynx B. Stomach C. Liver D. Large intestine
Papillae and taste buds
Which of the following is associated with the tongue? A. Uvula B. Constrictor muscles C. Papillae and taste buds D. Periodontal ligament E. Fauces
Sigmoid colon
Which of the following is located closest to the rectum? A. Ascending colon B. Descending colon C. Transverse colon D. Sigmoid colon E. Cecum
Mass movements
Which of the following occur in the large intestine? A. Chemical digestion B. Mass movement C. Mastication D. Mixing waves E. Neutralization
Liver and muscles
Which of the following organs can store glycogen? A. Spleen and pancreas B. Kidney and adrenal gland C. Large and small Intestines D. Liver and muscles E. Stomach and pancreas
Stomach
Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract or alimentary canal? A. Salivary gland B. Liver C. Gallbladder D. Stomach E. Pancreas
Muscularis - two layers; both circular
Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure? A. Muscularis - two layers; both circular B. Rugae - folds of mucosa and submucosa C. Mucosa - gastric glands D. Gastric pits - open onto surface of stomach mucosa E. Lining - simple columnar epithelium
submandibular gland
a smaller salivary gland inside the lower jaw on either side that produces most of the nocturnal saliva
Sigmoid Colon
an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins with the rectum below
sublingual salivary gland
below the tongue, empty their secretions into the floor of the mouth through tiny ducts.
appendix
blind pouch hanging from the cecum. Because it is usually twisted, it is an ideal location for bacteria to accumulate and multiply.
Small intestine
body's major digestive organ. Within its twisted passageways, usable nutrients are finally prepared for their journey into the cells of the body. Extends from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine Average length 7 to 13 feet. (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
Hypothalamus
body's thermostat initiates mechanisms to maintain body temperature
Digestive glands
bud from the mucosa of the alimentary tuve
Oropharynx
central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis
Mumps
common childhood disease, is an inflammation of the parotid glands.
Fever
controlled hyperthermia Results from infection, cancer, allergic reactions, CNS injuries. If the body thermostat is set too high, body proteins may be denatured, and permanent brain damage may occur
Metabolism
decreases with old age
pancreatic ducts
enzymes that are produced by the pancreas and the delivered to the duodenum to complete the chemical breakdown of foods in the small intestine.
Newborns
feeding must be frequent, peristalsis is inefficient, and vomiting is common
Villi
fingerlike projections in the small intestine that increase surface area
Bile
formed by the liver, also enters the duodenum through the bile duct in the same area as pancreatic ducts
jejunum and ileum
function mainly in absorption of nutrients and water
Appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
Gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and intestines; can occur at any time
Large intestine
larger in diameter than the small intestine but shorter in length. About 5 ft long. Extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus. The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body.
laryngopharynx
lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus
Tongue
manipulates food for chewing and swallowing; a taste organ
Pharynx and esophagus
no digestive function; serve as passageways to the stomach
Mouth (oral cavity)
opening where food enters the body and undergoes the first process of digestion, a mucous membrane-lined cavity
Esophagus
or gullet, runs from the pharynx through the diaphragm into the stomach, about 10 inches longs, it is essentially a passageway that conducts food (by peristalsis) to the stomach.
Pharynx (throat)
performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus Two phases of swallowing: 1. Buccal phase 2. Pharyngeal-esophageal phase
Descending Colon
portion of the colon that extends downward from the transverse colon
Developing fetus
receives all nutrients through the placents
Anal canal
region, containing two sphincters, through which feces are expelled from the body. Has two valves: the external anal sphincter
internal sphincter
smooth muscle, involuntary
Food propulsion
swallowing and peristalsis
Liver
the largest gland in the body and is an accessory organ to the digestive system; produces bile
Transverse colon
the middle part of the large intestine, passing across the abdomen from right to left below the stomach.
Ascending Colon
the part of the large intestine that ascends from the cecum to the transverse colon
Duodenum
twelve finger widths long
External anal
voluntary skeletal muscle