Digital Media and Human Development Final
The negative effects of cyberbullying appear to be ____ than in person bullying and contribute to wide range of ___ and ___ health problems
stronger, mental, physical
Professional Development
support activities that help educators develop and improve professional knowledge and skills (ie. taking webinars, learning from experts, etc).
Kids typically get _____ first and then phones
tablets
Results suggest that ___ interruptions are associated with child ____ problems (correlational
tech, behavior
focused attention
the capacity to attend to only one source of information while ignoring other incoming stimuli
The ability to fully summarize the gist or main _____ of a story develops late -- often not until age ___. The intended moral takeaway may not be absorbed by the younger adolescent viewer
theme, 14
Although there may appear to be a relationship, there may be a ___ ____ that is linking the two, or some other reason
third variable
New Guidelines Launched in 2016 age 0-5
Ask parents about family media use and help families develop plans for using media with different guidelines for each child.
Social anxiety can lead to FOMO:
Can drive engagement with social media. Anxiety is a key component of it. Increased FOMO is associated with increased stress related to facebook use
Most frequent porn watchers are:
Male, Pubertally more advanced, Sensation seeking adolescents, Need risk and stimuli, Weak or troubled family relationships, Some evidence that those with more permissive sexual attitudes and gender stereotypical beliefs
b.
Media and device time _____ sleep time. Emotionally ____ content and online communication affect sleep. Bright (___) light can affect _____. Adolescents with __ or more devices on their bedrooms report more sleep difficulties. Adolescents who turn off their devices in the bedroom report they sleep for an extra ___ a night. Replace, arousing, blue, melatonin, 4, hour
Consider the families media environment:
Media centric, media moderate, media light
Tween and teen viewers often reject _____ messages in order to protect their sense of ____ and/or reassert their _____. When older youth interpret texts as "_____-less," absorbing, and relevant, they are most likely to internalize the moral lessons they model
Moralistic, freedom, independence, agenda
Internet gaming disorder in the DSM-5 (Internet Gaming Disorder):
Most common in males from age 12-20. More prevalent in asian countries than north america and Europe. Seems to be related to other addictive behaviors. Behavioral addiction (not substance addiction)
Parental mediation strategies: Permissive
Most frequent for teens, Associated with spending the most time on media
The research on parental use of mobile tech (based on the article we reviewed in class) revealed that:
Mothers who used a mobile device during eating interactions exhibited fewer verbal interactions with their child
Parents education and SES are ____ related to the child's digital skills
NOT
Developmental Tasks (Age 16-18)
Same biological mechanisms and brain development as earlier phase, Physically presenting as an adult, Peers still extremely important, Identity solidifying- greater understanding of who they are
Which of the following concerns about Teen mobile tech use is backed by research? a. Mobile tech use is associated with lowered relationship quality between teens and their parents. b. The majority of teens form alternate identities that they can portray online c. Mobile tech use can result in lowered sleep quality d. All of the above e. None of the above
c. Mobile tech use can result in lowered sleep quality
Bullying may inflict harm or distress on the targeted youth including physical, _____, ____, or _____ harm.
Psychological, social, educational
Parasocial relationship:
Relationships that consumers develop with media characters, making them important sources of information
According to Vygostksy, children may ____ things heard at home that are inappropriate, and in time they learn ____ ____.
Repeat, social norms
As predicted by _______ theory, white ___ and ___ children are using these messages as a basis for self evaluation that in turn ______ impacts their self esteem
cultivation, negatively, girls, black
Research finds that video game play leads to an increase in the following: a. Spatial Learning b. Eyesight c. Gender stereotypes d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Children begin to hone abstract thinking during Piaget's: a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Concrete operations d. Formal operations
d. Formal operations
Which of the following is often reported as teens primary source of information about sex? a. Parents b. School c. Friends d. Porn e. Both A and D
d. Porn
Although violent video game usage is increasing, there has been a ____ of violent crimes in the US
decrease
personalized learning
The content, pace, structure and goals of instruction vary depending on the student's learning habits. - creating technology that learns how you're learning, adjusting how they teach you to your level
Most kids don't ____ look for porn, only viewing it a ___ times a year. __/__saw it once a week
actively, few, ⅓
Social media leads to _____ amongst teens with low __ ___ social interaction
depression, in person
Video games can be an intervention for kids with:
anxiety and ADHD
Marketers exploit other children's desires to get in with their peers and rebel against ______ figures as a selling point for their products
authority
Parents reported that 9-year-old Irish girls who were given phones at that age had negative psychosocial outcomes at age 13. a. True b. False
b. False
The term parasocial relationship is a new term that was created to describe how people feel close to online celebrities because of social media? a. True b. False
b. False (its not new)
The ABCD study can get around some of the correlational issues because: a. It is a really large dataset b. It is longitudinal c. Records data at different points in time and you can determine a timeline of events d. It is done by the National Institute of Health, a very well respected scientific organization e. All of the above
b. It is longitudinal
A 2012 study by scientists at the University of Pennsylvania used word clouds from Facebook posts and revealed that a. Teens have complicated social lives b. Online lives tend to mirror offline lives c. There is a high incidence of social isolation among Facebook users d. None of the above
b. Online lives tend to mirror offline lives
Cyber aggression is defined as:
behavior aimed at harming another person using electronic communications, and perceived by the target as aversive
Media literate youth and adults are ____ able to understand complex messages we receive from television, radio, internet, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, video games...
