DMS 111 Midterm Study Guide

A 2-year-old male patient presents with intermittent RLQ pain, vomiting, palpable abdominal mass, and red currant jelly stool. What gastrointestinal disorder is most likely?

Intussusception

This pathology is known as telescoping of the bowel or the infolding of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the next distal segment.

Intussusception

Why are radial and anti-radial planes preferred for breast imaging?

The lactiferous ducts are arranged in a radial pattern, so will be better demonstrated if scanned along the same planes.

In a transverse image of the right lobe of the thyroid gland, what is the most lateral structure typically demonstrated?

internal jugular vein

Which term describes a high white blood cell count?

leukocytosis

Which term describes an abnormally low white blood cell count?

leukopenia

All of the following organs are in the retroperitoneum except:

liver

This liver mass appears as an encapsulated, well-circumscribed, hyperechoic mass with hypoechoic halo.

liver adenoma

What is the most common malignant disease to affect the spleen?

lymphoma

Which of the following is a hyperfunctioning adrenal mass that results in uncontrollable hypertension and excessive perspiration?

pheochromocytoma

In what anatomic variant is the fundus of the gallbladder folded over the body?

phrygian cap

What is the term used to describe a fluid collection around the lung?

pleural effusion

What anatomy forms the anterior border of the spleen?

spleen

Which of the following is associated with a high mortality rate?

splenic abscess

The best patient position to scan the thyroid gland is

supine; neck mildly hyper-extended

What procedure is used to remove fluid from around the lung in order to determine if it has a malignant origin?

diagnostic thoracentesis

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

diaphragm

The exocrine function of the pancreas is responsible for what?

digestion and secretion of enzymes

What is described as a localized bulge on the lateral border of the kidney?

dromedary hump

What are the three types of aneurysms?

fusiform, saccular, and dissecting

A patient presents with RUQ pain, weight loss, jaundice, and hepatomegaly. What is the most likely diagnosis in the presence of an asymmetrically thickened gallbladder wall?

gallbladder carcinoma

The tight fibrous capsule that encloses the liver and the portal triad is the

glisson's capsule

What describes the fibrous tissue network located between the skin and the underlying structures?

fascia

What technique uses aspiration to sample cells or fluid from a mass and is optimal for lesions lying superficially or at a moderate depth?

fine need aspiration

What three structures form the portal triad?

hepatic artery, portal vein, and common hepatic duct

A patient presents with elevated liver function tests and the sonogram reveals diffuse increase in echogenicity, hepatomegaly, and a poorly visualized diaphragm. Which of the following conditions is most likely?

hepatic steatosis

What is the largest tributaries to the IVC?

hepatic veins

Sonographic features of gallbladder sludge include which of the following?

hepatization of the gallbladder

Which of the following is most commonly associated with invasion of the portal vein?

hepatocellular carcinoma

Fatty infiltration of the liver may be seen in all patients except those with:

hepatoportal fistula

The normal sonographic appearance of the spleen is what?

homogeneous

What terms are used to describe the texture of the anatomy being evaluated with ultrasound?

homogenous, inhomogeneous, and heterogeneous

The endocrine function of the pancreas is responsible for

hormone production

If one organ appears to be brighter or contains more echoes than another organ then that organ is said to be what?

hyperechoic

What are the symptoms of a nonfunctioning adrenal adenoma?

hypertension

Why is the liver vulnerable to metastasis?

large volume of blood supply from intestinal tract

What are the sonographic findings associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis?

large, hypoechoic mass surrounding the abdominal aorta

Which of the following findings are consistent with a diagnosis of hydatid liver cyst?

leukocytosis, obstructive jaundice, anadanechoic liver mass described as mother cyst with daughter cyst

After birth the umbilical vein becomes the:

ligamentum teres

After birth the ductus venosum becomes the

ligamentum venosum

What are the three main types of transducers used?

