Domain I: Principles of Dietetics

Epinephrine

- adrenal medulla, stimulates sympathetic nervous system - stimulates liver and muscle glycogenolysis (glycogen -> glucose) - decrease release of insulin from pancreas DURING CATABOLIC STRESS; BS RISES

What is gelatin do?

- changes liquid into elastic solid - acts as a foaming agent in marshmallows - keeps sugar and ice crystals small in candy and ice cream by interfering with the union of small crystals to make larger ones

Evaluation of Effectiveness of educational plans

- did it alter patient knowledge, behavior, or attitude? - what is rate of lapse or relapse? - timeliness, appropriateness, accuracy? within budget? - meet specific targeted needs? quality of presentation? - were processes and outcomes documented? - what was the degree of growth?

Sources of glucose

- dietary - liver glycogen - products of intermediate metabolism (reconversion of lactic acid and pyruvic acid)

cobalt: properties

- exists with B12 - stored in liver

Modified food examples

- fermented dairy products (probiotics to support GI health) - fortified margarines (plant sterols and stanol esters which reduce total and LDL cholesterol) - calcium-fortified OJ - iodized dalt - folate enriched breads

To perform gas exchange analysis, the following are measured/calculated:

- fraction of inspired and expired oxygen (FIO2, FEO2) and carbon dioxide (FICO2, FECO2) - inspired and expired minute gas volume (VI, VE) - from these quantities, VO2 and VCO2 can be calculated

Tissue stores of glucose

- glycogen in the liver and muscle - fat from adipose tissue - cellular mass (protein stores) - gluconeogenesis

group process

- relieve social concerns of the group, all must feel accepted - tolerate silence - guide & encourage interactions; do not become focus - know when and how to resume control - reinforce multi-sided nature of communication (how do you feel about that?) - exercise control over talkative participants; encourage silent members - halt side convos - help group stay on topic (avoid showing preference)

Catabolism

- the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy - creates a constant energy deficit, which must be applied by food *Uses are releases energy

Sources of calcium

-Dairy products -Leafy veggies -Legumes

Stature/length for age

-Defines shortness/ tallness -Reflects long term NTR status -Determines extent of stunting -Affected by long-term nutritional stress or chronic illness < 5th= short stature

Zinc: Needs

-M: 11 mg -F: 8 mg

Fluoride: needs

-M: 4 mg -F: 3 mg

selenium: needs

-M: 55 ug -F: 45 ug

Nitrogen balance

-Measures body equilibrium -Compares intake to output 0 = maintenance + = net gain in body PRO (infants, teens, preg, healing) - =erosion of body PRO (inadequate intake) -Formula: Nin - Nout [Protein intake/6.25] - [urinary urea nitrogen +4]

BMI for age percentiles

-Starting @ age 2 -UW < 5th -Healthy 5th-84th -OW 85th-94th -Obese > 95th or BMI > 30

Large group

-lecture -one way flow of information -presents a large amount of material in a short time

Egg substitutes

-lower in fat, kcals, cholesterol; often higher in sodium -when cooking with egg substitutes, there will be color and flavor differences

Milk Thistle

-may protect the liver

Magnesium: properties

-part of chlorophyll -50% in bone -50% in cells

copper: deficiency

-rare -microcytic anemia -neutropenia -****Wilson's disease (low serum copper) --> genetic absence of liver enzyme

Classification of proteins

-simple: amino acids -conjugated: simple plus non-protein substance like lipoprotein -derived: fragments from simple and conjugated (peptide)

Copper: properties

-trace mineral -attached to protein ceruloplasmin

How much fat does LF milk have?

.5-2%

How much water is lost per day? (insensible water loss in skin and breathing)

.8-1.2 liters/d

Most-heart healthy lipids

0 grams of trans fat no partially hydrogenated oils and are liquid plant oils

intimate zone of personal space

0-18 inches (very close friends/business handshakes)

Which age group has the highest BMR?

0-2 years old

pH scale

0-6 acidic 7 neutral 8-14 basic

strength of the relationships (r)

0.0-0.2 very weak 0.2-0.4 weak, low 0.4-0.7 moderate 0.7-0.9 strong, high 0.9-1 very strong, very high

Normal Saline (Extracellular)

0.9% NaCl: 154 mEq Na and 154 mEq Cl per liter

gel formation

1 T gelatin will gel 1 pint liquid -mix with cold water to soften; add hot water to disperse increase gelatin or decrease liquid when making a large mold, when it will stand @ room temp for a long time, when acid content is high, when making a whip

Cooking rice ratio

1 cup rice: 2 cups water

Weight gain during pregnancy

1 pound per month during the first 3 months then 1 pound per week after that

Proportion of liquid:flour in pour batters

1 to 1 waffles

Proportion of liquid:flour in drop batters

1 to 2 muffins

Proportion of liquid:flour in soft batters

1 to 3 bread

Proportion of liquid:flour in stiff batters

1 to 4 pie crust

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

1) energy 2) protein sparing action (allowing most of protein to be used for tissue synthesis) 3) regulation of fat metabolism- a CHO restriction leads to ketosis

Catabolism steps

1) first step is deamination - splitting off of NH2 by hydrolysis in liver 2) NH2 converted into ammonia (NH3) which is TOXIC 3) most of the ammonia is converted into urea and excreted by the kidney 4) some is converted into purines, and some is used to make the nonessential amino acids through transamination 5) the remaining carbon chain is a ketoacid; it can be oxidized for energy

cultural communication styles differ

1) rate (pitch & volume of the voice) 2) eye contact (direct gaze or avert eyes as sign of respect) 3) expression restrained, emotional, focused 4) speech: slow and soft, loud and fast 5) greetings: handshake firm, mild

2002 RDA Protein

1-3 13 grams 4-8 19 grams 9-13 34 grams 14-18 52 grams (males); 46 grams (female)

Evaluating acid-base abnormalities

1. Check pH. Acidosis is below 7.4 and alkalosis is above 7.4. 2. Look at the cause. pCO2 is the blood gas reading that measures carbonic acid regualred by the lungs; will tell you if the lungs are working normally. HCO3 (checks base) measures base, regulated by the kidneys. This will tell you if the kidneys are functioning well.

Stages of a bill becoming a law

1. Legislation enters a bill or resolution. 2. Bill is sent to committees which schedule public hearings where testimony is taken from bill's sponsors. (Nutritionists can present views here or in earlier planning stages). 3. The committee revises bill during a markup session and put into final form. If it is approved, it is sent to Rules Committee for debate. 4. It needs approval from both houses (House of Reps and Senate) and president. 5. Differences between the 2 houses are worked out in a joint house sentate conference committee (usually passing a reconciliation of a bill). 6. Appropriations bull must be passed to provide funding *** 7. Formulate regulations that interpret and operate the law - federal regulation interprets a law and provides details and rules that put the policy into effect (carries the force of a law but is easier to change) - regulations are written by staff members of the agencies charged with enforcing the regulations

What are malabsorbed CHO and fibers converted into?

1. SCFA which stimulate water and sodium absorption in the colon & provides substrates for energy production 2. H2, CO2, N, CH4 (methane)

What are the components of education plan?

1. Targeted setting & clientele 2. Needs assessment 3. Develop goals & objectives 4. Budget development 5. Program promotion

What are the functions of proteins?

1. Tissue synthesis, maintains growth, regulates body processes 2. inefficient energy source- nitrogen must be removed first (58% of protein can be converted to glucose) ; can serve as a buffer since it is an acid & a base

What are the tools used in program promotion?

1. advertising (purchased print or electronic media; targeted message to carefully defined audience) 2. sales (short term incentives to encourage purchases (coupons) 3. personal promotion (formal/informal presentations, health fairs, cooking demonstrations, media interviews; direct contact provides positive feedback) 4. public relations (organized effort to promote a favorable image through news coverage or goodwill)

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994

1. clarifies marketing regulations for botanicals and reclassifies them as dietary supps 2. plant extracts, enzymes, vitamins, minerals, and hormonal products available without prescriptions may carry 'structure/function' claims 3. physiological effect can be noted, but NO claims about prevention or cure of specific conditions can be made

What is the plan theory-based nutrition education? (6 steps)

1. decide behavior change goals 2. explore determinants of change 3. decide the theory you want to use 4. indicate general objective 5. generate general plans 3. develop evaluation plans

Uses of glucose

1. energy 2. storage glycogenesis (muscle and liver) lipogenesis 3. small amount converted to other CHO compounds, ribose => needed to form RNA and DNA

Functions of fat

1. energy insulation and padding, depresses gastric secretion so delays emptying 2. has less O2, more Carbon than CHO so provides more energy (more carbon atoms for oxidation); 9 kcal/g

Enzymes for CHO digestion are available in this order

1. maltase, sucrase (first- 30 wk gestation) 2. lactase (adult levels @ birth, comes from small intestine) 3. pancreatic amylase (decreases for the first 6 months after birth; feeding children cereal too early can cause diarrhea)

benefits of phytochemicals

1. prevention or treatment of chronic diseases like cancer, heart disease 2. may detoxify drugs, toxins, carcinogens, mutagens 3. may act as blocking agents (preventing active carcinogen from reaching target) 4. may reduce risk of CHD by protecting LDL cholesterol from oxidation, reducing synthesis or absorption of cholesterol

What primarily affects BMR?

1. sex (women have a 5-10% lower BMR than men) 2. age 3. Body comp, body surface area 4. Endocrine glands - thyroid

What can glucose 6 phosphate lead to?