better
Parents also experience more barriers to internet use if they are ____ or are parents of a ____ ____ child
black, special needs
What are some reasons that could explain why TV exposure predicted a decrease in self esteem among all children (black boys, black girls, and white girls) except white boys? . Tv content tends to reinforce both gender role and racial stereotypes a. Parents of white boys are more likely to spend time co-viewing tv shows with their kids b. White girls and black children use gender and racial stereotypical messages as a basis for self evaluation c. A and C d. All of the above
c. A and C
Which of the following is a component of Vygotsky's theory of development? a. Learning shapes language and social learning b. Children learn in set stages that follow one after another c. Language shapes thought d. Children cannot develop theory of mind unless they have already developed language
c. Language shapes thought
Parents of higher SES or education are more _____ advantaged
digitally
research finds that the presence of a phone is sufficiently ________ to affect _______ functioning, but only during demanding tasks.
distracting, cognitive
Marketing can encourage _____ disorders, precocious ______, youth _____ and family _____
eating, sexuality, aggression, stress
School age children learn from pro-social entertainment programs even more than from traditional _____ shows
educational
delay of gratification
emotional gratifications may be driving media interactions at the unconscious level.. individuals who are heavy users of mobile tech are more adapt to smaller immediate rewards
Ebooks can :
engage and hold attention, Can also distract and cause less conversation - can be helpful to low income families who cant afford books
The Brain Drain
finite capacity for cognitive processing - our attentional resources are limited. seeing a phone can affect our cognitive performance. forced separation from a ringing phone can increase anxiety + increase heart rate. phantom phone vibration (89% of people feel this) - 3 conditions; 1 with phone on desk, phone in purse, phone in other room - testing attentional resources span and sustained attention
While reading an ebook, parents used more talk about the book ___ and ___ than in the traditional book condition
format and environment
However, Mobile tech affects ____, ____ classes, _____ and ____ quality
grades, missed, distraction, sleep
There are more devices at home and easier access, etc. for both parents and kids from _____ SES homes
higher
Social cues missing from video ____ learning for young viewers
impair
In ages 3-5, Parents and caregivers are extremely _____, and kids are starting to learn basic ___ ____ (Ie. take your turn, sharing)
important, social rules
Huge difference in screen time by ____ and _____
income and education (Lower income = higher screen time, Parent only has high school diploma = higher screen time)
More TV watching and increased use of social media correlated with:
increased desire for fame
Porn is teenagers primary source of _______ about sex, more than friends, siblings school or parents.
information
Bullying:
involves an observed or perceived power imbalance and is repeated multiple times or is highly likely to be repeated.
You can not assume causation unless:
it is a result of an experiment with a control group
Protectionism:
keep kids away from it
Coppa:
keeping kids safe from advertisers - Children's online privacy protection act. Run by the federal trade commission. The COPPA rule required operators of online sites and services directed at kids under 13 to provide notice and obtain permission from a child's parents before collecting personal information from that child
The base of vygotskys theory is that:
language shapes thought (Talks to themselves out loud as they perform tasks). Children speak out loud to learn about the world - Developing the ability to have inner thoughts
Parents and children are _____ likely to engage with eachother during play sessions with tablets vs. play sessions with toys
less
Teens in low income homes spend ____ time using computers and more time using their phones for homework than their peers in high income homes
less
expectation of having later access to information can make us _____ inclined to ____ and store that information in long term memory. Tendency to rely on simple ______ and mental shortcuts extends to the habitual use of internet as a substitute for deep cognitive analysis (ie. remembering a folder but not a file).