linear, sector, and curvilinear

Which benign liver neoplasm typically presents with a speed error artifact which helps confirm the nature of the mass?

lipoma

The echogenic line that extends from the portal vein to the gallbladder is the

main lobar fissure

What structure can we use sonographically to locate a contracted gallbladder?

main lobar fissure

A patient is seen for a neck ultrasound 2 years after surgery for papillary thyroid cancer. The sonogram reveals bilateral multiple, masses, and presumable lymph nodes, along the carotid-jugular areas. Of note is one mass that is hypoechoic and rounded in shape. The shape and location of this mass make it most suggestive of

malignant lymph node

Which of the following is a true statement about renal transplantation?

renal cortex is hypoechoic w/ prominent anechoic medullary pyramids

A hemophiliac patient presents with low hematocrit and RT back pain. A complex mass is demonstrated in the muscle between the kidney and the spine. What is the most likely diagnosis?

retroperitoneal hematoma

Which of the following types of Elastography allows the sonographer to see it on the image?

shear wave

A diagnosis of chronic cirrhosis is consistent with which of the following sonographic findings?

shrunken echogenic right lobe, nobularcontour, hepatofugal flow in the portal veins, and ascites

Liver allograft should have what sonographic appearance?

similar to normal liver

What is the most common renal mass demonstrated on sonography?

simple renal cyst

Which part of the kidney contains fat, calyces, infundibula of the collecting, and vessels?

sinus

What is the classic sonographic appearance of a pancreas demonstrating chronic pancreatitis?

small, hyperechoic, heterogeneous, atrophic gland with ill-defined borders

Which statement is true regarding hepatic metastasis?

sonography is very useful for locating, measuring and characterizing lesions

What is the most common splanchnic artery aneurysm?

splenic artery aneurysm

The posterior border of the body and tail of the pancreas is the

splenic vein

What forms the posterior border of the pancreatic tail?

splenic vein

Which clinical symptoms is associated with hepatocellular cancer?

splenomegaly

What is the main indication for using Elastography on the liver?

staging degree of fibrosis

What is the cause of gallbladder sludge?

stasis of bile in the gallbladder

Which statement below is true with respect to the liver ligaments?

the ligamentum venosum divides the left lobe from the caudate lobe

Why is a 2- to 5-MHz transducer generally utilized for imaging the liver?

the lower frequencies allow for better penetration because the liver is a large organ

Patient positioning prior to procedures is incredibly important. For what procedure would you have the patient seated upright leaning over a table?

thoracentesis

Which hormone is produced in the greatest abundance by the thyroid gland?

thyroxine

Which cysts arise from epithelial or endothelial lining?

true cysts

The bright covering of the testes is the

tunica albuginea

What is a possible role of sonography in the evaluation of lung masses?

ultrasound-guided biopsy

What term is used to describe dilation of the ureter as it enters the bladder?

ureterocele

The membranous canal that conveys urine out of the bladder is the:

urethra

Which of the following is associated with a recent renal transplant?

urinoma

In the GI system, while the folds of hastra converge but do not close it produces a 'keyboard sign' is known as:

valvula conniventes

Which variant of normal is associated with a high incidence of splenic torsion and infarction?

wandering spleen

Which statement below is false with respect to the normal gallbladder?

when a patient fasts, the duodenum secretes cholecystokinin which causes contraction of the gallbladder

Normal gallbladder wall measurement should not exceed

3 mm

The normal bladder wall measurement on a distended bladder should not exceed

3 mm

The normal bladder wall measurement on an undistended bladder should not exceed

6 mm

Inflamed appendix should measure more than _____ in diameter and be _______.

6mm; noncompressible

A right sided varicocele is considered normal while a left sided varicocele should warrant a sonographic investigation into the abdominal cavity.

False

Malignant GI tumors often seen in AIDs patients is known as:

Kaposi's Sarcoma

What does a sonography observation of the hernia sac indicate in the presence of bowel?