1. synthesis of glycogen; liver glycogen releases glucose into the blood to maintain bg levels; this process will require glucose 6 phosphate ** muscle glycogen cannot contribute to glucose in the blood. it can only be used in the muscle 2. pentose shunt - does NOT require ATP - ribose (part of RNA) is a side product - NADPH is also produced which is essential for synthesis of FA (NADPH has niacin)

objectives (goals)

1. what it is (action) 2. who it is (target) 3. when or time frame 4. measure of outcome 5. specific measurable, attainable, relevant, time bound

Urine Specific Gravity

1.010-1.025 (formula uses weight & volume)

How much fat does 2% milk have?

1.5-2.25%

Normal range: Mg

1.5-2.5 mEq/L 1.8-3 mg/dl

AI for alpha-linolenic acid: (omega 3)

1.6 g M 1.1 g F

manganese: needs

1.8-2.3 mg

What is added to frozen eggs as a stabilizer?

10% salt or sugar (by wt of the yolks)

What is the toxic level of Vitamin A?

10,000 IU

Diet requirements of protein

10-15% energy intake 0.8 g/kg/day

dietary sources of carbohydrates

100% carbohydrate 58% protein - gluogenic amino acids yield glucose following deamination 10% fat- glycerol can be converted to glucose

What is the UL for vitamin E?

1000 mg/day

Needs for calcium

1000-1200 mg

% composition of protein in egg white

11%

Weight gain guidelines for pregnancy

11-20 lb. for obese female (BMI > 30) 15-25 lb. for overweight female (BMI 25-29.9) 25-35 lb. for normal weight female (BMI 18.5-24.9) 28-40 lb. for underweight female (BMI < 18.5)

How many oranges are needed to produce one quart of juice?

12

Normal range: Na

135-145 mEq/L

Serum sodium range

135-145 mEq/L

Temperature and time for pasteurization of milk

145°F for 30 minutes 160°F for 15 s

Safe minimum internal temperatures

145°F pork, beef, veal, lamb, steaks, roast, fish 160°F ground beef, ground veel, ground lamb 165°F chicken, turkey, duck

Needs for Vitamin E

15 mg

Iodine: Needs

150 ug

Water for athletes during physical activity

16 oz water for every 1 lb body weight lost

What % of all observations in a normal distribution lie above + 1 SD?

16%

What % of all observations in a normal distribution lie below - 1 SD?

16%

How much protein is in meat, poultry, and fish?

16-23% carb- glycogen in liver, glucose in blood

AI for linoleic acid (omega 6)

17 g M 12 g F

% composition of protein in egg yolk

17.5%

C18:2ω6 Linoleic Acid

18 carbons 2 double bonds first located at the sixth carbon

C18:3ω3

18 carbons 3 double bonds first located at the third carbon

personal zone

18 inches to 4 feet; when giving instructions or working closely

What temperature to brew coffee at for best flavor?

185-203F @ higher temp, tannin is extracted and coffee is bitter

AI for sodium

19-50: 1500 mg/day (3800 mg/day NaCL)

Calorie increase during lactation

1st 6 months - 330 calorie increase 6-12 months - 400 calorie increase

Measure supine length until

2 years old

How long does it take muscle glycogen to deplete?

2-3 hours of continuous exercise @ 60-80%

How long does gastric emptying of a meal take?

2-6 hr **CHO and protein rich foods empty at about the same rate in the stomach **High fat foods and complex CHO, especially soluble fibers, slow gastric emptying

What are the needs of B12?

2.4 ug

What % of all observations in a normal distribution lie within 1 SD of the mean?

2/3 68% *range is called M + 1 SD of the mean (mean ~ 1 SD)

Infant formula

20 calories/ounce need 2 1/2 oz/lb/d *more protein and iron than human milk but lacks antibodies *vit D requirement is met IF infant receives @ least 1 qt of vit D fortified infant formula daily *only need 0.25 mg/d of fluoride as a supplement after 6 months if water supply is inadequate *recommended that the formulas are iron-fortified

Atomic weight and valence sodium

23, 1

Normal HCO3

24-28

chromium: needs

25-35 ug

Normal birth weight

2500-4000g

How much fat in dried whole milk?

26% does NOT keep well

Measure head circumference until

3 years of age

When do fetal iron stores decrease?

3-4 months need additional iron, preferable from formula or supplemental foods (cereal starting @ 4-6 months)

normal range of phosphorus

3-4.5mg/dL

How much protein is in milk?

3.5% (complete)

Normal Range: K

3.5-5 mEq/L

AI for fluid

3.7 L/d for men 2.7 L/d for women **>19 years old

What % of all observations in a normal distribution lie outside of the range?

32%

Normal pCO2

35-45

How much ATP is yielded by 1 molecule of glucose?

38

Atomic weight and valence K

39, 1

How many calories per gram of carbohydrates?

4

How many calories per gram of protein?

4 calories per gram

How many calories per gram of gelatin?

4 kcals per gram

social zone of personal space

4-12 feet (most business interaction)

When to add solid foods?

4-6 months, when sitting posture can be sustained & extrusion reflex diminishes *start with iron-fortied cereal (rice), then strained veggies and fruits *1 serving of vitamin C rich foods by around 6 months to enhance iron absorption from non-heme sources

Normal Range: Ca

4.5-5.5 mEq/L 9-11mg/dl

Sodium Chloride

40% Na 1 tsp. salt = 6 g NaCl (2.4 g Na) Na reabsorbed by aldosterone and retained by steroids [increase the amount of sodium the body sends into the bloodstream or the amount of potassium released in the urine]

Atomic weight and valence Calcium

40, 2

Breast fed infant needs of Vitamin D and fluoride

400 IU vitamin D 25 mg fluoride per day *after 6 months *this is if water contains inadequate fluoride

How much vitamin D is added to milk?

400 USP unit per qt

What are the needs for folate?

400 ug

sulfur: needs

425-550 mg AI

Weight gain by 4th-5th month, 1 year, 2 years

4th-5th month, birth weight should be doubled 1 year, birth weight should be tripled and length should increase by 50% 2 years, birth weight should be quadrupled and length should be increased by 75%

Needs for Vitamin D

5-15 ug

Recommended to exclusively breastfeed for the first (_) months of life

6 *then supplemented by weaning foods for @ least up to 12 months

How long can an egg be maintained @ cold storage with grade A eggs?

6 months 29-32 °F

Newborn initial weight loss

6% loss of birth weight should be regained by 10-14 days

When can finger foods be introduced?

6-8 months of age, add larger finger foods (teething biscuits) that can be secured with a palmar grasp 9-12 months of age, add smaller finger foods (dry cereal) as pincer grasp (thumb and forefinger) develops

How many stools should an infant have per day?

6-8 wet diapers/d

how much water is removed from evaporated milk?

60% cannot contain less than 7.9% fat; brown d/t caramelization of lactose in can

At what temperature does the protein coagulate? (egg)

62-70°C (sets as custard)

Alcohol

7 kcal/g - requires no digestion, is readily absorbed by simple diffusion through stomach or small intestine lining and transported unaltered in bloodstream - can cause decreased Beta oxidation of FA and promote TAG synthesis - established risk factor for head and neck cancer - may increase risk of developing breast cancer

How much caffeine, alcohol, nicotine stimulate metabolic rate by

7-15%

What is the pH to be at?

7.4

What are the needs of phosphorus?

700 mg

Protein needs during second half of pregnancy and lactation

71 grams

How much lactose does dried whey have in infant formulas?

73% *casein hydrolysate does NOT have lactose (for those that cannot tolerate cow's milk or soy, use formulas made with this)

Nutrient needs for Vitamin C

75-90 mg

How much water is in fruits and veggies?

75-93%

Egg Nutritional Value

80 kcal 6 g pro 5 g fat vitamin A & D riboflavin

Butter

80% milk fat

margarine

80% vegetable oil or animal fat

Reading levels for written material

8th grade level: reading materials for general public 6th grade level: audience of lower literacy

How many calories per gram of fat?

9 calories per gram

copper: needs

900 ug

What % of all observations in a normal distribution lie within 2 SD either side of the mean?

95%

Normal range: Cl

96-106 mEq/L

small for gestational age (SGA)

< 10th percentile body weight for gestational age

Al calcium for pregnancy

<18 1300 mg >18 1000 mg

RDA protein for adults

> 19 y/o (M)= 56g > 19 y/o (F)= 46g

Desirable smoke point for frying meat?

>374°F (400) temp to which fat can be heated before puffs of smoke occur

Large for gestational age (LGA)

>90th percentile

What is a hormone?

A chemical messenger that triggers enzymes secretions from endocrine gland

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that affects hunger, sleep, arousal, and mood. low levels increase CHO appetite

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K

What are the grades for eggs?

AA A B

chromium: properties

Absorption enhanced by vitamin C, niacin Ultra-trace mineral

Research report components

Abstract General information Review of existing lit Methodology Results - specific lab, clinical, objective, subjective findings Discussion Conclusion - brief summary of results/recs Implications- how the information might be applied in practice

ANDHII

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Health Informatics Infrastructure Tracks nutrition care outcomes and advances evidence based nutrition practice research.

What color are anthoxanthins/flavones in acid and alkaline?

Acid - colorless Alkaline- yellow or when cooked in aluminim pans

What are the needs for biotin?

Al 30 ug

Needs for pantothenic acid

Al 5 mg

What is the most glucogenic amino acid?

Alanine Catabolized to pyruvate or to Kreb's cycle intermediates

What is bromelain?

