DLA 37- Intro to Bones & Joints

kyphotic curve

a curvature of the spine backward, concave curve, normal in thoracic and sacral regions

lordotic curve

a curvature of the spine forward, convex, normal in the cervical and lumbar regions

function of joints

allow movement or growth

atlantoaxial joint

b/t atlas and axis (C2) - pivot joint allows for rotation of head - "no motion"

atlanto-occipital joint

b/t occipital condyles & lateral masses of atlas (C1) - "yes motion"

upper extremity bones

clavicle- attaches limbs to torso shoulder (glenohumeral joint) - articulation b/t humerus and glenoid cavity, synovial ball and socket joint w/. a wide range of motion, stability sacrificed for mobility - rotator cuff muscles and bony arch provide stability elbow joint- olecranon process of ulna and tracheal of humerus, head of radius and capitulum, synovial hinge joint making flexion/extension possible also has synovial pivot joint making pronto and supination possible proximal radioulnar joint- b/t radial head and radial notch on ulna, results in protonation and supination wrist joint- distal end of radius and scaphoid and lunate

processes that form joints

condyle, facet, head

pneumatic bones

contain air spaces, mastoid ie- amplify sound

sesamoid bones

formed in a tendon ie- patella, which is also a short bone

vertebral column

forms central axis bones are arranged around, joined by intervertebral discs to form flexible & stable support reinforced by ligaments

fibrous joints

fxn: growth - bones are only separated by connective tissue w/ negligible movement sutures= initially mobile but become less mobile and fuse completely in old age

condyloid joint

ie- b/t radius and scaphoid and lunate bones of carpus (wrist)

pivot joint

ie- head of radius and radial notch of ulna

ball and socket joint

ie- shoulder and hip joints

diaphysis/shaft/body

main portion of long bones

bones

- are alive, req. nutrients - provide a framework - store minerals - rely on hormone levels - react to stress when muscle pulls by making more bone (ie muscles inc. in strength/size) - is reabsorbed when no stress is placed on it, bone gets thinner/more brittle (ie loss of teeth)

axial skeleton joints located in vertebral column

- atlantooccipital - atlantoaxial - intervertebral - zygapophyseal (facet) - inter laminar =small degree of movement

sternum (breastbone)

- attaches upper limbs to the body - produces an angle, easily palpated, point of reference - flat bone - articulates w/ clavicle. and costal cartilages

thoracic vertebrae

- facets for rib articulation - long spinous process curves downwards

typical ribs

- flat bones - articulate (connect) w/ body and transverse process of vertebrae posteriorly - articulate w/ sternum anteriorly via costal cartilage - costal groove contains neuromuscular bundle

scapula "crows beak"

- lateral projections - triangular shaped

clavicle

- long bone - the only completely horizontal oriented bone - curved - medial 2/3 convex - lateral 2/3 concave - inferior surface is rough due to muscle attachment - articulates w/ scapula & sternum - connects upper limbs and trunk

hip joint

- synovial ball and socket - more stable than shoulder, but somewhat less mobile - weight bearing joint, holds femur head in place

knee joint

- synovial hinge joint - sep. from each other by fibrocartilage menisci - b/t femoral condyles and tibial condyles

intervertebral joints

-between adjacent vertebral bodies of spinal column 1. cartilaginous - outer annular fibrosus= lamella of fibrocartilidge - inner nucleus pulposus= gel like substances soft, central, pivot movements 2. synovial - freely movable 3. zygapophyseal joints - b/t superior and inferior articular facets of adjacent vertebra

Typical vertebra

-body -spinous process - 2 transverse processes -2 lamina - 2 pedicles - 2 superior articular facets - 2 inferior articular facets - vertebral canal

skeletal subdivisons

1. axial- midline bones forming head, neck, trunk 2. appendicular- limb bones

3 types of ribs

1. true ribs- directly attached to sternum via costal cartilage (1-7) 2. false ribs- indirectly attached to sternum via costal cartilage of 7th rib (8-10) 3. floating ribs- not attached to sternum (11 & 12)

flat bones

2 layers of compact bone w/ spongy bone b/t ie- skull

sacrum

5 fused vertebrae - forms center point of posterior pelvic girdle

Vertebrae

7 cervical (neck) 12 thoracic (trunk) 5 lumbar (lower back) 5 fused sacral (pelvic girdle) 4 rudimentary fused coccygeal

Atypical vertebrae

C1 and C2

processes that form attachment points for connective tissue

crest, epicondyle, line, spinous processes, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity

short bone

cuboidal shaped ie: carpals, wrist/ankle

secondary curvature of spine

develop over time, convex anterior

long bone

diaphysis w/ 2 epiphysis ie- humerus, limbs

irregular bones

irregular shape ie- vertebrae

cervical vertebrae

large, thin - transverse foramen -bifid spinal process 3-5

lumbar vertebrae

largest - massive body - small foramen - maxillary process (short/stocky)

head of a bone

one of the epiphyses, most proximal portion, exception (ulna)

lower extremity bones

pelvic girdle (pelvic bones & sacrum) hip joint (femur, acetabulum of pelvis) knee joint (condyles of femur & tibia, patella) ankle joint (tibia, fibula, talus)

neck

portion of bone that attaches head and diaphysis

Primary curvatures of the spine

present at birth concave anterior (kyphotic)

cartilage

primary= synchondrosis secondary= symphysis, more mobile

processes

projections/outgrowths that form joints/attachment points for connective tissue, like ligaments and tendons

humerus proximal v humerus distal

proximal - top of arm distal- bottom of arm

proximal v. distant femur

proximal- femur articulates w/ pelvic bone distal- interacts w/ patella and proximal tibia

tubercle

raised area of bone for muscles to attach to

joints

regions of skeleton where bones meet and articulate w/ each other supported by soft tissues

tuberosity

roughening of bone for muscle to attach to

condyle

rounded bony protrusion for articulation

epicondyle

rounded/ raised area superior to condyle

depressions/openings in bones

sites allowing passage of soft tissue or joint formation

facet

small, flat articular surface of a bone

why do we need spinal curvatures?

so we can walk fully bi-pedally

synovial

specific, capable of motion - articular surfaces covered w/ hyaline cartilage, smooth cartilage guiding movements - has joint cavity w/ synovial fluid - has joint capsule - has synovial membrane (thinly lines capsule and bone up to where cartilage attaches) - reinforced by ligaments

articular bone

the end of a bone in a synovial joint

proximal tibia

the tubercles of Intercondylar eminence serve as an attachment point for 2 ligaments important in knee motion

sulcus/groove

usually associated w/ raised area, often has tendon/nerve/blood vessel traveling through it