Peristalsis

What is the measurement used to determine if pyloric stenosis is present?

Single-walled muscle thickness of 3 mm or greater and 17 mm or greater length

A 22 year old man is awakened with a sudden onset of scrotal pain. On examination in the emergency room, a scrotal ultrasound is ordered. The sonogram reveals slight enlargement of the right testicle and a small hydrocele. On color doppler examination, no blood flow can be shown. What do these findings suggest?

Testicular torsion

Which of the following terms describes an anechoic, smooth-walled cyst located inferior to the hyoid bone but superior to the thyroid isthmus?

Thyroglossal duct cyst

What is a pyramidal lobe?

a superior extension of the thyroid isthmus or a remnant of the thyroglossal duct

A patient presents with jaundice, pain, nausea and vomiting and a history of cholecystectomy. Which of the following findings is most likely?

choledolcholithiasis

If the gallbladder wall is demonstrated as symmetrically thickened, what is the most likely pathologic cause?

chronic cholecystitis

The right and left hepatic ducts join together to form

common hepatic duct

Which intrarenal arteries course alongside the renal pyramids?

interlobar

A patient has been referred to your ultrasound lab with a history of acute pyelonephritis. What is the most common ultrasound appearance of this condition?

normal appearance

Sonographic examination demonstrated multiple enlarged cervical lymph nodes. The patient indicated having had fever for over a week. What is the most likely cause for the lymphadenopathy?

infection

Where is the abdominal aorta located?

inferior to the diaphragm, just anterior to the spine, and slightly to the left of the midline

Why is it important to demonstrate blood flow in the thyroid lobes?

inflammatory disorders of the thyroid demonstrate increased vascularity

The normal sonographic appearance of the pancreas is

isoechoic to the liver

A breast sonogram on a lactating female demonstrated a focal fluid collection with internal echoes and enlarged lymph nodes. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Breast abscess

What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis?

alcohol abuse

What procedure involves removing small samples of tissue using an automated hollow core needle?

core biopsy

A patient presents with hypotension, weakness, hyperkalemia, and hyperpigmentation. Which adrenal disorder is most likely?

addison disease

A patient presents with weight loss, jaundice, and epigastric pain. The sonogram demonstrates a hypoechoic mass in the pancreatic head and a dilated CBD. What is the most likely diagnosis?

adenocarcinoma

Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses are a mitigating factor in the development of which gallbladder pathology?

adenomyomatosis

You have been asked to perform an ultrasound to evaluate for biliary obstruction in a patient with a history of weight loss and midepigastric pain. You find both intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary dilatation. The gallbladder is hydropic. Which of the following conditions causing ductal dilatation should you look for?

all of the above

You have detected compensatory hypertrophy of the right kidney in a 35-year-old male. This finding is associated with which of the following?

all of the above

What sonographic feature gives an adrenal cyst concern for malignancy?

calcified cyst wall

Which of the following is an advantage to contrast enhanced ultrasound?

can be used on patients allergic to contrast agents or patients with renal failure

What pathology is best described as a small hyperechoic mass usually found in the right lobe of the liver with through transmission with female predominance?

cavernous hemangioma

What is the first branch of the abdominal aorta

celiac axis

How does chronic cholecystitis differ from acute cholecystitis?

chronic cholecystitis presents with a WES sign but no Murphy's sign

A 60-year-old male patient presents with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA), macroscopic hematuria, and a decrease in the amount of ejaculated fluid. Sonogram demonstrates a hypervascular enlarged prostate gland. What is most likely diagnosis?

prostate cancer

Which of the following is a vascular complication associated with acute pancreatitis?

pseudoaneurysm of the splenic artery

Which abdominal muscle is demonstrated posterior and slightly medial to the kidney on a transverse image?

psoas muscle

The best approach when scanning the thyroid gland is

to use a light touch with the transducer

What two structures join to form the common bile duct?