An enzyme in fresh or frozen pineapples that breaks down protein and prevents gelation (inactivated by heat 170-180F)

pancreatic amylase

An enzyme secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine that digests any remaining starch into maltose.

What is an antecedent?

An event that sets the stage for the behavior and occurs in close proximity to the behavior. triggers a specific behavior or response (like watching a TV advertising French fries)

Examples of air leavened products

Angel cake, sponge cake

What is the red, purple, blue pigment called?

Anthocyanins

What are the two types of flavenoids?

Anthocyanins (greatly affected by pH)- red, purple, blue Anthoxanthins/flavones- colorless or white to yellow

What is the white to yellow or colorless called?

Anthoxanthins/flavones

St. John's Wort

Antidepressant serotonin-enhancing reduces effect of warfarin, avoid with antihypertensive, oral contraceptives, some statins; avoid combinations with Spironolactone and loop diuretic, hypertensives

Ginger ***

Antiemetic Avoid use with drugs that affect bleeding

What happens when PBI is elevated?

BMR is elevated

Methods to determine the quality of protein in foods?

BV (biological value) NPU (net protein utilization) Protein Digestibility Correct Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS)

Hydration recommendations: Before (4 hours prior) : consume __-__ml/kg During : fluid should contain ____,_____ and __-__% carbs After

Before: 10 ml/kg of a high sodium beverage (around 164 mEqNa/L prior to activity that is 1-4 hours long, may enhance maintained of body core temperature in moderate to highly trained males Continuous endurance PA that is 1-4 hours in adults: To maintain hydration, beverages provides in a volume that equals 100% of fluid lost during moderate-vigorous activity + 5.5-15% CHO and 55-164 meEq Na after continuous PA of 1-2 hours in duration: Rehydration beverages provided in a volume that equals 100-150% of fluid lost during exercise, and contains 6-7.6% CHO and 57.5-1150 mg/dl sodium

What are the functions of calcium?

Blood clotting, cardiac function, nerve transmission, smooth muscle contractility NOTE***

What are quick breads?

Breads made from quick-acting leavening agents (air, steam, chemical leavening agents)

fresh fish

Bright red gills shiny skin firm flesh that springs back mild ocean or seaweed smell bright clear full eyes surrounded by crushed self draining ice **reject if sunken eyes, leave imprint when touched

Climacteric vs. non-climacteric fruits

C: ripen post harvest (banana, peach, pear, apple, tomato) NC: ripen before harvest-grapes,melon,citrus

MACRO %

CHO 45-65% PRO 10-35% FAT 20-35%

Causes of respiratory acidosis

CO2 retention Hypoventilation Emphysema (lung condition that causes shortness of breath)

What is milk a good source of?

Ca, Phos, Riboflavin, Vitamin A, D Low in iron and vitamin C

examples of saturated fats

Coconut oil (most sat.) palm kernel cocoa butter butter palm oil canola oil.

What are the functions of pantothenic acid?

Coenzyme A- energy synthesis of FA

What are the functions of biotin?

Coenzyme in fatty acid synthesis, converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis also participates in FA synthesis

sponge method

Combine liquid with yeast and part of flour, allow to ferment for several hours. Then add sugar, salt, fat, and remaining flour and knead

CONSORT

Common criteria for clinical trials

Food and nutrient analysis software/databases (for intuitions)

Comp nutrition CBORD Dietary manager ChefMax

What is methionine converted into?

Cysteine

anabolism

DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) ~ amount of DNA in cell indicates the # of cells per organ; thus, helps determine stages of growth. DNA forms RNA on ribosomes. RNA forms template (mold) which carries the plan to the cytoplasm

What are the functions of folate?

DNA synthesis, forms RBC in bone marrow, prevents neural tube defects; multiple glutamic acid molecules must be hydrolyzed off to absorb folate

Herbals, botanicals, & supplements are regulated by

DSHEA-Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994

Elderly learning needs

Decreased attention span; audience participation to maintain interest; control questions to stay on topic; prefer written material

DOR

Dietetics Outcomes Registry Aggregates anonymous data available for outcomes research

Split-halves reliability

Divide the test in half. Reliability is determined by the degree of similarity of results.

EHR & EMR

Electronic health record and Electronic medical record. enter, store, retrieve, and manage information related to health care

PHR

Electronic health records which are stored on the patient's own computer system. personal health record

processed cheese

Emulsifier added = disodium phosphate- Better to cook with - more smooth processed cheese is better for cooking because it will not separate out high moisture content (41-50%)

Amylase

Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches starch -> dextrin -> maltose

Process of food passing from mouth on

Esophagus -> cardiac valve -> fundus -> stomach -> through pyloric value of stomach -> small intestine -> ileocecal vale -> large intestine

What is sweetened condensed milk?

Evaporated (whole) milk with sugar (15-18% sucrose or glucose) added

Principles of Motivational Interviewing

Express empathy (suggest acceptance, compassion, and evocation) Develop discrepancy (btwn where he is now and where he wants to be) Avoids arguments and confrontation Roll with resistance (acknowledge reluctance to change and ambivalence; offer new info or alternatives to consider) Support self-efficacy (reinforce hope and optimism)

What are the grades of fresh produce?

Fancy, Extra #1, #1, Combination, #2

Derived fat

Fat substance derived from simple or compound fat by hydrolysis or enzymatic breakdown; Examples: fatty acids, glycerol, steroid

At rest and during normal activities, energy source in order of use:

Fats are primary energy source (80-90%) Carbohydrates (5-18%) Protein (2-5%)

supplements for pregnancy?

Fe and folate Ferrous sulfate 30 mg during 2nd and 3rd trimesters (taken with meals, not with milk, tea, or coffee) Folic acid 400 mcg (added to 200 from food = 600)

FTC

Federal Trade Commission - regulates content of food ads; enforces truth in labeling; challenges product claims when product crosses state lines

nutritional genomics

Focuses on diet and lifestyle related disorders resulting from the interaction between the genome and environmental factors

FDA

Food and Drug Administration. Ensures safety of some domestic and imported food products

What is whey protein?

Found in milk (1 of 2 proteins); Whey is the liquid portion that drains from curd of clotted milk

Why are cured meats pink?

From nitrites, which are added to inhibit botulism

Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative

Global effort to increase incidence and duration of breastfeeding; hospital must show it implements 10 steps to successful breastfeeding; requires multidisciplinary team

What are the grades of canned fruits & veggies?

Grade A- desserts/salads (Fancy) Grade B- processed (Choice) Grace C- puddings/pies (Standard)

iron: factors that aid absorption

HCL, calcium (binds oxalates)

Preparation of crystalline candies

Heat sugar and liquid to dissolve, and heat further. Crystallize under conditions that produce small crystals which have a smooth, creamy feeling.

Fat in cream

Heavy - >36% Medium - 30-36% Whipped - 35% light or thin - 18-30% sour cream > 18% half & half - no less than 10.5%

What are the food sources of iron?

Heme iron: animal foods, meat, fish, poultry non heme: cereals, veggies, poorly absorbed; absorption aided by gastric juice and vitamin C. Calcium helps if oxalates are present. Oxalates will bind iron, but if Calcium is there, it will bind oxalates first, freeing up iron.

Minimum recommended hemoglobin and hematocrit during pregnancy

Hemoglobin 11 g/dl Hematocrit 33%

durum wheat

High in gluten, used to make pasta. Products flexible after cooking bran & germ are removed, starch to ground to make semolina flour

measures of dispersion

How values are distributed about the mean Range, standard deviation

Sorbitol

Humectant (retains moisture) prevents mold bulking agent sweetener

What is acid-base balance a regulation of?

Hydrogen; acid releases hydrogen ions and base takes up hydrogen ions

cis fatty acids

Hydrogens on same side at the double bond; most natural fats and oils

Causes of respiratory alkalosis

Hyperventilation, anxiety, severe exercise

"self-talk" or internal dialogue.

I have no willpower. I look fat. Negative thoughts INHIBIT behavioral change

Objectives in patient centered counseling

Increase awareness of diet related risk Provide nutrition knowledge Enhance skill to promote long term changes Increase in confidence to make change

Zinc: Function

Increases taste acuity Enhances insulin action Stabilizes DNA, RNA Cell division

IMPS is the acronym for:

Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications

IRB

Institutional Review Board under FDA Committee established to review and approve research involving human subjects, to ensure it is conducted within all ethical and federal guidelines - may also be known as independent ethics committee (IEC), ethical review board (ERB), research review board (REB)

Growth hormone, ACTH

Insulin Antagonists

Lower income adult learning needs

Interest focus on costs and traditional food habits; oriented towards present and towards solving current problems

What is dextrin?

Intermediate product of starch breakdown

Nutrition informatics

Intersection between nutrition, information and technology (technology- spread information & drives change in practice of dietetics)

If linoleic acid replaces CHO

LDL decreases, HDL increases

What is the cori cycle?

Lactate is released from tissue, transported to liver, and converted back to pyruvate

What is a limiting amino acid?

Limiting amino acids are essential amino acids in digested protein that are in shortest supply relative to body requirements for absorbed amino acids.

Look @ image

Line D- the mean is @ the top of the curve (center dotted line) Lines C & E: Dotted lines to the right and left of the center line represent -1 and 1 SD (data between these lines represents 68% of all observations. Data between lines B and C and between lines E and F are two SD from the mean

Excess mixing in quick breads

Loss of CO2, overdeveloped gluten Tunnels from top to bottom, tough, heavy product

What are the needs of B1?

M 1.2 mg F 1.1 mg

What are the needs for B6?