less, encode. heuristics
Although kids are spending ____ time with their parents, the relationship quality is still ____
less, high
Empowerment:
let them use it
Social media leads to _____ and potentially _____ (only in the Midwest, South, and West), while other negative mental health effects are _____
loneliness, suicide, minimal
Downward comparison:
look to people less accomplished than us
Upward comparison:
look to people more accomplished/desirable
For teens who report ____ friendship quality, greater tech use can make them feel more ____ and _____ when used for entertainment vs. communication
low, lonely, isolated
No screens during ____ and for __ hour before bedtime
meals, 1
Social networking may be used by youth in the face of setbacks for support and advice related to _____ _____. Adolescents with moderate to severe _____ symptoms may be more likely than their peers to turn to social media for _____ support
mental health, depressive, emotional
Girls tend to _____ more (boys are frustrated at this), while boys tend to digitally sexually ____ (girls are frustrated at this)
monitor, coerce
Teens report that daily interactions with friends are ___ likely to happen ___
more, online
Infants who watched a popular infant DVD design to teach vocabulary 5x a week for a month learned ___ more words than children who were not exposed to the video at all
no
long term relationship between academic multitasking and adolescents academic achievement study
research consistently finds a negative relationship between academic media multitasking and academic achievement longitudinal study (at stanford) examining long term relationships between academic media multitasking and academic achievement scores + academic attention problems - 25 high media multitasking and 25 low media multitaskers high media multitaskers did way worse on cognitive tasks (scattered attention) * does not account for attention disorders (the guy claimed kids at stanford don't have LD's)
For teens/tweens, educational content needs to be "____ ___"
"smuggled in"
Media is often called the
"super peer"
Parental Mediation/Parenting Styles: Restrictive/authoritarian
(high strictness, low warmth)
Parental Mediation/Parenting Styles: permissive/Laissez Faire
(high warmth and low strictness), Let the child do what they want
Parental Mediation/Parenting Styles: permissive/uninvolved
(low strictness and low warmth), active/authoritative (high warmth and high strictness). Structure and freedom
Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
- Experiences world through senses and actions - Learning object permanence - Learning reflexes - hand eye coordination
One study we analyzed was:
1 data set, Subjective analytical decision, Bivariate correlation, No context on effects
Mobile Phones in the room and development:
1,101 students (43% male, baseline M age = 13.5; 44% lower socioeconomic status [SES]) who began Year 8 in high school. All students were surveyed at least twice with 80.8% participating in three or more waves of data collection. Initial high levels of night-time mobile phone use were associated with high levels of poor sleep behavior, which in turn is associated, 1 year later, with higher levels of depressed mood, externalizing behavior, low self-esteem, and poor coping ability.
Prevalence for cyber victimization is from __-___%. Prevalence rates for perpetrating cyberbullying ranging from __% to __%, with most self reported rates hovering around 10%
1-40%, 1-79%.
Formal Operations (Age 11-16):
1. Abstract thinking begins 2. Able to think about the future 3. Thought is more flexible, rational, and systematic 4. Develops an inner value system
Concrete Operations (Age 7-11)
1. Begins to be able to take a mental action 2. Child can begin to reverse direction of thought (simple math, etc) 3. Still very much in the here and now
Preoperational Phase (Age 2-7)
1. Egocentric, Curious and investigating 2. Begins to think symbolically (Starting to understand letters and symbols and what they mean about the real world) 3. Not logical thinking yet
Two perspectives of digital media and development:
1. Screen time is linked to depression, loneliness, obesity, aggression, etc 2. Screen time is linked to connecting with others, learning, emotional regulation, etc.
Developmental Tasks (Age 6-9)
1. Understanding social norms of behavior and becoming more socially sophisticated. 2. Increased order and logic 3. Paying more attention to peers 4. Rule based play
Between 1994-2005, the percentage of US public school classrooms with internet access increased from __-__%. Many schools went 1:1 with a rush to integrate ______ into classrooms.
3-94%, computers
In 2015, ___% of kids had smartphones at age 11, and in 2019, over ___% do
30%, 50%
_/_ of teens wish they had more face to face time
1/3
Average age of phone ownership is around ___
10
Children ___ and under have never known a world without Iphones. Children spend more time using media devices than with their ______.
12, parents
Between age __-__ might be particularly vulnerable to risks associated with sexting given their younger age
12-15
Digital Goldilocks Hypothesis: Digital Screen Use and Mental Well Being
120K 15 year olds in the UK, Hypothesized that there is a "just right amount" of digital media. Found that moderate use of tech is not harmful, potentially helpful and all digital activities are not equal (content and context matters)
Average age boys see porn is ___-___, while for girls it is ___-___.
