DLA 37- Intro to Bones & Joints
kyphotic curve
a curvature of the spine backward, concave curve, normal in thoracic and sacral regions
lordotic curve
a curvature of the spine forward, convex, normal in the cervical and lumbar regions
function of joints
allow movement or growth
atlantoaxial joint
b/t atlas and axis (C2) - pivot joint allows for rotation of head - "no motion"
atlanto-occipital joint
b/t occipital condyles & lateral masses of atlas (C1) - "yes motion"
upper extremity bones
clavicle- attaches limbs to torso shoulder (glenohumeral joint) - articulation b/t humerus and glenoid cavity, synovial ball and socket joint w/. a wide range of motion, stability sacrificed for mobility - rotator cuff muscles and bony arch provide stability elbow joint- olecranon process of ulna and tracheal of humerus, head of radius and capitulum, synovial hinge joint making flexion/extension possible also has synovial pivot joint making pronto and supination possible proximal radioulnar joint- b/t radial head and radial notch on ulna, results in protonation and supination wrist joint- distal end of radius and scaphoid and lunate
processes that form joints
condyle, facet, head
pneumatic bones
contain air spaces, mastoid ie- amplify sound
sesamoid bones
formed in a tendon ie- patella, which is also a short bone
vertebral column
forms central axis bones are arranged around, joined by intervertebral discs to form flexible & stable support reinforced by ligaments
fibrous joints
fxn: growth - bones are only separated by connective tissue w/ negligible movement sutures= initially mobile but become less mobile and fuse completely in old age
condyloid joint
ie- b/t radius and scaphoid and lunate bones of carpus (wrist)
pivot joint
ie- head of radius and radial notch of ulna
ball and socket joint
ie- shoulder and hip joints
diaphysis/shaft/body
main portion of long bones
bones
- are alive, req. nutrients - provide a framework - store minerals - rely on hormone levels - react to stress when muscle pulls by making more bone (ie muscles inc. in strength/size) - is reabsorbed when no stress is placed on it, bone gets thinner/more brittle (ie loss of teeth)
axial skeleton joints located in vertebral column
- atlantooccipital - atlantoaxial - intervertebral - zygapophyseal (facet) - inter laminar =small degree of movement
sternum (breastbone)
- attaches upper limbs to the body - produces an angle, easily palpated, point of reference - flat bone - articulates w/ clavicle. and costal cartilages
thoracic vertebrae
- facets for rib articulation - long spinous process curves downwards
typical ribs
- flat bones - articulate (connect) w/ body and transverse process of vertebrae posteriorly - articulate w/ sternum anteriorly via costal cartilage - costal groove contains neuromuscular bundle
scapula "crows beak"
- lateral projections - triangular shaped
clavicle
- long bone - the only completely horizontal oriented bone - curved - medial 2/3 convex - lateral 2/3 concave - inferior surface is rough due to muscle attachment - articulates w/ scapula & sternum - connects upper limbs and trunk
hip joint
- synovial ball and socket - more stable than shoulder, but somewhat less mobile - weight bearing joint, holds femur head in place
knee joint
- synovial hinge joint - sep. from each other by fibrocartilage menisci - b/t femoral condyles and tibial condyles
intervertebral joints
-between adjacent vertebral bodies of spinal column 1. cartilaginous - outer annular fibrosus= lamella of fibrocartilidge - inner nucleus pulposus= gel like substances soft, central, pivot movements 2. synovial - freely movable 3. zygapophyseal joints - b/t superior and inferior articular facets of adjacent vertebra
Typical vertebra
-body -spinous process - 2 transverse processes -2 lamina - 2 pedicles - 2 superior articular facets - 2 inferior articular facets - vertebral canal
skeletal subdivisons
1. axial- midline bones forming head, neck, trunk 2. appendicular- limb bones
3 types of ribs
1. true ribs- directly attached to sternum via costal cartilage (1-7) 2. false ribs- indirectly attached to sternum via costal cartilage of 7th rib (8-10) 3. floating ribs- not attached to sternum (11 & 12)
flat bones
2 layers of compact bone w/ spongy bone b/t ie- skull
sacrum
5 fused vertebrae - forms center point of posterior pelvic girdle
Vertebrae
7 cervical (neck) 12 thoracic (trunk) 5 lumbar (lower back) 5 fused sacral (pelvic girdle) 4 rudimentary fused coccygeal
Atypical vertebrae
C1 and C2
processes that form attachment points for connective tissue
crest, epicondyle, line, spinous processes, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity
short bone
cuboidal shaped ie: carpals, wrist/ankle
secondary curvature of spine
develop over time, convex anterior
long bone
diaphysis w/ 2 epiphysis ie- humerus, limbs
irregular bones
irregular shape ie- vertebrae
cervical vertebrae
large, thin - transverse foramen -bifid spinal process 3-5
lumbar vertebrae
largest - massive body - small foramen - maxillary process (short/stocky)
head of a bone
one of the epiphyses, most proximal portion, exception (ulna)
lower extremity bones
pelvic girdle (pelvic bones & sacrum) hip joint (femur, acetabulum of pelvis) knee joint (condyles of femur & tibia, patella) ankle joint (tibia, fibula, talus)
neck
portion of bone that attaches head and diaphysis
Primary curvatures of the spine
present at birth concave anterior (kyphotic)
cartilage
primary= synchondrosis secondary= symphysis, more mobile
processes
projections/outgrowths that form joints/attachment points for connective tissue, like ligaments and tendons
humerus proximal v humerus distal
proximal - top of arm distal- bottom of arm
proximal v. distant femur
proximal- femur articulates w/ pelvic bone distal- interacts w/ patella and proximal tibia
tubercle
raised area of bone for muscles to attach to
joints
regions of skeleton where bones meet and articulate w/ each other supported by soft tissues
tuberosity
roughening of bone for muscle to attach to
condyle
rounded bony protrusion for articulation
epicondyle
rounded/ raised area superior to condyle
depressions/openings in bones
sites allowing passage of soft tissue or joint formation
facet
small, flat articular surface of a bone
why do we need spinal curvatures?
so we can walk fully bi-pedally
synovial
specific, capable of motion - articular surfaces covered w/ hyaline cartilage, smooth cartilage guiding movements - has joint cavity w/ synovial fluid - has joint capsule - has synovial membrane (thinly lines capsule and bone up to where cartilage attaches) - reinforced by ligaments
articular bone
the end of a bone in a synovial joint
proximal tibia
the tubercles of Intercondylar eminence serve as an attachment point for 2 ligaments important in knee motion
sulcus/groove
usually associated w/ raised area, often has tendon/nerve/blood vessel traveling through it