cystic duct and common hepatic duct

What is the most common benign vascular neoplasm of the spleen?

hemangioma

A patient is referred for a liver ultrasound with the clinical history of a raised serum alpha-fetoprotein level. What should you look for?

hepatocellular carcinoma

Which of the following best describes the adult kidney?

retroperitoneal location with cortexresponsible for blood filtration and medulla responsible for absorption

What is the most common cause of IVC enlargement?

right sided heart failure

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a simple cyst?

shadowing

Why should the gallbladder be imaged in multiple patient positions?

to provide proof of pathology mobility/nonmobility

You have been asked to perform a liver sonogram on a patient with AIDS. Which of the following tumors is most commonly associated with this history?

kaposi's sarcoma

What is the sonographic appearance of a renal allograft with chronic rejection?

kidney that begins to atrophy

What are the sonographic features of a pheochromocytoma?

large hyperechoic mass adjacent to the superior pole of the kidney

What is the normal diameter of the proximal abdominal aorta?

less than 3.0 cm

A 65-year-old male patient presents with nocturia, increased urinary frequency, constant feeling of bladder fullness, and elevated PSA. What is most likely demonstrated on ultrasound?

enlarged diffusely heterogeneous gland with calcifications and cystic changes

An ultrasound exam reveals a solid, hyperechoic mass in a 46 year old patient with tuberous sclerosis. This most likely represents:

angiomyolipoma

Which of the following presents as a tender, palpable retroareolar mass in a male patient?

gynecomastia

What is the cause of a pancreatic pseudocyst?

encapsulation of digestive enzymes that leak out of the pancreas to form a cystic structure

What feature allows the sonographer to distinguish porcelain gallbladder from WES sign?

identification of the calcified back wall of the gallbladder

Which of the following renal cystic diseases presents sonographically as a smooth thick-walled cyst with internal debris?

infected renal cyst

A patient presents with hypercalcemia. Sonography demonstrated a hypoechoic mass adjacent to the thyroid gland. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Parathyroid adenoma

A 25 year old patient with an otherwise normal neck ultrasound had multiple bilateral masses adjacent to the carotid arteries and jugular veins. The masses are flattened, oblong, and oval shaped, with their greatest dimension in the longitudinal axis. The most likely diagnosis for these masses is

benign lymph nodes

A patient presents with a history of chronic alcohol abuse and hyperparathyroidism. The sonogram demonstrates a small pancreas with a complex cystic mass demonstrated along the border of the pancreatic tail. What is the most likely diagnosis?

chronic pancreatitis

What is the most common reason for a patient to need a liver transplant?

cirrhosis

A 10 year old boy is seen for a scrotal ultrasound. On the clinical examination, no testicles were palpated within the scrotal sac. A homogenous ovoid mass is identified within the left inguinal canal. This mass probably represents

cryptorchidism

A patient presents with obesity, hirsutism, and a buffalo hump. Sonography identified a mass in the RT adrenal gland. What is the most likely diagnosis?

cushing syndrome

What is the purpose of scanning the urinary bladder to identify ureteral jets?

determine if a ureter is obstructed

Which patient population is most susceptible to emphysematous cholecystitis?

diabetic patients

What is the most common complication associated with annular pancreas?

duodenal obstruction

You are scanning a patient and notice that the right and left kidneys are attached at their lower poles. What anomaly is present?

horseshow kidney

Which of the following describes the sonographic appearance of a normal parotid gland?

hyperechoic homogenous tissue that is elliptical in long and round in transverse, anechoic duct may be visualized

If one organ appears to be less bright or contains fewer echoes than another organ then that organ is said to be what?

hypoechoic

Which of the following renal disorders presents sonographically with echogenic renal pyramids due to accumulation of calcium in dilated collecting ducts?

medullary sponge kidney

The most common form of malignant disease of the liver is:

metastatic disease

What hepatic pathology demonstrates the sonographic findings of multiple target lesions within the liver parenchyma?