13-14, 14-15
For children under ___ months, avoid use of social media other than __ ___
18, video chatting
Parents of __ - __ months old who want to introduce digital media should choose high quality programs and apps to watch and play with their kids
18-24
On average, tweens from low income family spend _:__ more with screen media each day than kids from higher income families
1:50
Until 2015- the main recommendation was to keep children under ___ away from screen media. This was deemed too simplistic and very challenging for parents with more than one child
2
2 positive and 2 negative outcomes of screen time:
2 positive: learning opportunities and social interaction, etc 2 negative: depression and loneliness, etc
A study on digital dating abuse:
2,218 middle and high schoolers 12-17 y/o. 28% of students had experienced digital dating abuse. Males were more likely to report experiencing it (32% vs 24%). Covariates: Depression, Sexual intercourse, Sexting , Victim of cyberbullying. Experiencing offline dating abuse is the strongest correlate
In Age __-___, Preschoolers have a tendency to let ______ characteristics dominate (If they look nice, they must be nice). In order for kindergarteners to learn moral lessons from TV, its not recommended to mix pro-_____ and anti-______ models. Simplicity is essential. Lived experience plays a role and audience demographics are important to consider
2-5, physical, social and social
Name one developmental task for ages 2-5 and 6-9:
2-5: developing sensory/motor skills, 6-9: rule based play
Adolescents spend an average of __:__ per day on all phones, and __:__ for kids who have a smartphone
2:42, 4:38
Computer usage and academic performance study at West Point
3 conditions: laptop/tablet, ipad, no computer in the no computer condition = .18 SD better than other conditions (1.7 points out of 100) effect on multiple choice and short answer but not essay
The other study had:
3 data sets, Statistical analysis is more advanced and conservative, tested every combination of variables for effects, Pre-registered hypotheses, Examined other variables for context
Paper vs. Screen study by Yalda at UCLA
3 studies does reading on paper impact your performance on memory and comprehension? - Participants read short passages on paper or computer and tested on memory and comprehension. There was no differences between the conditions in terms of performance, however, in the internet condition it took them longer. the topic of ADHD in children and to write a one page report on computer ( 7 articles) - between subjects: 3 conditions - either computer only, paper only, computer internet and printer - no difference between paper and computer, but in the real world condition with the internet, they performed much lower
longitudinal study in response to the last one
3 wave study with intervals of 3-4 months - shorter time intervals = no prior studies on the effect exist and developmental changes may happen quickly and are better captured in short intervals measured = media multitasking index (self report), academic attention (self report), and grades findings = no direct relationship between academic media multitasking and academic achievement scores, only a correlation - adolescents who engaged in academic media multitasking had lower academic achievement scores, seemed to be more distracted during academic activities
Another study examines the relationship between social media and values with a larger sample from across the country
315 students, Ages 9-15. Fame was not the #1 value in the nationwide survey. It was well down the bottom of the list. However, desire for fame was positively predicted by people who watched more television and used social media more
Advertising in Apps for Kids (A Content Analysis: Method)
39 apps played by children aged 12 months to 5 years. Researchers played each app and took detailed notes on the design of advertisements and iteratively refined the codebook (interrater reliability = .96). Codes were then applied to the 96 most downloaded free and paid apps in the 5 and under category category on the App Store. 95% had at least one add (In "educational" apps as well as other categories)
Meta-analysis about sexting:
39 included studies, there were 110,380 participants (47% male). Sending sexts = 14%, receiving sexts = 27%. Forwarding a sext without consent = 12%/8% (The older kids are, the more likely they are to be sending these). Associations between sexting and several risk behaviors were stronger amongst younger adolescents compared with older teenagers
Kids get introduced to tablets and computers in __ grade
3rd
On average 8-12 year olds in the US have ____ hrs of entertainment screen media per day and teens use ___ hrs (Not including the time they spend using screens for school and homework)
4.4, 7.2
__% of moms and __% of dads self reported that they used phones in problematic ways. Maternal and paternal problematic digital tech use predicted greater ____ in parental-child interactions
40%, 32%. technoference
___% of adolescents view phones within the hour before bedtime
60%
Laproscopic surgeons improved in accuracy by ___% after 4 weeks of playing nintendo wii
73%
According to a 2015 CDC study, ___% of teens (across 30 states) and __% of middle schoolers (across nine states) don't get enough sleep. Adolescents need __-__ hours a night
73%, 58%, 8-10.
Until the age of ____ children do not understand advertising's persuasive intent. _____ placement can be hard for kids (even older than __) to understand
8, product, 8
Children are typically unable to extract moral lessons from fables until they are ___ years old; younger children tend to retell specific parts of the story instead of deriving a more general principle
9
Blended learning:
A mix of in person and online teaching
Digital dating abuse:
A pattern of behaviors rather than isolated negative relationship behaviors
To increase chances that a 3 year old will learn from content they watch on a screen, it is best for:
An adult to make connections between the content and the real world Ie. co-viewing, joint attention
Findings that impact social relationships from adult media use include:
Adults use less words, Respond to fewer bids for attention, Lower quality interaction
Parental mediation strategies: Active mediation
Associated with: Lower levels of video game playing, Negative attitudes towards violent video games, Later and fewer sexual outcomes for children and teens, Lower levels of substance abuse and aggression, More sensitive online disclosures
Unboxing videos (negatives):
Audiences of largely unregulated advertising content, Child labor illegally producing branded content for the advertising industry
Unboxing videos (positives):
Augments offline toys and play practices, Vicarious enjoyment of observing other children playing
Transfer Deficit
Babies don't transfer what they learn from the iPad to the real world Ie. if you give a child an app where they play with legos, blocks, and stack them, and then put real blocks in front of them, they start all over (It's not a transferable skill)
Drama:
Between being left out, cyberbullying, and significant others, social media can be stressful.