M 1.2-1.7 mg F 1.3-1.5 mg

What are the needs for B2?

M 1.3 mg F 1.1 mg

What are the needs of Vitamin K?

M 120 ug F 90 ug

What are the energy needs for Niacin?

M 16 NE F 14 NE

Magnesium: Needs

M 420 mg F 320 mg

What are the needs of iron?

M 8 mg F 18 mg

Vitamin A needs

M 900 ug RE F 700 ug RE

example of flavor enhancer

MSH monosodium glutamate (provides umami, savory taste)

Determine the mean median and mode of the following: Pounds lost 12, 15, 24, 17, 30, 24, 23, 21, 19, 32

Mean: 21.7 Median: 22 Mode: 24

What is calorimetry?

Measurement of quantities of heat and energy in food

MOOSE

Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology

Alterations in sugar content

More sugar = more time to reach elevated coagulation temp of gluten. as sugar increases, the volume of cake increases to the point that the volume is so great and gluten is so weak that the gluten strands snap and the cake falls in the center Gummy, crystaline appearance

Meat cuts - Tenderness

Most tender: come from least used muscle (loin, backbone)- pork chops Medium tender: come from the shoulder (chuck) Least tender: most used muscles - flank, brisket

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

NAMP

National Association of Meat Purveyors

Weight for age

Not used to classify under/over weight Short term marker of growth; affected by acute nutritional stress or illness Cannot distinguish between stunting and wasting because it does not include height *further eval is needed if below 5th or above 95th

What is the function of iron?

O2 transport

Winterized oil

Oil chilled to 45 degrees F; fatty acids with high melting points crystallize and are filtered out; clear; Examples: corn, soy, cottonseed oil; used for salad dressings salad dressings; won't crystallize when cold

Pancreas/Small Intestine: Protein breakdown

PANCREAS: Trypsin: protein, proteose, peptone -> polypeptide; chymotrypsin: proteose, peptone -> poly and dipeptide; carboxypeptidase -> polypeptide -> dipeptide, amino acids INTESTINE aminopeptidase: polypeptide -> peptide, AA dipeptidase: dipeptides -> AA

medical foods

PKU formulas free of phenylalanine Phenylalanine can cause intellectual disabilities, brain damage, seizures and other problems in people with PKU; child with PKU should not eat milk, fish, cheese, nuts, beans, or meat. A child with PKU can eat many foods low in protein, such as vegetables, fruits, and some cereals

Companion standards that suggest common evaluation criteria for clinical trials

PRISMA MOOSE CONSORT

margarine

PUFA, MUFA, SAT

sulfur: properties

Part of amino acids cysteine, cystine, methionine

PCMH

Patient Centered Medical Home focuses on relationship between the patient & physician (who takes responsibility for all aspects of the health care for the patient and coordinates/communicates with other providers; if a specialty care is needed, physician is responsible for ensuring that the transition is seamless) RD should be part of this

What does niacin deficiency cause?

Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia) Beefy, bright, red tongue Symmetrical, pigmented rash in sunlight

early adopters

People who adopt new products early opinion leaders in community well-respected

What is tyrosine synthesized from?

Phenylalanine

Anabolism hormones

Pituitary growth thyroid insulin testosterone

Examples of steam leavened products

Popovers, creampuffs

What are the intracellular electrolytes?

Potassium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, and Proteins. *K is the main

Anti-caking agents

Prevents the lumping or clumping of fine, powdery substances calcium silicate, mannitol

Magnesium: Functions

Protein and fatty acid synthesis Stabilizes structure of ATP High protein, calcium, vitamin D increases need *additional magnesium is needed

What are the chemical changes causing ripening?

Protopectin -> pectin (ripe) pectin-> pectic acid (overripe fruit)

What are grades of fruits and vegetables based on?

Quality Firmness Color maturity Freedom of defect uniform size and shape

Closed questions

Questions that can usually be answered with yes or no. more restrictive, limits answers, give you control, less time

What is telenutrition? What does Medicare Part B allow in terms of telehealth?

RDN uses electronic information and technologies to implement the NCP with clients at a remote location within provisions of their state license as applicable Medicare B allows some services provided by RDNs to be offered via telehealth including MNT, diabetes self-management training

Continuous bread-making method

REDUCES PROCESSING TIME. Commercial process that substitutes intense mechanical energy to a large degree for bulk fermentation; not as affected by temperature and fermentation time

What are respiratory quotients?

RQ= VCO2 carbon dioxide expired/VO2 oxygen consumed depends upon the fuel mixture being used: 1) CHO alone: 1 2) protein alone: 0.82 3) fat alone: 0.7 4) mixed intake: 0.85 ** to decrease the RQ, increase fat intake

Magnesium: Deficiency

Rare - tremors

Pantothenic Acid Deficiency

Rare deficiency Paresthesia in feet

Zinc: deficiency

Reduced immune function, alopecia, poor wound healing, hypogeusia, growth retardation and sexual immaturity in adolescents

Kava

Relieve anxiety Liver failure, very likely hazardous

imitation milk

Resembles milk but contains neither milk fat nor other important dairy ingredients - Made from casein derivatives or soybean protein and vegetable oils.

Butter

SAT (63%) , MUFA (26%), PUFA (4%)

medium chain triglycerides (saturated fat)

SFAs between 6 & 12 carbons naturally found in milk fat, coconut oil, and palm kernel oil

Where does complete digestion & absorption of food take place?

SI duodenum jejunum ileum

Procedure for determining readability

SMOG index - gives grade level by finding the average # of polysyllabic words

Muffin method of mixing

Sift dry ingredients, make well in center, blend liquids and add all at once to dry ingredients, mix just enough to dampen

Compound fat

Simple fat and other component; phospholipid (in cell membrane; control passage of compounds in & out of the cell. most are lecithin which contain choline (lipotropic factor); helps prevent fat accumulation in the liver; it functions in the transport and utilization of FAs and cholesterol through the enzyme LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase)

What are Extracellular Electrolytes?

Sodium, Chloride, Calcium, and Bicarbonate. *sodium is main

structure of fatty acids

Straight hydrocarbon chains ending with -COOH and -CH3 at other end; classified by number of carbons, position of first double bond, and number of double bonds; location of first double bond counted from METHYL end, which is designated by omega sign

emulsifiers

Surfactants that cause oil and water to mix to form an emulsion. prevent oil from separating from O2 monoglycerides diglycerirdes lecithin disodium phosphate

What are essential amino acids?

TV TILL PMH threonine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, methionine, histidine

categories of phytochemicals

Terpenes Carotenoids Lycopene Phenols Flavonoids Phytoestrogens Thiols Lignans (flaxseeds)

objective tests

Tests that can be scored easily by machine, such as multiple-choice tests and selected-response tests. not well suited for clinic or community setting

t test

Tests the significance of the difference between sample means tests null against alternative hypothesis if this probability value is = to less than the level set for significance, the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis

pedagogy

The art and science of teaching children; teachers are authority figures

What is emulsification?

The breakdown of a large fat droplet into smaller droplets

What is gluconeogenesis?

The conversion of non-CHO sources into glucose (from glycerol and amino acids)

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. treatment for diseases are the independent variables (you can change the treatment to affect the disease) effect cholesterol levels (independent) have on heart attacks (dependent)

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

What is pork a good source of?

Thiamin

As the energy expenditure of the body increases the need for what four nutrients increases?

Thiamine Niacin Riboflavin Pantothenic acid

The quality of the egg is based on

Thickness of the white NOT color of shell *air space becomes larger with age

What is phenylalanine converted into?

Tyrosine

Who grades vegetables and fruit?

USDA

Food and nutrient analysis software/databases

USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (major source of food composition) FNDDS Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (use to analyze data from dietary surveys) FDA Total Diet Study Database Data on foods, minerals, and chemicals NIH National Institutes of Health

Gingko biloba **

Vasodilation Avoid use with warfarin, caution diabetes, avoid pre-surgery

Calcium deficiencies are associated with

Vit D & mg deficiencies

High doses of vitamin E may antagonize

Vit K

What minerals are found in fruits and vegetables?

Vitamin A and C (some B) calcium (mineral) found in oranges and greens

WHO vs CDC growth charts

WHO growth chart from birth to 2 years of age CDC growth charts from 2 to 20 years of age

Cheese production

Warm milk, add lactic-acid bacteria, add enzyme rennet to coagulate casein forming the curd, separate curd from whey (liquid)

Passive diffusion (carrier-facilitated)

Water soluble nutrients Higher to lower concentration

Are anthoxanthins/flavones soluble in water?

Yes

Are soybeans a complete protein?

Yes; soybeans are dehulled and soybean oil is extracted Methionine is the limiting protein protein concentrates are 70% protein or more protein isolates are 90% protein or more

How do you make buttermilk?

