Diversity Mid-term

What percentage of the American people live with some type of disability? a. 33% b. 11.5% c. 18.7% d. 3.9%

18.7%

Those people born during the Baby Boomer generation were born between the years of a. 1901 - 1924. b. 1925 - 1942. c. 1943 - 1960. d. 1961 - 1981

1943-1960

Approximately __________ of LGBTQI students have been verbally harassed in schools. a. 15% b. 25% c. 85% d. 76%

85%

____ of Arab Americans have a high school diploma and over ____ have a bachelor degree. a. 50%; 25% b. 95%; 80% c. 20%; 30% d. 85%; 40%

85%; 40%

In the Middle Ages, people were identified as "Europeans" based upon a. physical characteristics. b. cultural practices. c. adoption of Christianity. d. All of the above.

All of the above

Referring to their own ethnic identity, many White American ethnics a. do not see themselves as having an ethnicity. b. are uncomfortable talking about ethnicity and ethnic differences. c. describe themselves as "regular Americans." d. All of the above.

All of the above

There is evidence that counselors may __________ culturally diverse clients due to prejudice. a. misdiagnose b. underdiagnose c. overdiagnose d. All of the above.

All of the above

When conceptualizing a White American, which of the following within-group variables will be important to consider? a. Geographic variables b. European-American identity c. Socioeconomic class d. All of the above within-group variables are important to consider.

All of the above within-group variables are important to consider

The phenomenon involving dissociation between implicit and explicit stereotyping

Aversive Racism

State workers' compensation programs a. provide for healthcare costs related to the employee's work injury. b. provide a percentage of the employee's average weekly wages for the time the employee is out of work due to the injury. c. Both of the above. d. None of the above.

Both of the above.

A sociolinguistic concept that denotes a facility to switch from formal to informal speech and vice versa. It also describes a cultural frame-switching in which multicultural individuals possess more than one cultural meaning system and can shift between these frames in response to cultural cues in the environment. It is a flexible adaptation to the multiple social realities a person of color encounters.

Code-switching

__________ facilitates stronger client-counselor alliance and counselor empathy. a. Active listening b. Congruence in worldviews c. Openness to other's worldviews d. The counselor's experience

Congruence in worldviews

Most of a culture's content lies below the surface. The superficial culture, or the small portion of the iceberg, includes visible characteristics, such as clients' dress, manner, language, and other easily recognizable aspects.

Cultural Iceberg

The host of strengths, values, and practices that promote coping mechanisms and adaptive reactions to traumatic oppression

Cultural Resilience

Refers to the victimization that individuals and groups may experience because of their culture, including their ethnicity, race, gender, sexual orientation, class, religion, or political ideology and their interaction with other diversity characteristics

Cultural Trauma

Which European ethnicity makes up the largest percentage of European Americans today? a. Irish b. Italian c. English d. German

English

English became the primary language for the colonies because a. the English were the first to settle in the colonies. b. English immigrants were the dominant social/political group. c. the British throne decreed it. d. the colonies voted for English to be the official language

English immigrants were the dominant social/political group.

Most early European immigrants came to North America a. out of a sense of adventure. b. to pursue religious freedom. c. to avoid taxation without representation. d. for economic reasons.

For economic reasons

The use of contextual references where many things are left unsaid because the culture does the explanation. Members from collectivistic cultures tend to communicate in an implicit and indirect manner, rely substantially on nonverbal communication, and pay significant attention to context.

High-context communication

For Muslims, the religious leader is known as the _____. a. Rabbi. b. Imam. c. Reverend. d. None of the above.

Imam

__________ costs are probably the most visible and concrete of all the costs of racism. a. Cognitive b. Affective c. Interpersonal d. Physical

Interpersonal

Explicit code. Individualistic cultures prefer to communicate in a direct, explicit, and specific manner, paying less attention to context.

Low-context communication

Which of the following is NOT among the Five Pillars of Islam? a. Donation of income to the mosque. b. Fasting during the month of Ramadan. c. Bowing and praying five times a day. d. Males as protectors of the household, females in domestic roles.

Males as protectors of the household, females in domestic roles.

The majority of Arabs in the Middle East are ______, but the largest religious group within Arab Americans is _______. a. Christian; Muslim. b. Muslim; Catholic. c. Muslim; Protestant. d. Muslim; Jewish.