Ways parents mediate media:
Checking social media profiles, Installing internet filters, Software on computers, Limiting time, Conversing with their child about content choices, Co-viewing, Controlling content choices, Checking text messages on phones, Using tracking software, Checking website history, Keeping devices in central locations
Follow up camp study hypothesis
Children in 2017 who had been exposed to mobile phones since the age of 1 would test worse than the students in 2012
Internet and digital media were not designed with ____ in mind and we are now playing ____ ___. Parents, caregivers, and the ____ are struggling on how to regulate this, and the industry is struggling to change their ____ practices.
Children, catch up, government, business
Social scaffolding:
Co-view and talk about it, Connect the on screen content to the off screen world
Functional affordances:
Content replicability, scalability, searchability, and permanence as well as communication synchronicity and composition time (Ie. retweets, editing and removal capabilities)
Measures of camp study:
DANVA 2: test of diagnostic analysis of nonverbal accuracy (Faces of children and adults in high and low intensity)- Determine if the person is happy, sad, angry, or fearful. CASP: multiple non verbal cues video
In conclusion, is screen time good or bad?
Data is preliminary and its unclear whether the effects are lasting or even meaningful. Evidence is inconclusive about whether its good or bad. Everybody is different - individual variation
Video deficit:
Decrement in learning from screens versus learning face to face with a live model
Sexting:
Defined as the "sharing of sexually explicit images, videos, or messages through electronic means"
Pressures to engage in sexting include:
Desire for relational benefits, Persistent requests, Anger displays from partners, "Everyone is doing it"
From 3-5 years of age, children are:
Developing a "theory of mind" and can start to put themselves in others' shoes, Tending to believe what they see, Beginning to learn that there are societal rules and norms to follow, Starting to build friendships
Geena Davis Benchmark Report:
Did a content analysis of representation on TV. 2007-2017 to measure how many women/LGBTQ/racial representation. Every year we're getting better and better - Male leads outnumber female leads 2:1, White leads outnumber leads of color 4:1 - No progress with LGBTQ+ representation in kids content
Digital Media:
Digital media is digitized content that can be transmitted over the internet or computer networks (Includes text, audio, video, and graphics)
Next Study with Mobile Phones Testing New Foods:
Eating interactions are considered a window into parent/child interaction. Families who have dinner together is associated with positive outcomes for children. Head start children (6 y/o)- 4 min video tapes coded to determine mothers mobile phones. Actively used or negligible/no phone use. Findings: mothers with mobile use had significantly fewer verbal and nonverbal interactions with children (When the child didn't like the food the mom wasn't paying attention)
Emotional affordances:
Emotional reactions and social comparisons (Likes and dislikes)
Moderators of parental mediation:
Ethnicity and culture (Black and Latino kids use more media than White kids), Age of child, Income (Higher SES - less media, Low SES - more media), Education, Gender of child, Gender of parent, Parent age (Younger parents are more tech savvy than old parents), Type of media
How might lack of diversity in the images children see impact development?
Exposure to media featuring muscular male bodies can result in depression and muscle dissatisfaction among boys
The Iphone was launched in 2007 and quickly became the _____ growing technology ever. Both grownups and children adopted smartphones and tablets really quickly. Soon after, the Ipad was introduced in _____.
Fastest, 2011
Social media users with moderate to severe depressive symptoms are more likely than those with no symptoms to say that social media is "very" important to them for ___ ___ ___, Getting ______ from others and ______ themselves. They are also more likely to say they prefer communicating with people through ____ media than in person
Feeling less alone, inspiration, expressing, social
How do you help young kids the most out of media? (the three C's)
Focus on content, context, and individual child (What messages are in the content and how will they affect the child? How and where is the child consuming the content?)
Longitudinal (6 months) study in Ireland with 1200+ boys and girls measured platforms and amount of use as well as psychosocial wellbeing
Found: Frequent users across all social media: 8%. Higher levels of depressive, panic order symptoms, delinquent behaviors and family conflict, higher school related anxiety. Snapchat and Instagram: 58%, Higher self competence with close friends than the other groups, higher school related anxiety. Infrequent Users: 39%
Why Face to Face (F2F) may be superior for infants and toddlers:
Gaze following is important for learning about objects and humans, Pointing directs attention and leads to joint attention, Sibling interaction predicts skills in affective learning longitudinally
A study about this with 13,520 French teens (11-19) asked about tv watching, sexism, videogame play, religiosity.