You take 1T lemon juice (or 1 T vinegar or 1 3/4 tsp cream of tartar) plus enough milk to equal 1c.

low birth weight (LBW)

a birth weight of less than 5 1/2 pounds (2500 grams)

open-ended questions

a broad, gives freedom in responding, gives chance to listen and observe, takes more time but is not as threatening

linear correlation coefficient

a measure of the strength and direction of the linear relation between two quantitative variables r the closer two points are to a line, the stronger the degree of linear relationship measures the degree to which the points in a scatter diagram cluster about a straight line

Leading questions

a question that prompts or encourages the desired answer reveals bias leading

Relevance or validity

ability to measure phenomenon it intends to measure

What are the SCFA?

acetate butyrate propionate lactate

What are ketone bodies?

acetoacetic acid acetone B-hydroxybutyric acid *enter blood & are taken on the peripheral tissues, converted back to acetyl coA and oxidized as fuel

what is most pyruvic acid converted to?

acetyl CoA (active acetate)

What is the target for weight gain during pregnancy?

achieve lower limit of the range **black women and very young women strive to achieve upper end to reduce the risk

What happens to chlorophyll in acid and in alkaline?

acid (heated) - pheophytin; olive green alkaline (baking soda)- chlorophyllin; bright green; water soluble vitamins get lost, mushy because cellulose is softened, hemicellullose is broken down

What does acid do to gelatinization process?

acid breaks down starch and will give it a runny product if lemon juice is added to lemon meringue pie before cooking is complete, filling with be runny

What color are anthocyanins in acid and alkaline?

acid: bright red alkaline: bluish

What does flavor in fruit depend on?

acids sugar aromatic compounds

legitimation statement

acknowledges that there was a reason for a behavior, indicating that the response from the client was legitimate "You have a right to feel upset, anybody would"

What is affective learning?

acquisition of attitudes and values, growth in feelings or emotions

What is cognitive learning?

acquisition of knowledge or subject matter (factual information)

What is psychomotor learning?

acquisition of muscular skills (exercises, food preparation)

Failure to thrive (FTT) may result from

acute or chronic illness restricted diet poor appetite LACK OF FIBER leading to chronic constipation and diminished intake

To prevent curdling:

add an acid slowly and agitate -an acid precipitates casein

What is cultured buttermilk?

add lactic acid bacteria to skimmed or partly skimmed milk fermented when using buttermilk in place of regular milk, increase baking soda

How to add tenderness of meat?

add vinegar (lowers pH and increases water holding capacity of muscle)

What are crystal inhibitors?

added to the mixture to prevent the formation of crystals acid - cream of tartar, vinegar *sugar and acid combine to promote inversion (hydrolysis) of sucrose **end products are = amt of glucose and fructose (invert sugar) fat - chocolate, milk protein - milk, egg whites, gelatin

What is stewing?

adding liquid during cooking

What does salt do in baked goods?

adds flavor, keeps yeast from sticking

What does fat do in baked goods?

adds tenderness by coating gluten particles keeps them from becoming one continuous mass

Innovators

adopt an idea readily w/o input from others

angragogy

adults are mutual partners in learning, more problem-centered than subject - centered, motivation is more internal than external (self directed learner)

retrogradation of starch

after a starch paste has been cooled or chilled, it may become less soluble and recrystallizes to form a solid or rigid gel it reverts (retrogrades) back to insoluble form on freezing or aging recrystallization = retrogradation UNDESIRABLE hydrogen bonds that hold the gel together break and reform in an orderly crystalline fashion (giving a gritty texture)

Adequate intake for fiber

age under 50: Men 38g Women 25g over 50: Men 30g Women 21g

Factors that determine health status

age, education, social status, income, physical environment, genetics, gender, race, where you live, and social support

Advocacy

aggressive form of action; plead cause of group know the facts and arguments for and against the issue be realistic - usually resulting in compromise lobbying- activities aimed at influencing public officials and legislators

chromium: function

aids insulin action, glucose metabolism (Chromium and zinc)

What is milling?

air classification is a separation method that improves baking qualities by separating large flour particles from fine particles

What happens with MAP?

air is removed (CO2, nitrogen replace) prevents deterioration by slowing respiration

What are the leavening agents generally used in quick breads?

air, steam, yeast, baking soda, baking powder

What is sorbitol?

alcohol from glucose; absorbed more slowly than glucose by passive diffusion, converted into fructose; might cause diarrhea

What causes yellowing in cake?

alkaline batter (excess soda)

saturated fatty acid

all available bonds of carbon chain are filled with hydrogen; solid and hard @ room temp saturated with hydrogen

What are complete amino acids?

all essential amino acids in sufficient quantity and ratio to maintain body tissues and promote growth; HBV- high biological value give low protein diets mostly HBV***

straight dough method

all ingredients are added before dough is allowed to rise

Which flours absorb less fat during frying than cake flour?

all purpose bread flour

Glucagon

alpha cells of pancreas- induces glyogenolysis (glycogen -> glucose)

What are the essential fatty acids?

alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid) absence will create a specific deficiency disease

Amino acid metabolism

amino acids -> intestinal villi capillaries -> portal bloodstream -> tissues *pyridoxine is needed for the transport of amino acid

non-crystalline sugar

amorphous, glasslike crystallization is prevents by adding interfering substances (fat, milk) or by increasing concentration of sugar corn syrup retards crystallization thus increasing viscosity and chewiness

What does leavening of an egg depend on?

amount of air beaten in and retained egg white stretches & protein coagulates

What is BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)?

amount of energy it takes to keep your body functioning at rest measured in AM when reclining, awake, relaxed, at normal body temp, at least 12 hours after last meal, and several hrs after strenuous activity measures O2 consumed and CO2 produced

Net protein utilization

amount of protein actually used 1) N intake - N output (nitrogen retained)/ N intake 2) includes the % of absorbed nitrogen utilized and the digestibility of the protein, which is the percent of nitrogen intake that does NOT appear in the feces 3) range from 40 to 96 with protein from animal products scoring higher than protein from vegetables

Precision (reliability)

amount of variation that occurs randomly less random variation results in greater precision in the measurement and greater reliability

What is starch composed of?

amylose and amylopectin

What is papain?

an enzyme derived from papayas will prevent gelation

What is colonic salvage:

anaerobic fermentation and absorption of end-products of CHO, fiber, and amino acid breakdown

Different types of foam cake

angel cake: egg white foam sponge cake: yolk foam and white foam chiffon cake: liquid yolks, egg white foam, oil, baking powder

food sources of pantothenic acid

animal foods, grains, legumes

What is glycogen?

animal starch from glucose stored in muscle and liver

What is the function of vitamin E?

antioxidant, resists hemolysis of RBC

selenium: functions

antioxidant, tissue respiration

Cohort

any group whose members have something in common

What are phytochemicals?

any of various biologically active compounds found in plants. act as natural defense for the plant F/V, legumes, whole grains, nuts, herbs, seeds, spices

Grading

appears on a shield federally graded by Agriculture Marketing Service of the USDA

Which foods are LOW in potassium?

apples cranberry blueberry carrot corn

Why should you involve the learning in an active way?

application of the information and active involvement of the learning permits the greatest retention (select menu items)

What are enzymes?

are proteins that are the organic catalysts that control reaction

What amino acids are conditionally essential during catabolic stress?

arginine, glutamine

What are the steps of the educational process?

assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation of outcomes

What is a cofactor?

assists enzymes; does not bind but is the helper usually a mineral

Needs for 0-6 months

average calories/kg 108 protein RDA 9.1 (1.52 g/kg) water 125-155 ml/KG (base on age) fat @ least 30 grams

Needs for 7-12 months

average calories/kg 98 protein RDA 11 g (1.2 g/kg) water 1.5 ml/kcal fat at least 30 grams

what fruits/vegetables ripen best @ room temp?

avocados bananas pears tomatoes

amino acid structure

base: amino group NH2 acid: carboxyl group COOH

Why do yolks turn green when overcooked or allowed to cool slowly?

because the iron from the yolk and sulfur from the whole egg interacts to create ferrous sulfide

copper: sources

beef liver kidney oysters shellfish seeds and nuts dark leafy greens

When should you insert a meat thermometer?

before cooking

funnel sequence

begins with broad, open-ended questions and proceeds with more restricted questions

What do health coaches use?

behavior change models & MI often involves some aspect/form of tele-health

What are the transtheoretical model stages of change?

behavior involves series of stages/determines readiness to change pre-contemplation contemplation preparation action maintenance

What serum albumin level is often associated with physical signs of fluid retention?

below 2.8

Hypersensitivity to light may be due to deficiency in

beta carotene

Insulin

beta cells of pancreas increases cell permeability to glucose, fosters glycogenesis (glucose to storage), lipogenesis

How is the value of r written?

between -1 and 1 r=1 when all points lie exactly on a straight line with a positive slope r=-1 when all points lie exactly on a straight line with a negative slope the closer r is to 1 or -1, the closer the points tend to cluster about the line and the stronger the degree of linear relationship the closer r is to 0, the more dispersed the points will be from the line

Appropriate for gestational age (AGA)

between 10th and 90th percentile

Where does the pancreas sit?

between duodenum and stomach

Vitamin A - factors that aid absorption

bile salts pancreatic lipase fat

What is the function of myo-inositol?

binds Ca, zinc, iron membrane structure

Oxalacetate to pyruvate requires what?

biotin

What is a neonate?

birth to 1 month can absorb whole intact protein

Why do frozen veggies have a shorter cooking time?

blanching and freezing make them tender

histogram

block diagram whose blocks are proportional in area to the frequency in each class or group (frequency distribution of data) summarize data from a process that has been collected over time

What are types of moist heat cooking?

braising simmer steam stewing

Grain structure

bran, endosperm, germ germ - 2% fat in germ outer layer is bran & hull endosperm is rich in protein

Which flour has the most protein?

bread flour (11.8% protein)

Lactase

breaks down lactose in the small intestine to glucose and galactose

Maltase

breaks down maltose in the small intestine to glucose and glucose

Sucrase

breaks down sucrose in the small intestine to glucose and fructose

What is the first step when meeting with a client?

build rapport

How to enhance tenderness in pie crust

by using oil, soft fats, and fats cut into very small pieces

Which flour has the least amount of protein?