Muslim; Catholic

__________ is NOT among typical acculturative stressors for Arab Americans. a. Language acquisition b. Professional and educational transferability c. Networking within Arab American communities d. Learning new cultural customs

Networking within Arab American communities

_____ refers to common ancestry, while ______ refers to cultural practices and commonalities (e.g., rituals, work ethic, values). a. Ethnicity; race b. Race; ethnicity c. Culture; race d. Ethnicity; culture

Race; ethnicity

____ is/are brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, and environmental indignities (intentional or unintentional) that communicate hostile, derogatory, negative racial slights and insults to the target person or group. a. Physical aggressions/attacks b. Discrimination c. Racial microaggressions d. Stereotypes

Racial microaggressions

__________ have been called the greatest unifier and the greatest divider of people. a. Worldviews b. Religion and Spirituality c. Languages d. Values and morals

Religion and Spirituality

The __________ program requires the client to have previously worked and "paid into the system." a. SSI b. SSDI c. Both of the above. d. None of the above.

SSDI

_______ are the 3 tiers of the three-tier model of social advocacy. e. Self-awareness, client services, and community collaboration f. Client-awareness, theoretical orientation, and community outreach g. Client/student empowerment, systems advocacy, and public information h. Worldview, counseling relationship, and counseling advocacy interventions

Self-awareness, client services, and community collaboration

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the author's discussion of classism and theory? a. There are no counseling theories that address classism. b. Some counseling theories are more inclusive of classism than others. c. It is not necessary to have a counseling theory specifically addressing classism. d. The only psychological theory that addresses classism is the Modern Classism Theory.

Some counseling theories are more inclusive of classism than others

__________ is/are NOT among the key mental health issues for Arab Americans. a. Immigration and acculturation b. Ethnic identity development c. Oppression d. Suicide

Suicide

According to the author, who is responsible for initiating a discussion of class in a counseling relationship? a. The client - if it is relevant the client will bring it up. b. The client - it would be disempowering for the counselor to assume it's an issue. c. The counselor - stigma and power differences may prevent the client from raising the topic. d. The counselor - low-income clients may not understand the significance of classism.

The counselor - stigma and power differences may prevent the client from raising the topic

A type of depression with somatic reactions that some immigrants living away from loved ones may experience as part of their cultural adjustment

Ulysses Syndrome

Multicultural counseling and therapy (MCT) has been presented as __________ that encompasses many different conceptual models and approaches to counseling. a. a model for counseling b. a meta-theory c. an intervention d. an evaluative method

a meta-theory

Jim Crow was a. the individual who founded the Ku Klux Klan. b. a set of segregationist laws primarily in the South. c. the Governor of Georgia who refused to let Georgian schools be integrated in the 1950's. d. a civil rights leader.

a set of segregationist laws primarily in the South

Understanding challenges associated with different cultures will help a professional counselor to eliminate the concept of a. disability. b. ableism. c. cognitive incapacity. d. prejudice.

ableism

_____ refers to changes in behavior, cognitions, values, language, cultural activities, personal relational styles, and beliefs as a cultural minority group encounters the dominant culture. a. Cultural encapsulation b. Acculturation c. Enculturation d. Cultural identity

acculturation

The first step to eradicating racism within clients' lives is to a. advocate within the community. b. create community resources for the client. c. build rapport with the client. d. address racism within individual counseling sessions.

address racism within individual counseling sessions.

According to Hays, Chang, and Chaney (2007), __________ is a reason counselors do not engage in social justice counseling. a. the high intrapersonal costs for counselors b. incongruence with theoretical orientation c. a lack of training in dealing with oppression issues d. All of the above.

all of the above

Children in collectivistic families (as Arab American families may be) are: a. less likely to express family conflict in the teen years b. more likely to be protected against influences perceived as corrupting c. less likely to choose a profession or academic major without consulting with their family d. All of the above

all of the above

Psychodynamic theory's general principle of ______ is inconsistent with an Afrocentric counseling framework. a. individualism b. unconscious mental processes c. impulses d. All of the above.

all of the above

In terms of race and gender, same-race and same-gender dyads a. allow for the client and counselor to more quickly establish rapport. b. guarantee better treatment outcomes. c. Both of the above. d. None of the above.