General video game exposure was significantly related to sexism, irrespective of gender age, socioeconomic status and religion
Research indicates that co-viewing has positive outcomes:
Helps with learning letters and numbers, Associated with higher levels of empathy
Human development:
Human growth and changes across the lifespan, including physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, personality and emotional growth. Developmental psychologists study how people grow and adapt to different life stages.
Social Connectivity:
Humans have a need to belong and connect to one another. We have a frequent need for interactions that take place in stable context- Social media can provide the right amount of context
Identity affordances:
Identity exploration and expression (Profiles, sharing life events, etc)
Camp study research question:
If you take the screens away from a child's environment, and they communicate with peers and adults solely face to face, will their ability to recognize emotions through non-verbal cues in facial expressions and social situations change?
Values In Top Tween TV Shows:
In 2007 they were focused on fame instead of family/community
a.
In a focus group on TV shows, participants valued ___ more than any other value, and used social media to seek audiences beyond their immediate community fame.
Results of camp study:
In the 5 days that the kids were at the camp, they improved on both measures compared to the kids who were using media normally
Introduce media literacy:
In the home, parents can teach children to think critically about the content. In the classroom, teachers can teach media literacy
Social Media Benefits:
Increased self esteem, Increased social capital, Resources accessed through one's social relationships, Safe identity exploration, Social support, More opportunities for self disclosure , Makes people feel closer to each other when they share how they are feeling
Video Deficits
Infants and toddlers learn better from a person who is there/real life event vs. one on a screen imitating a behavior
Cognitive affordances:
Information seeking and sharing, allocation of cognitive resources and triggered attending to content updates (Customizability of content)
Thinking about Content:
Is there a difference between media or games that are violent, scary, or troubling to a child and content where the characters model positive social skills? Can the content stimulate off-screen comments or questions that impact positive learning? Does the media stimulate off screen play? Creation, imagination, exploration? Do some media features include some of the same traits we can find in a teacher or classroom?
Flipped classrooms:
Learn content at home and do homework/classwork with the teacher there so they can ask questions
Describe how parental mediation differ by children's age based on Uhls and Robbs book chapter?:
Leniency increases with age, Becomes less restrictive with age, Females use more active mediation than males, Older parents had more rules
Although there is more access to sexualized content, there is ___ sexual activity. There is no evidence that exposure to porn at young ages _____ sexual activity.
Less, increases
Massively online open courses (MOOCs):
Like coursera - selling classes online. Anyone can access it
New Guidelines for ages 2-5
Limit screen use for 1 hour per day or high quality programming. Does not include video chatting, taking photos/making videos, looking up information online together, etc (its entertainment media use)
NIH- ABCD study
Longitudinal (10 years of data starting in 2015), 10,000 children starting at age 9. Many methods: behavioral interviews, neuroimaging, genetics, health data...
Technoference 2018 study:
Longitudinal study for 183 couples with a young child over the course of 6 months. Findings: Greater child externalizing behavior left to more technopherence via parental stress. More technopherence predicted more externalizing behavior. Concluded parent mobile phone use and child externalizing behaviors had bi-directional dynamics (Externalizing behavior = acting out, yelling, pushing, rule breaking, negative behaviors, etc)
TV Representation and Self Esteem study:
Longitudinal, measured one year apart. White and black boys and girls aged 7-12. Looked at global self esteem (cognitive, social, and physical appearance) - Self report survey. created a weekly television viewing index with gender and race as key variables. Findings: Television exposure predicted a decrease in self esteem for white and black girls and black boys and an increase in self esteem for white boys.
Adolescent developmental tasks:
Loyalty, intimacy/sexual expression, Identity development, Friendships, romantic/sexual relationships, Group affiliations
Impression Management:
Make sure that the things you're sharing online frame you in a positive light
A Program of Research: First Study on parent cellphone use
Naturalistic methods to study adult phone use. Observed 55 caregivers eating with 1+ young children in fast food restaurants. Observers wrote field notes which were subjected to qualitative analysis. 40 caregivers used devices during their meal. The dominant theme salient to mobile device use and caregiver-child interaction was the degree of absorption in devices caregivers exhibited. Highly absorbed caregivers often responded harshly to child misbehavior
Disturbed sleep is associated with:
Negative health outcomes including: Depressed mood, Lower self-esteem, Increased externalizing behavior, Inability to control emotions, Poor coping behaviors, Weight gain
Longitudinal study that tested for associations between early mobile phone ownership and children's psychosocial development using a self concept scale (reported by children).