metatstatic disease from lung or colon cancer

What are the two basic scan planes used in abdominal scanning?

sagittal and transverse

During performance of a renal sonogram, you identify only one kidney. What should you do?

scan in the pelvis area to rule out the presence of a pelvic kidney

You are imaging a patient with a high liver. Subcostal images do not clearly demonstrate the liver tissue. What should you do?

scan the patient in deep inspiration

Right sided heart failure causes passive liver congestion.

true

The primary purpose of the fast exam is to identify anechoic or hypoechoic free fluid in the dependent regions of the abdomen including all of following except?

intracranial

Which statement below is true with respect to the normal liver?

intraperitoneal organ located in right upper quadrant (RUQ) responsible for bile synthesis

What feature below is consistent with a malignant adrenal tumor originating from the adrenal cortex?

invasion of adrenal vein and IVC

Which sonographic feature is not consistent with gallbladder carcinoma?

avascular mass within gallbladder lumen < 1 cm

Which pathology is a common cause of splenomegaly?

portal hypertension often associated with liver cirrhosis

Even though the internal sonographic pattern of an abscess vary, what can be demonstrated in the majority of abscesses?

posterior enhancement

What is the normal liver measurement?

13-17 cm

You are performing a sonogram on a patient with bilaterally small kidneys. What is the adult normal range in size for a kidney?

10 - 12 cm

The common bile duct measurement should never exceed

10 mm

The normal spleen should not measure more than what or it is indicative of what?

13 cm and splenomegaly

A 52 year old man is seen with pain and enlargement of the scrotum. An ultrasound evaluation is ordered by the attending physician and reveals a small hydrocele on the left with a swollen heterogeneous appearing left testicle and left epididymis. Increased blood flow is also identified on color doppler examination. This is suggestive of

Epididymoorchitis

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

Graves disease

What thyroid disorder presents with bulging eyes, nervousness, weight loss, and hair loss?

Graves disease

A 30-year-old female presented with puffy eyes, slight weight gain, increased cold sensitivity, elevated cholesterol, and decreased thyroxine levels. Her sonogram demonstrated a coarse textured thyroid gland with increased vascularity. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Hashimoto thyroiditis

A 3-week-old infant presented with projectile vomiting, dehydration, weight loss, and insatiable appetite. Sonography demonstrated a cervix sign in the long axis. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Which of the following disorders presents clinically with the "olive sign"?

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

The medullary pyramids are:

Hypoechoic or anechoic relative to renal cortex depending on the amount of urine they contain

If a breast mass is annotated as LT 4:00 1 C, what does this tell you about its location?

Left breast, lower outer quadrant, midway from nipple to the pectoral muscle

The primary function/s of the kidney is:

remove waste from blood and produce urine

A patient is referred for ultrasound evaluation to rule out the presence of renal malignancy. What is the most common solid renal mass in the adult?

renal cell carcinoma

What is the most common tumor to invade the IVC?

renal cell carcinoma

Which renal tumor has an asymptomatic presentation in its early stages but over time patients complain of gross hematuria, weight loss, and palpable flank mass?

renal cell carcinoma

What layer of breast tissue contains the ducts and glandular tissue?

Mammary layer

What area of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Medulla

What term is used to describe enlargement of the abdominal lymph nodes located within the abdomen?

Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy

A 43 year old male is seen with a grossly enlarged scrotum. Sonographic examination reveals bilateral large hydroceles. In addition, a hypoechoic area in the head of the epididymis is identified. This hypoechoic area probably represents

Spermatocele

How does acute renal failure differ from chronic renal failure?

The most common cause of chronic renal failure is diabetes mellitus and it presents as small kidneys with cortical thinning on sonography whereas acute renal failure is most commonly caused by acute tubular necrosis and presents as normal appearing kidneys

Which of the following is false with respect to how sonography can be used to demonstrate a foreign body?