allow for the client and counselor to more quickly establish rapport

A counselor cannot make __________ about the origin, nature, or severity of a client's presenting concern based on SES. a. assumptions b. decisions c. assessment decisions d. assessments

assumptions

All of the following are considered "personal action steps" that counselors can take as social advocates EXCEPT a. exploring personal privilege. b. avoiding all biases. c. exploring the nature of oppression. d. becoming more multiculturally literate.

avoiding all biases

Racial differences should a. only be brought up if the client brings them up. b. be brought up after a firm relationship has been established. c. be brought up early in the counseling relationship. d. never be discussed because it is offensive to clients.

be brought up early in the counseling relationship

African American values typically include a. collectivism, spirituality, and extended family relationships. b. individualism, linear time orientation, mastery over nature. c. machismo, marianismo, and filial piety. d. indirect communication, nonverbal communication, and suppression of conflict

collectivism, spirituality, and extended family relationships

Cooperation, "saving face," and interdependence are examples of a. collectivistic values. b. individualistic values. c. ethnocentric values. d. worldview.

collectivistic values

Conversion therapy was used to a. convert negative cognitions into positive cognitions. b. convert the sexual orientation of LGBTQI individuals. c. ease tension and anxiety among LGBTQI individuals. convert non-spiritual clients into spiritual clients.

convert the sexual orientation of LGBTQI individuals

In order to be culturally responsive in counseling, a. clients must be willing to divulge a great deal of information to the counselor. b. counselors must be self-aware of their own cultural identities and cultural contexts for their approach to counseling. c. counselors should ignore any views that differ from the client's. d. All of the above.

counselors must be self-aware of their own cultural identities and cultural contexts for their approach to counseling

Research demonstrates that clients of African descent usually prefer a. counselors of African descent. b. White counselors. c. female counselors. d. male counselors.

counselors of African descent

The intrapersonal and interpersonal process in which individuals engage to build a clearer and more complex cultural identity is known as _____. a. acculturation. b. ethnocentrism. c. ethnicity. d. cultural identity development.

cultural identity development

Problems that we think of as typically male (e.g., difficulty with intimacy, workaholism, alcoholism, abusive behavior, rage) are often attempts to escape a. depression. b. anger. c. sex. d. anxiety.

depression

Arab Americans may typically present with all of the following issues in counseling EXCEPT: a. depression or anxiety. b. digestive issues. c. sleep issues. d. various physical disorders.

depression or anxiety

All of the following are considered alternative therapies EXCEPT a. yoga b. Ayurveda c. empowerment theory d. indigenous ways of knowing (IWOK)

empowerment theory

Racial identity is a. essential to understanding and working with clients of African descent. b. an empirically based construct. c. an important variable in assessing a client of African descent's mental health. d. All of the above.

essential to understanding and working with clients of African descent

Providing culturally competent counseling to an Arab American client would NOT always include a. focusing on Islam and how it functions in the client's life. b. inquiring about community ties and involving influential others in the therapy. c. increasing one's own knowledge, awareness, and skills with respect to the ethnic group and some common cultural characteristics.

focusing on Islam and how it functions in the client's life

The idea of which individuals and groups are considered "White Americans" a. has been consistent throughout the history of the United States. b. has evolved over time in response to immigration patterns. c. is based on biological differences between the races. d. was expanded in the 1900s in response to official legislation.

has evolved over time in response to immigration patterns

Compared to non-European immigrants, the process of immigration to the United States for Europeans a. is fundamentally different because language issues are not as much of a problem. b. has many similar aspects, such as feelings of grief, underemployment, and difficulties adjusting to culture. c. is much easier because they can become White. d. is more difficult because of recent legislation.

has many similar aspects, such as feelings of grief, underemployment, and difficulties adjusting to culture

An individual who rejects the beliefs and practices of his or her culture of origin in favor of those of the dominant society or never learned his or her own cultural traditions would be considered a. traditional. b. bicultural. c. highly acculturated. d. marginal.

highly acculturated

Self-disclosure is an example of a. individualism. b. collectivism. c. universal culture. d. group culture.

individualism

The Defense of Marriage Act is an example of a. a social justice law. b. institutional heterosexism. c. internalized homophobia. d. a law promoting same-sex marriage.

institutional heterosexism

"I am in charge of creating success for myself" is an example of the __________ worldview. a. internal locus of responsibility b. internal locus of control c. external locus of responsibility d. external locus of control

internal locus of responsibility

Members of marginalized groups believing and accepting, knowingly or unknowingly, negative social messages about their own racial and ethnic groups is referred to as a. individual racism. b. institutional racism. c. internalized racism. d. systemic racism.

internalized racism

There has been a gradual paradigm shift in the conceptualization of health and disability away from the ______ model toward the ______ model. a. social; medical b. medical; social c. inclusive; exclusive d. None of the above

medical; social

Male counselors tend to speak a. more assertively with women but more tentatively with other men. b. more assertively overall with men and women. c. less assertively with women. d. less assertively with other men.

more assertively overall with men and women.