No associations between early mobile phone ownership and psychosocial outcomes. When broken down by gender, there were lower intellectual self concept scores amongst girls adopting mobile phones earlier. Girls fare less well in terms of their self assessed behavioral adjustment. Girls think they are less intelligent the earlier they got a phone
There was a propensity study analyzing whether there is a causal link between video games and violence with 6000+ 8th graders (Matched samples)
No relationship between boys playing violent video games and aggression when this method is used
Gaze following:
Occurs if an individual perceives another's gaze and, as a result, comes into content with the object or event (Ie. an adult points to something and says "what is that?" and the child looks)
Kids spend most of their time socializing with friends _____. Bullies are also often the same both ____ and ____. Most studies find social media can help kids after social _____ and also supports offline friendships
Offline, online and offline, exclusion
One to one program:
One laptop/electronic device per student to integrate tech into the classroom
Positive Cognitive effects associated with video games:
Participants in shooter video game conditions show faster and more accurate attention allocation, higher spatial resolution in visual processing, and enhanced mental rotation abilities
Self presentation:
People present themselves differently on each online profile (ie. twitter is way more uncensored than linked in)
Which of the following is not an example of what parents can do to help children under two years old learn from media?
Permissive mediation
First Child Development Theory is by who:
Piaget
Joint Attention:
Shared focus of two individuals on an object. It is achieved when one individual alerts another to an object by means of eye gazing, pointing, or other verbal/non-verbal indications
Social affordances:
Social connectedness, social interactions, and meta voicing to a broad context (Hashtags, comments, DM's, video chats)
Sexting is associated with increases in:
Social ostracism, Depression, Suicide
Social media influencers not only attract minors attention, the child audiences also aspire to become influencers themselves. Companies now use social influencers in their marketing strategies by ______ content. This is called ______ _____.
Sponsoring, influencer marketing
Adult Fears:
Strangers, cyberbullying, not being present, divide between parents and kids, digital footprint/tattoo/alternate identities, multitasking, lack of sleep
Technoference:
Tech based interruptions in parent-child interactions
Experimental study with highlight reel findings:
Teens who engaged in more negative comparison felt worse and felt profiles were more "accurate" - But some were susceptible to social media effects and thought it was inaccurate
Media literacy:
The ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media
Co-viewing:
The act of engaging with media with child (Labeling on screen objects, Talking about the content, Encourage imitation)
a.
The amount of exposure to video games could predict the endorsement of _____ stereotypes. Playing ______ video games for a few minutes (10-20) promotes mens likelihood to endorse gender stereotypes, increase hostile ____, and increases mens acceptance of sexual ______ gender, sexualized, sexism, harassment
Implications of camp study:
The increase in face to face, in person communication led to improved emotional understanding Importance of learning and practicing in person communication is important and should be emphasized in the socialization process
Sharenting:
The overuse of social media by parents to share content based on their children, such as baby pictures/details of their kids activities
For 3-5 year olds, Peer pressure remains ____, and Family influence is ______.
Their media use is typically ____- guided activities like skyping family members. Low, paramount, adult
Research shows that media can teach the "good stuff":
There is a pro-social value of storytelling. Exposure to prosocial modeling on television affects young viewers behavior in situations similar to those modeled in the original programs.
Find the Hidden Toy:
Three conditions: watch through a live video, real window, etc and see if they (2-2.5 year olds) can find the toy when placed in the room - Could only do it when they see it in real life
Consider the Individual
Tune into the child's needs, How does a particular media experience assist or detract from the child as they progress in motor skills, social skills, and language development. Start to differentiate between media experiences that help or hinder the child's development
an example of the video deficit effect
Two year olds not displaying a transfer of learning from a video demonstration
Developmental theory of mind
Understanding that my mind is not the only mind- You are thinking something different than me
Parental mediation strategies: Restrictive
Used most frequently when children are young, Associated with: Higher levels of delinquency for older children, Aggression, Later sexual activity
Which of the following activities/media has been found to have positive effects on a toddler's learning?
Video chatting with grandma via facetime
Sociocultural Child Development Theory is by:
Vygotsky
Social Comparison (Leon Festinger 1954):
We compare ourselves to others in order to better understand our own attitudes and actions, We need external benchmarks to guide us on what is socially acceptable.
What questions should you ask when the data is correlational?
What are other underlying factors that could also be contributing to the relationship between the variables? Is there experimental data and what does that tell us?
Comparison:
What teens see on social media can become a personal ruler with quantifiable social endorsement, and trying to measure up can bring them down
Parental Mobile Phone Use: Issues
When adults use their phones in front of children, they run the risk of missing social cues. Children learn from faces and the real world and this could impact key learning
What is the context?
Who is sitting with the child? How is it embedded into the daily routine of the child? Is an adult talking about what was seen or played? Is the media used during meal times in a way that impedes conversation? Is an adults own media use causing them to tune out and miss cues from the child?
Developmental Tasks (Age 3-5)
Working on motor skills and language. Play is central.
Self disclosure:
Your profile discloses who you are as a person
a.