cake (7.5%) more starch

Which flour has the least and weakest gluten?

cake flour

What does canned fish have a high content of?

calcium (with oysters, bones, and shrimp)

What is the function of vitamin D?

calcium and phosphate metabolism

What is basal energy expenditure (BEE)?

calculated BMR includes age, sex, body surface area (height, weight)

Valerian root

calms nerves avoid with liver disease

pyruvic acid to lactic acid

can proceed to form lactic acid, used for muscle contractions when energy needs exceed supply of O2 (O2 debt) 1. only a small amt of lactic acid is produced

What is the most unsaturated fatty acid?

canola oil

What are the chemical properties of carbohydrates?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What are the physical properties of protein?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (16%), sulfur

What does hyperkalemia cause?

cardiac irregularities

What is the color change in baked flour mixtures due to?

carotenoids natural agents cause oxidation during storage and turn flour from yellow to white *if an oxidizing agent is added, labeled "bleached"

What is the yellow/orange pigment called?

carotenoids (least affected by pH changes) little effect in acid or alkaline solutions

what are the two types of protein in milk?

casein (80%- precipitated at pH 4.6- forms soft curd) and whey

nominal variables

categorical variables for which the categories do not have a natural ordering (gender, race, marital status, present or absent)

What is softened when fruits and veggies are cooked?

cellulose

manganese: functions

central nervous system

clinical significance

change or difference in outcomes that somebody cares about the outcome must be relevant for patient care, public health, or the field of study the change must be statistically significant, not due to chance.

Functions of Vitamin C

changes proline into hydroxyproline into collagen which strengthens intercellular substances; wound healing; aids iron absorption

What are variables?

characteristics that may have different values from observation to observation

home tele-health services

check on symptoms, measure vital signs

What is modified starch?

chemical modification by acids & enzymes to change viscosity and ability to gel used to stabilize frozen gravies- waxy corn, modified cornstarch

What is the green pigment called?

chlorophyll

What are the properties of Vitamin D?

cholesterol is a precursor UV light fat-soluble 7 dehydrocholesterol -> D3 cholecalciferol -> D2 ergocalciferol

Lipoproteins

chylomicron (diet derived) largest, mostly TAG VLDL about half TG LDL smaller, mostly cholesterol HDL rich in protein

Bolus + gastric juice

chyme

Food sources of vitamin C

citrus fruits, potatoes, papaya, dark green, yellow veggies

What does cornstarch do in a roux?

clear, shiny, translucent sauce (used as a thickener)

Performance test

client asked to complete task based on learning objectives

Communication about supplement use with clients

clients should NOT combine herbs and drugs having similar actions, or exceed dosages suggested on the supplement label

What is the function of B6?

coenzyme in amino acid metabolism: deamination, transamination increase in protein, increase in pyridoxine

What is the function of B12?

coenzyme in protein synthesis forms RBC

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

cognitions are thoughts or perceptions @ a particular moment in time can influence behaviors and feelings cognitive change may effect a desired behavior change *based on the assumptions that behavior is learned and can be unlearned as the client learns new and adaptive responses *with the focus on identifying behaviors and thoughts that have a negative impact on desired behaviors and goals and apply strategies to change those

what are the 3 domains of learning?

cognitive, affective, psychomotor

cohort study

cohort of healthy people followed through time to see if they develop a specific disease sometimes called incidence studies tracking the frequency of new cases (newly diagnosed) of a disease carried out over a long period of time (longitudinal) and prospective (future-orientated)

What happens to collagen & elastin with heat?

collagen- hydrolyzed to gelatin, becomes tender elastin- resistant to heat, little change with cooking

Prep step in interviewig

collect background info (age, wt, ht, diet hx) establish objectives for collecting info during interview Clearly definition the purpose and goals of the interview. BEFORE **

Acetyl coA

comes from pyruvate acid (CHO), oxidation of FA, and degradation of carbon skeleton of certain AA Acetyl coA is the intermediate breakdown product of CHO, protein, and fat fatty acids enter as a 2 carbon fragment

Physical

comfortable temp lighting chairs maintains eye contact ** free from outside noise

shortened cake

comparatively rich amount of fat; uses chemical leavening layer cake: baking powder pound cake: air and steam rich cake: increased fat, sugar, and egg (increasing keeping quality) gold cake: egg yolks yellow cake: whole egg white cake: egg whites

Correlation studies or ecological studies

compare frequency of events (or disease rates) in different populations with the per capita consumption of certain dietary factors (correlation between fish consumption and breast cancer)

choline: properties

component of lecithin

sulfur: functions

component of organic molecules

What does the pH scale measure?

concentration of hydrogen ions

What is an abstract?

condensation of final report purpose of study, questions asked, scope and method, summary of conclusions

Reliability

consistency or reproducibility of the test results test, then retest later; are the results similiar?

What is the role of the kidneys in acid-base balance?

controls bicarbonate (base) regulate hydrogen ion secretion and bicarbonate resorption (if level of carbonic acid rises, kidneys do this) - if kidneys retain bicarbonate, level of base increases - if kidneys excrete excess bicarbonate, level of base decreases

How to prevent stringy, curdled-looking cheese products?

cook for short time @ moderate temp

selenium: properties

cooperates with vitamin E, trace mineral

What vegetables contain sugars?

corn & peas

What is the most common starch?

corn starch

% moisture content of cheese high to low

cottage (79) cream mozzarella (45-55) camembert bleu Swiss cheddar gorgonzola parmesan (31)

To prevent a film from forming:

cover or beat the milk to produce a foam

Child Nutrition Reauthorization

covers NSLP (National School Lunch Program), SBP (School Breakfast Program), CACFP (Child and Adult Care Food Program), SFSP (Summer Food Service Program), SMP (Special Milk program), WIC (Women Infants Children)

The Farm bill

covers national and international nutrition education, research, funding

method of mixing cakes

cream fat with sugar, add egg, add sifted dry ingredients in portions, alternating with portions of milk

What are the types of candies?

crystalline sugar noncrystalline sugar

Clients change talk

cts verbalize their reasons that favor the targets behavior change I want to lose weight to feel better

What are the properties of B12?

cyanocobalamin contains cobalt bound by intrinsic factor in gastric juice

What is sulfur found in?

cysteine, cystine, and methionine

Numerical discrete

data with numbers (number of clinic visits)

What is the preparation stage?

decides to change and plans to change "I bought a cookbook on low salt cooking."

Causes of metabolic acidosis

decrease in base: kidneys excrete excess base, diarrhea, uremia increase in H+: uncontrolled diabetes, starvation, high fat or low CHO diet, increased hydrogen production or retention by kidneys

Adding bran to a bread recipe will:

decrease in volume bran is heavy, weighing down the structure increase flour and liquid to compensate

What is constipation caused by in elderly people?

decreased gastric motility decreased HCL secretion in stomach

What is dehydration?

decreased water intake, excessive water output. heavy solute load

Baking at high altitudes

decreases pressure causes gases to expand faster; steam forms faster decrease baking powder, increase liquid; this is used to correct the fact that expansion may be excessive before the oven heat has a chance to coagulate the protein and galantine the starch enough to make a stable structure longer cooking time is required because the temp of boiling water is lower at very high elevations

What are incomplete proteins?

deficient in one or more essential amino acids

What is hypernatremia associated with?

dehydration

What is a sunken fontanel may be due to?

dehydration protein malnutrition

Fluoride: deficiency

dental caries

descriptive research

describes the state of nature @ a point in time generates hypotheses regarding determinants of condition or disease provides baseline data & monitors changes over time *establish associations among factors, but does NOT allow casual relationships to be determined

population of interest

describing the group about which the observations are made

How should problems be discussed?

descriptively rather than evaluatively (do not be judgemental because that puts clients on defense)

summative evaluation

designed at planning stage but conducted at end consider final purpose; purpose may be grading or evaluation of progress did we achieved what we planned? impact? outcome? example: post test (have client perform a task with new information) quantitive approaches to appraise results, outcomes, or quality

Weight for length/stature

detects short term changes in nutritional status identifies over or under nutrition, or within normal limits used to distinguish between stunting & wasting <5th may reflect acute illness or wasting >95th overnutrition

what is the health belief model?

developed to explain why people, especially high risk people, fail to participate in programs designed to detect or prevent disease a person must perceive severity and their susceptibility to the threat for the threat to be a behavior factor

What are other terms for thermic effect of food?

diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), or the calorigenic effect of food (about 10% of total energy expenditure)

What is added to quick-cooking cereals?

disodium phosphate avoid on low sodium diets **enzyme treated for quicker cooking means the proteins have been split to cook quicker

What are electrolytes?

dissociate into ions in water, cations (+), anions (-) concentration expressed in milliequivalent

What are other means of controlling crystal size?

dissolve all sugar allow no dust particles to remain on surface during cooling cool until viscous before agitation continuous agitation

What is = to the standard deviation?

distance between the mean and the point of inflection on either side

documentation, orientation, and training

documentation of employee education and training is ESSENTIAL uses orientation checklist; note date and content of training (example: in service programs, continuing EDUs)

nonparametric test

does not depend on a normal distribution

Uses of starch in food prep

dry heat moist heat white sauces

What is broiling?

dry heat--form of radiated heat

how to cook fish

dry or moist heat more perishable than meat so store @ lower temp

Why do egg whites beat more easily at room temperature (& yield more volume)?

due to lower surface tension

Secretin

duodenum ; stimulates flow of pancreatic juice (bicarbonate) and water into duodenum inhibits gastric acid secretion