Female counselors tend to speak a. more assertively with other women but more tentatively with men. b. more assertively overall (with men and women). c. less assertively with women. d. more assertively with men.

more assertively with other women but more tentatively with men

In working with clients of African descent, cultural mistrust should be viewed as a. normal. b. abnormal. c. excessive resistance. d. a crisis of identity.

normal

When there is an imbalance of power, __________ exist(s). a. oppression but not privilege b. oppression and privilege c. privilege but not oppression d. None of the above.

oppression and privilege

Theoretical orientation describes both a. our rationale and our action. b. our client and our plan of action. c. ourselves as counselors and our clients. d. our personal beliefs and the beliefs of our clients.

our rationale and our action.

The Arab social structure is a. patrilineal. b. matriarchal. c. democratic. d. authoritative.

patrilineal

Race is a __________ construct. a. biological and phenotypical b. psychological c. social and emotional d. political and socioeconomic

political and socioeconomic

One of the principal sources of stress is a. lower social support. b. lack of health care. c. inferior education. d. poverty.

poverty

If the counselor is seen as an authority figure, the client may expect the counselor to a. help the client find insight. b. provide concrete solutions to problems. c. use open-ended questions to fully explore issues. d. All of the above

provide concrete solutions to problems

The use of __________ results in the socialization of a racial worldview for all its members. a. racism b. racial classifications c. discrimination d. institutional racism

racial classifications

A key aspect of empowerment involves _______, or the behaviors and attitudes that clients identify as beneficial in coping with stressful situations and adversity. a. resilience b. equity c. stress management d. distribution of power

resilience

An individual who says, "I was more qualified but they had to hire someone who was not White" is claiming ______ as a natural defense. a. the myth of meritocracy. b. denial. c. reverse discrimination. d. projection.

reverse discrimination.

When counseling men, gender-sensitive counselors should engage in specific behaviors that a. create empathy. b. express feelings. c. set specific goals early. d. are sympathetic

set specific goals early

__________ refers to the act of arguing on behalf of an individual, group, idea or issue in the pursuit of influencing outcomes. a. Social justice b. Social advocacy c. Social justice counseling d. Social revolution

social advocacy

It is possible to move between wealth and poverty, but __________ remains more consistent. a. affect b. socioeconomic status c. mood d. availability of resources

socioeconomic status

A growth in the American middle class following World War II is most clearly related to: a. a desire for education in light of the atrocities of the Nazi party. b. women entering the workforce in record numbers. c. more people being considered "White." d. soldiers going to college under the GI Bill.

soldiers going to college under the GI Bill

__________ has been identified as the primary cause of emotional disturbances. a. Sexism b. Racism c. Poverty d. Stress

stress

The National Heritage of the United States was developed in large part due to a. a national commitment to separate from European cultural norms. b. a grass roots effort to create a collective memory among U.S. residents. c. the U.S. Department of Defense funding war monuments in the early 1900s. d. a call for immigrants to assimilate more completely into U.S. culture.

the U.S. Department of Defense funding war monuments in the early 1900s.

According to government statistics, women are ______ as men to experience an anxiety disorder. a. 3 times as likely b. twice as likely c. 5 times as likely d. as likely

twice as likely

Regarding communication styles, Arab Americans clients may a. use nonverbal gestures to express emotion and respect. b. display discomfort with touching. c. maintain far proximity even with people they are familiar with. d. use a low volume and tone of voice when speaking.

use nonverbal gestures to express emotion and respect

All of the following are examples of empowerment EXCEPT a. validating a client's anxiety with coming out to his or her parents. b. normalizing a trauma survivor's symptomology. c. using an etic perspective to ensure equal treatment for all clients. collaborating with others to address the lack of resources in a local school.

using an etic perspective to ensure equal treatment for all clients.

Colorism in the African American community is a preference for individuals a. with darker skin tones. b. with lighter skin tones. c. who are not African American. d. who are African American.

with lighter skin tones