___% of low income families have internet access at home. Most low and moderate income families have some form of internet connection, however it is often _____ only with inconsistent ______ (low speed internet) 74%, mobile, connectivity
acceptable use policy
a policy that a user must agree to follow in order to be provided access to a network or to the internet
Webinar
a seminar online (online lecture)
Currently, there is inconclusive evidence supporting the following statement: a. Playing violent video games leads to long term violent behavior b. Playing video games improves cognitive abilities c. Playing video games improves STEM skills d. All of the above
a. Playing violent video games leads to long term violent behavior
What is digital inequality? a. US children in low income households have constrained access to the internet and devices that connect to it b. US children in low income households have no access to the internet and devices that connect to it c. US children in low income households have constrained access to the internet and devices that connect to it vs. children from other developed countries d. None of the above
a. US children in low income households have constrained access to the internet and devices that connect to it
Which of these do Orben and Przybylkski point to better ways to conduct and analyze survey data? (based on article during week 1) a. Researchers should make their own analytical choices about which variables to include in the analysis b. Research should make sure to have a really high N c. Researchers should pre-register their hypotheses d. Researchers should conduct bivariate correlational analyses
c. Researchers should pre-register their hypotheses
How do most UK kids report they first are exposed to online porn? a. They search for it on their own b. They search for it with someone else c. They find it on their own when it pops up d. They are unexpectedly shown it by someone else
c. They find it on their own when it pops up
____ focused conversations support ___ and helps parents have difficult conversations with their children (ie. talking about racism)
character, learning
Any social media site or website that is not Coppa compliant has in their terms that:
children under 13 aren't allowed to use their site
Very young children can't distinguish between ______ and program content, even older children sometimes fail to recognize product placement as advertising
commercials
The need for _______, which is the main driver for relationship formation, emerges in childhood. In the social media world, the perceived distance between child consumers and their favorite characters is reduced, which may even increase feelings of ______ interaction
companionship, parasocial
As children's attentional and cognitive resources develop, so does the extent to which they _____ stories (both in context in which children engage with media and their developmental stage profoundly affects their capacity to process media messages)
comprehend
Positive ______ make the children learn better
consequences
What is an example of a lack of logical thinking from class:
conservation task- Video we watched
From Age 10-12, ____ influence starts to become more important, and kids start pushing away _____, although they still remain fairly trusting. This is a stage where social ____ and ____ is developing, and children are highly attuned to _____ and image. This stage is when kids are navigating both ____ and ___ changes.
peer, adults, cognition, comparison, popularity, biological and social.
Social identity theory:
people are motivated to maintain a positive self concept by comparing favorable characteristics of their in-group with parallel unfavorable characteristics of the relevant outgroup
Cultivation theory:
people's views of social reality are modeled by media
At Age 11+, kids have an improved ability to take others' ______ and to reason on an _____ level improves. Accordingly, subplots and content that has nuance can be introduced
perspectives, abstract
Many males focus on ____ and ___ aspects of sexual behaviors, while women focus on _____ and "ideal" love. Men tend to receive more ____ approval for sexual activity, while young women have lowered sexual _____
pleasure, bodily, romance, social, agency
TV viewing on the weekend had _____ effect
positive
From Age 13-15, there are significant ____ changes including differences in brain activity. Kids pay more attention to ___ and ____, and begin to develop their personal _____, as well as intimacy, social comparison, and begin to separate from _____/caregivers
puberty, risk and reward, identity, parents
Many young people, in particular boys, believe that it is ____, sending confusing messages about sexuality and relationship
realistic
Symbolic thinking:
realizing that an image on a screen stands for reality (Realizing that a person on a screen is offering relevant information)
Majority of television content serves to _____ both gender roles and racial stereotypes
reinforce
Peers become more _____/important during preadolescence (tweens). They are experiencing enormous ____, _____, and _____ changes. Media use increases to around __ hours a day. Kids usage becomes more _____ (kids want to make their own choices)
salient, physical, cognitive, social, 6, independent
Eating potatoes have the ____ negative effect on wellbeing
same
Kids Aged 6-10 Still have difficulty when too much _____ content (i.e., content that is not connected to the main storyline) is introduced between central elements of a plot.
secondary
Online communication promotes ___ ____ and feelings of _____
self disclosure, belonging
As predicted by ____ ___ theory, ____ ___ are seeing positive images and using them to bolster their self concept/self esteem
social identity, white boys
In the 21st century, media is in children's learning environments from early on, they are an important _______ mechanisms.
socialization
Girls who play videogames with a ____ component improve dramatically in this area
spatial
Social cognition:
start to pay attention to peers and social cues more than their parents
Transfer Deficit:
transfer learning from TV and touch screens to real world objects. Children do not expect TV to connect to reality
Boys are ___ as likely to spend time in online groups, while _____ most often have visited online groups
twice, Hispanics
Two year olds were able to learn new words from _____ _____ with an adult (Allows real time social interaction). this is an example of _________ interaction.
video chatting, responsive
Zone of proximal development:
when you can almost do something on your own, but you still need a little bit of help