The vibration of the sound waves will help dislodge the foreign body

What is the term for any medium or structure that provides a pathway for sound?

acoustic window

What is the most common primary pancreatic malignancy?

adenocarcinoma

You have been asked to identify ureteral jets. Where are the ureteral orifices in the urinary bladder?

base of trigone along posterior aspect

Typical symptoms a patient may have with an abscess formation include all of the following except:

decreased white blood count

Where is the most common location for a retroperitoneal hematoma to occur?

Psoas muscle

Placing the transducer on the left and right side at the midaxillary line between 8th and 12th rib space allows for visualization of which structures?

Space between liver and right kidney and space between spleen and left kidney

What is the most common benign solid tumor of the adrenal gland?

adrenal adenoma

The most common finding of the prostate is:

benign prostatic hypertrophy

What are the bright spots that make up an ultrasound image?

echoes

Blood flow in the main portal vein and hepatic artery should be hepatofugal.

false

The bright line seen running along the long axis of the testis is the

mediastinum testis

The normal sonographic appearance of the gallbladder is?

anechoic

Diminished vascular structures within the liver parenchyma most likely represents:

cirrhosis

Which of the following is considered a fundamental concentration of point-of-care sonography?

all of the above (diagnostic, monitoring, resuscitation)

When locating a foreign body, it is imperative that the sonographer document as much information as possible. Which of the following should be documented?

all of the above (location, depth, size)

What is the easiest method for distinguishing the esophagus from a mass?

Have patient swallow, saliva can be visualized passing through the esophagus

Which of the following presents as a tender, palpable retro areolar mass in a male patient?

gynecomastia

A 50 year old patient who has undergone previous neck irradiation in his adolescence is seen with physical examination results. The referring physician has sent the patient for neck ultrasound because of high-risk history. The sonogram reveals a hypoechoic solid nodule with micro calcifications. The most likely diagnosis for the mass is?

malignant thyroid nodule

All of the following are indicative of abnormal bowel except:

peristalsis

You are performing an ultrasound study to rule out the presence of cholelithiasis.A small echogenic foci is seen in the posterior aspect of the gallbladder fundus. How can you determine if this foci represents a polyp or a stone?

shadowing is not present with polyps but is present with stones

What describes anatomy or a structure that contains no echoes?

anechoic

A patient is referred for a sonogram of the liver to rule out metastatic disease. Which of the following describes the sonographic appearance of liver metastasis?

all of the above appearance of liver metastatis may be encountered

What releases thyroid-stimulating hormone into the bloodstream?

anterior pituitary

A patient presents with intense chest and abdominal pain radiating to the lower back. A mildly dilated area of the aorta is identified with demonstration of an intimal flap with color Doppler. What is the most likely diagnosis?

aortic dissection

The psoas and quadratus lumborum muscles

appear sonographically as the low-gray structures posterior to the kidneys

Which statement is false with respect to the difference between the wall of an artery and a vein?

artery walls have a thicker tunica adventitia layer with greater elasticity

Which of the following is not a sonographic finding for acute pancreatitis?

atrophic hypoechoic pancreas

Which of the following is false with respect to the pancreas?

exocrine function of the pancreas is performed by the islets of Langerhans

Which of the following exams would require the sonographer to practice surgical asepsis?

fine needle aspiration of liver nodule

What symptoms are typically associated with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder?

gross hematuria and passing blood clots

The portion of the pancreas that lies in the C-loop of the duodenum is the

head

Which of the following is a benign mass found in the liver parenchyma in patients taking oral contraceptives?

hepatic adenoma

What are the branches of the celiac axis?

hepatic artery, left gastric artery, and splenic artery

Typical appearance of this liver tumor is a large dominant mass with smaller scattered satellite lesions.

hepatocellular carcinoma

What is the name of the space where fluid can be found between the liver and right kidney?