Crossover design study RCT

each participant serves as his own control

reimbursement for tele-health services

each payer determines the current procedural terminology (CPT) codes they will recognize for reimbursement

Probability (sampling)

each segment of the population will be represented in the sample - selects units from a much larger pop - uses randomization (select a sample from the whole pop so the characteristics of each of the units approximates the characteristics of the whole population)

two period crossover design RCT

each would receive either intervention or control (A or B) in the first period, and the alternate treatment (A or B) in the second period

Black Cohosh

ease menopause symptoms may cause clotting

What are examples of written communication?

email text posters handouts phamplets

additional communication principles

empathetic instead of neutral- put yourself in the person's shoes (allows you to respond without giving advice, focus instead on their-need to talk and express feelings/concerns) problem-orientated instead of manipulative: be straight forward and authentic establish rapport: encourage ct to express fears & concerns about impeding changes motivation eases transition to new behaviors; key to success and support place emphasis on learner's perception of tasks to be accomplished

What are examples of additives?

emulsifiers sorbitol stabilizers/thickeners anti-caking nitrites mold inhibitor antioxidants flavor enhancers

What is positive reinforcement?

encourages repetition of given behavior; should be specific and immediate, meaningful attention from superiors

Fat metabolism

end products of fat digestion: monoglycerides, diglycerides, glycerol, FA absorbed directly into portal blood: glycerol (water soluble), short chained FA (< 12 carbons), some phospholipids monoglycerides, diglycerides, long chained FA combine with help of bile salts (acting as wetting agents) to form micelles; bound to protein to form lipoproteins (chylomicron); penetrate intestinal mucosa, travel through lymph, into the thoracic duct into the blood (fat enters the blood like this)

What is RMR (resting metabolic rate)?

energy expenditure measured under similar conditions, after a short rest and controlled intake of caffeine, alcohol, and food more frequently measured than BMR; greater than BMR by 10-20% Mifflin St Jeor predicts within 10% of direct calorimetry (use with normal wt and obese individuals)

What does PBI measure?

energy metabolism and level of thyroxine produced *NOT a nutritional assessment parameter

What is TEF?

energy needed to digest, absorb, metabolize and store your food greater after consumption of CHO and protein than after fat

What is the function of B2?

energy release from protein red cell production

What are coenzymes?

enzyme activators; will bind to the active site of an enzyme and aids in substrate recruitment includes some vitamins (B vitamins)

proteolytic enzymes

enzymes that break down proteins tenderizes meat blend of papaya and salt

Yohimbe

erectile dysfunction elevated BP

What accelerates the ripening of fruits during storage?

ethylene gas chemical changes are d/t enzymes starch -> sugar

what to avoid during pregnancy

excess intake of preformed vit A (supplements > 5000 IU) shark, swordfish, king, mackerel limit albacore, raw fish

What causes fallen center in cake?

excess sugar, excess fat, excess baking powder, inadequate mixing, oven temp too low, open door during early baking

Porous Shell (Eggs)

exchanges moisture and gases; covered with bloom that prevents excessive loss and protects contents

What does aldosterone increase?

excretion of potassium

Effect of protein

exerts colloidal osmotic pressure within blood vessels which holds water inside

Albumin

exerts pressure on blood vessel wall that keeps water within. When albumin drops, the pressure drops, causing fluid to leak out. Water moves from extracellular (plasma) to interstitial space (between & around cells). Low serum protein leads to edema and ascites.

Leavening agent: steam

expands the hollow shell formed by flour & egg hot oven is required to raise liquid to boiling pt

Leavening agent: air

expands when heated before proteins coagulate and retain it beat, sift, fold, cream (how to incorporate)

Types of analytical research

experimental model, quasi experimental design, cohort studies, case control studies, cross sectional studies

Anasarca

extreme, generalized edema and widespread swelling of skin due to effusion of fluid into extracellular space. associated with heart, liver, renal failure, and extreme protein/calorie malnutrition

most at risk pregnancy

failure to gain 4 lb. per month in the last half of pregnancy; <16 or >35 years old; <12 months between pregnancies *most at risk are teen pregnancies (needs extra iron, ca, zinc)

During low- to moderate-intensity aerobic activity (long duration, steady pace), what is a significant energy source?

fat

choline: sources

fat in eggs, milk, liver, soybeans

trans fatty acids

fatty acids with hydrogens on opposite sides of the double bond pack as tightly as SFA in membrane; intake can influence membrane fluidity and could be harmful to cell function

Hypothesis should be FINER

feasible, interesting, novel or innovative, ethical and relevant consider PICO format (population, intervention/exposure, comparison, and outcome)

How does milk have vitamin D?

feeding the cow vitamin D adding the vitamin irradiating the milk

What is yogurt?

fermentation of milk sugars by lactic acid bacteria; coagulated product

What is kefir?

fermented milk (by Lactobacillus Kefir); adds CO2, about 3% alcohol

Proofing time

final rising of the dough is shortened use strong flour, high in protein (bread flour)

Consonance

fit between the program & expected outcomes based on the objectives

crystalline sugar

fixed orderly pattern of molecules or atoms 1) large crystals - rock candy 2) small crystals - fondant (simple candy, water + sugar), fudge (more ingredients that interfere with crystallization (milk, chocolate, corn syrup))

Nitrites

fixes color, inhibits spores of clostridium botulinum

What are the sources of carbohydrates?

flour cereals Fruits Vegetables Dairy products

What is braising?

flour meat, brown, cover and simmer in liquid; can be done in oven or stove (range top)

What is a pastry?

flour, fat, liquid, salt cut fat into flour and salt, add liquid (mixing method) lard and oil are 100% fat butter and margarine are only 80% (when substituting butter for lard, need to use more)

Osmosis

fluid moves from less to more concentrated side of membrane

Case control study

focus on specific disease those with the disease are compared with a group without the disease, otherwise similar in characteristics both groups recall past behaviors, to study how the group differ

When is the most practical way of measuring energy balance?

following changes in weight

Meta analysis

formal, defined system that combines the results of numerous small studies to increase the strength of belief in the observed effect studies are of similar design, have defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and are published peer-reviewed studies

Types of evaluation

formative and summative

What is the function of Vitamin K?

forms prothrombin in liver: aids blood clotting given pre surgery calcium metabolism

What are the food sources of folate?

fortified dry cereal, liver, kidney, green leafy veggies, citrus fruits, lentils, beans

Cholesterol

found in all cells, important in cell structure, some absorbed with bile salts; most absorbed with cholesterol esterase; converted into cholesterol esters, excreted by liver as bile

What is retrogradation accelerated by?

freezing when starch is thawed, water is lost because it is unable to rebind to the fragile spongy mass prepare frozen products with starch or flour from a waxy cereal (waxy corn/rice/sourgum)

What is the sweetest sugar?

fructose

order of sweetness

fructose invert sugar sucrose glucose sorbitol mannitol galactose maltose lactose Friends Invite Sophia Scattaglia Gladly Since Makes Good Milk Lattes *sorbitol is SLIGHTLY less sweet than glucose

What is a compote?

fruit cooked in syrup

What in fruit causes it to brown when cut?

fruits low in ascorbic acid - d/t enzymatic action to prevent this, dip skin in acid to prevent enzymatic oxidation, add sugar before freezing, heat to boiling

What are examples of dry heat cooking for meat?

frying grilling broiling roasting

The Older Americans Act

funds nutrition programs in the community and those that are homebound

Where is bile stored?

gallbladder

What is amylose responsible for?

gelatin in cooled, cooked pasta straight chain

What does gluten do in baked flours?

gives elastic properties forms framework holds leavening agent

What is the placebo effect?

gives the aura but does not have the substance of a service, removing the possibility of a Hawthorne effect (positive response d/t attention that participants receive)

What is gluten made from?

gliadin and glutenin through process of hydration and mixing

Catabolism hormones

glucocorticoids stimulate gluconeogenesis (release glucose from protein)

What is sugar in honey?

glucose & fructose

What is sucrose?

glucose + fructose

What is lactose?

glucose + galactose

What is maltose?

glucose + glucose

What is starch?

glucose chains, 50% of CHO intake; most significant polysaccharide in human nutrition

glucose to glucose-6-phosphate

glucose combines with phos in presence of MAG

What are the types of monosaccharides?

glucose, fructose, galactose

What is found in young veggies that can give it flavor?

glutamic acid; used in form of salt Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the sodium salt of the common amino acid glutamic acid.