morison's pouch

A 45-year-old female patient with a history of chronic dieting presents with acute abdominal pain after fatty meals that radiates to her shoulders. Which of the following sonographic presentations do you expect to find?

multiple mobile echogenic masses that produce acoustic shadowing

Which of the following correctly describes acute cholecystitis?

nausea and vomiting, positive sonographic Murphy's sign, symmetric gallbladder wall thickening, and galllstones

Which patient population is most likely to demonstrate an adrenal hemorrhage?

neonates

A 2-year-old male presents with a palpable abdominal mass with abdominal and back pain. A 10-cm heterogeneous ill-defined mass with calcifications is identified in the RT abdomen. Mets were identified in the liver. What is the most likely diagnosis?

neuroblastoma

A wood splinter is identified with sonography within the planter surface of the foot of a pediatric patient. What category would this foreign body be considered?

organic

The primary role of the biliary system is

store and transport bile

What is the second branch off the abdominal aorta?

superior mesenteric artery

What join to form the portal vein?

superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein, and splenic vein

A 26 year old male construction worker is seen in the emergency department after falling onto a metal pipe from a ladder. He currently has pain and swelling of the scrotum. An ultrasound is ordered. During the sonogram, increased echogenicity of the right testicle is noted. In addition, echogenic material is seen in the upper margin of the right testicle. These findings are suggestive of

testicular rupture

When assessing the sonographic appearance of an adult kidney, what echogenicity comparisons are typically used?

the cortex should be hypoechoic or isoechoic to the liver or spleen

How is testicular echotexture described?

the testicles are isoechoic to each other and similar to that of the thyroid gland

A patient with no significant medial history is seen with a palpable nodule in the left lobe of the thyroid. On ultrasound examination, the nodule is found to be mostly cystic but to contain debris. The features of this mass make it most likely to be

benign thyroid nodule

You are performing an ultrasound exam on a patient who has a patient who has been on dialysis for 4 years. Which of the following describes the typical appearance of the kidney in these cases?

bilateral small, echogenic kidneys with multiple cysts of varying sizes

Evaluation of the entire biliary tree allows for all of the following except:

bile duct contraction

What congenital anomaly of the pancreas causes a functional obstruction leading to pancreatitis?

pancreatic divism

An oval solid homogenous mass located adjacent to the posterior aspect of the mid portion of the thyroid is discovered in a postmenopausal woman. The sonographic features of the mass, along with the patient gender and age, make is suspicious for

parathyroid adenoma

A 52 year old male with known liver cirrhosis presents for an abdominal ultrasound. You will carefully evaluate the liver to rule out the presence of any focal mass because of which true statement below?

patients with liver cirrhosis are at increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma

A patient presents with a palpable enlarged thyroid gland, dysphagia, and intermittent coughing. Sonogram demonstrated an enlarged heterogeneous gland with multiple focal nodules. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Hashimoto thyroiditis

What renal disorder presents with decreased renal function in the 3rd to 4th decades of life, and bilaterally enlarged kidneys containing multiple cortical cysts?

autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

In the United States, the majority of HCC's develop from

preexisting cirrhosis

How is aortic rupture diagnosed?

presence of an AAA with adjacent hematoma

What signals the adrenal gland to release hormones?

release of adrenocorticotropic hormone by the anterior pituitary gland

Which of the following best describes the location of the left adrenal gland?

retroperitoneal, located medial to the superior pole of the LT kidney

What is an anatomic variant that presents as a tongue like inferior extension of the right lobe with the same echogenicity of the normal liver parenchyma?

riedel's lobe

What are the three planes that divide the body?

sagittal, coronal, and transverse

You are scanning a 69 year old male with hematuria. Your ultrasound findings include right-sided hydronephrosis and a mass within the urinary bladder. Which of the following tumors most commonly occurs within the urinary bladder?

transitional cell carcinoma