What does liver store?

glycogen synthesizes glucose

Iodine deficiency

goiter

Wheat flours

graham, wheat flour - entire grain, use freshly ground (spoils quickly d/t fat in germ) bread (hard wheat), strong gluten all purpose (blend of hard and soft wheat) - less gluten (10.5% protein) pastry (soft)- weaker gluten, 7.9% cake (soft)- 7.5% protein

What are the food sources of Vitamin B1?

grains wheat germ pork liver

conventional foods examples

grape juice & red wine- resveratrol (reduces platelet aggregation) omega 3 FA in fatty fish: reduce TG levels tomatoes: lycopene (reduce prostate cancer risk)

What happens when custards are made from dehydrated eggs?

grayer and less yellow custards eggy flavor watery

public zone of personal space

greater than 12'

American Academy of Pediatrics

growth charts to assess children with Down Syndrome no longer reflect population and should not be used

What does Vitamin B2 deficiency cause?

growth failure cheilosis - cracked lips angular stomatitis - mouth, corner cracks, sore throat magenta throat

Lipolysis hormones

growth hormones and glucagon glucocorticoids, thyroxine, epinephrine, ACTH - increase rate of fat metabolism

When substituting sweet and low for sugar, how much to use?

half as much

Examples of non-crystallization sugar

hard candies brittles chewy candy gummy candy sour-balls peanut brittle taffy caramel marshmallows

Quorum

has proposed quality standards for the review & monitoring of randomized trails (meta analysis and systematic review)

What affects the stability of swollen starch granules in a paste?

heat acid agitation

To prevent milk from coating on sides of pan:

heat over water

What is simmering?

heat to 170-185 in water with bubbles

What is steaming?

heating over, not in, water

motivational interviewing

helps clients recognize and begin to resolve their concerns and problems client centered method for enhancing intrinsic motivation, guides rather than directs does not give advice to client

What increases as fruits and vegetables age?

hemicellulose lignin

copper: function

hemoglobin synthesis, aids iron absorption

What does Vitamin E deficiency cause?

hemolytic anemia

What does Vitamin K deficiency cause?

hemorrhage affected by: mineral oil antibiotics, anticoagulants **those that are on blood thinners should not change vitamin K food intake

What does the color of the yolk & type of pigment depend on?

hen's diet

What two ducts join together?

hepatic from liver cystic from gallbladder

homogenized milk

high pressure breaks the fat globules in 1/5 regular size film of pro surrounds each globule more susceptible to action of lipase (enzyme that breaks down fat) BUT pasteurization destroys lipase

Which type of starch does retrogradation occur in?

high proportion of amylose

What is yeast dough?

high protein bread flour (low protein bread flour causes crumble products w/ poor texture) yeast ferments sugar and releases CO2

What is vacuum brewed?

higher temps than recommended

What does the method of teaching help learners master?

higher-level cognitive objectives

Post-mortem changes and aging

hold in cold storage to age and ripen (10 days) aging increases tenderness changes in muscle protein brought by enzymes which increases the water-holding capacity of the muscle acid (vinegar) and salt increases tenderness by increasing water-holding capacity of muscle physical activity of animal will NOT increase tenderness vacuum-packing meat in an oxygen-impermeable film, stored unfrozen at 0'C is anaerobic- extends storage life of meat***

Glucagon-like peptide 1

hormone glucose-dependent insulin tropic polypeptide (GIP), released from intestine in presence of glucose & fat, stimulates insulin synthesis and release

Paralinguistics

how a client's message is delivered hesitations, stuttering (sensitivity, anxiety) whispering (difficulty in disclosing)

What is the diffusion of innovation?

how an innovation, idea, or behavior spreads

Composition of human milk vs. cows milk

human cows %PRO 7 20 %CHO 38 30 %FAT 55 50

Lactation: human milk

human milk 20 kcal/ounce

What do liquids do in flour mix?

hydrate gluten and starts the development starts action of chemical leavening agent dissolves salt & sugar gelantinizes the starch

Vitamin D- factors that aid absorption

hydroxylated in liver, then in kidney; needs bile salts, acidity of chime; accompanies Ca, P absorption

What does sugar do in baked goods?

hygroscopic: modifies texture by tenderizing -softens gluten and prevents gluten development by absorbing some of the water that gluten needs too much sugar results in course cells, thick walls, a shiny crust and a crumbly product

What does calcium deficiency lead to?

hypocalcemia leads to tetany (irregular muscle contractions)

What does the research question lead to?

hypothesis

When is sensitivity and specificity used?

if protocol involves screening for a particular condition evaluates the cut off value being used

What makes an experimental model program successful?

if the experimental group improves more than the control group

Median

if there is an odd # of #s, then the # in the exact middle will be the median. if there is an even # of #s, then take the average of the two numbers closest to the center as the median.

B12- factors that aid absorption

ileum stomach secretions (HCL, IF)

What is mellorine?

imitation ice cream butterfat is replaced by hydrogenated vegetable oil

Ginseng ****

immunity, endurance can lead to HBP & avoid with warfarin, may decrease BS

Glycolysis

in cytoplasm purpose: to produce pyruvate for the Kreb's cycle by breaking down glucose, with or without oxygen, into pyruvate or lactase

scutellum

in germ; has most of the thiamin

What are the properties of myo-inositol?

in plants as phytic acid related to sugar contains phosphorus like factor

Ketosis - abnormal fat metabolism

inadequate CHO (starvation, uncontrolled diabetes) results in incomplete fat oxidation and building of ketones

Wha happens when there is unmodified cow's milk in formula?

inappropriate tough hard curd hard to digest increased renal solute load

Gelatin nutrition

incomplete protein - no tryptophan low in methionine and lysine

What are the causes of metabolic alkalosis?

increase in base: abnormal retention of base, increased ingestion of alkali diuretics, vomiting - loss of stomach acid decrease in acid: loss of acid, diuretics, loss of chloride

What is the goal of motivational interviewing?

increase motivation so that clients are able to express the rationale for the changes that need to be made *people make behavioral changes only when they are ready to change

What does cooking at high temperature do for meat?

increase shrinkage and toughens

standard deviation

indicates degree of dispersion about the mean value of a distribution square root of the sum of the squared deviations of each value from the mean, divided by the # of observations curve of a normal distribution as it falls away from its peak on either side slope is convex (bulging outword)

Early majority

individuals who adopt a new product just prior to the average person cautious about a new idea

examples of phytochemicals

indoles (cruciferous vegetables- sulfur; detox of carcinogens) isoflavones (soybeans- lower elevated cholesterol)

Feedback

info client gives back to you as a you are discussing and questioning; lets you know what he knows and what he understands about what you are saying

What is the Congressional Record?

information from floor, NO HEARINGS lists bill w/ sponsors and action, issued daily when congress is in session

What does crumb structure depend on?

ingredients procedure used pan shape & size temp time elapsed before baking

What is farina?

inner portion of wheat kernel

Lipogenesis hormone

insulin

chromium: deficiency

insulin resistance

Hormones that control blood glucose levels

insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone

Discussion

interpretation of results, comparison with other studies; may be combined with results discussing the results addresses: research question, objective and hypothesis; places results in context of existing science; implications for future research or clinical practice, limitations and strengths

Water

intracellular (within cells) ICW extracellular (plasma, lymph, interstitial or intercellular) ECW serves as a medium for cell metabolism

What is the aim of CBT?

introduce changes in the cognitive or thought process that maintain a behavior that needs to be changed

Iodine: food sources

iodized salt, seafood

Infants and adolescents have higher prevalence of what?

iron deficiency

Why does the interior of meat change from pink to brown/grey?

iron is oxidized heat denatures globin

What are the symptoms of lead poisoning?

irritability, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, anemia

How can you tell if an egg is fresh?

it will sink to the bottom floats: there is more space inside; porous with age

When is most digestion complete? What nutrients are absorbed?

jejunum; AA, FA, glycerol, simple sugars, minerals, vitamins

Hypothalamus

key brain structure involved in the control of food and energy intake *Serotonin, leptin, ghrelin

acidosis (metabolic)

kidneys either produce or retain too much hydrogen (d/t ketosis or renal failure) leading to an increase in production of carbonic acid; or the kidneys may excrete too much base to compensate: respiration increases to remove excess carbon dioxide to decreases carbonic acid

Examples of non-verbal communication include:

kinesics paralinguistic proxemics

What are the components of diffusion of innovation?

knowledge persuasion decision confirmation

What is the end product of anaerobic glycolsis?

lactate

In custards, the ___the % sag, the more tender the gel.

larger sag- the bend if overcooked, it will not sag it will crack

What is avoidance learning?

learn to escape from unpleasant consequences avoid future criticism by improving future performance

What do standard grades have?

least marbling prime the most

How to enhance flakiness in pie crust

leaving fat in coarse pieces fat in pieces melts and flows, leaving a hole where steam collects and pushes upwards against the upper surface of the resulting cell; cell is locked into that extended position

Why do older adults have lower BMR?

less activity, less LBM, more body fat

What does fish have less of and more of than meat?

less calories and less fat more moisture

How much fat does skim milk have?

less than .5%

extremely low birth weight

less than 1000 g

very low birth weight

less than 3.3 lbs (1500 g)

Diet requirements for fat

less than 30% of calories

What are the branched amino acids?

leucine, isoleucine, valine

histamine toxicity

linked to inadequate refrigeration of tuna, mackerel, mahimahi

what is needed for the development of the fetal nervous system?

linolenic acid 1.4 g/d (during pregnancy) 1.3 g/d (during lactation)

Pancreas: Fat breakdown

lipase (TAG -> FFA, glycerol) cholesterolesterase (cholesterol -> cholesterol esters) phospholipase (phospholipids -> FFA, lysolecithin)

Fat

lipid insoluble in water carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Where is bile produced?

liver

What are the food sources of biotin?

liver kidney egg yolk yeast

What are the food sources of B2?

liver kidney meat milk (destroyed by UV light, milk stored in opaque)

What are the food sources of B12?

liver, meat, milk, kidney, eggs, fish, cheese animal products

What happens when eggs are held in fridge for too long?

loss of CO2 makes eggs more alkaline whites become watery yolks flatten

alkalosis (respiratory)

loss of carbonic acid (increased ventilation) to compensate: kidneys will excrete additional base

alkalosis (metabolic)

loss of hydrogen due to loss of acid; or an increased retention of base to compensate: ventilation decreases to retain carbon dioxide to make carbonic acid

Sarcopenia

loss of muscle mass during age

Gelatin

low in Met (met is missing in veggies), Lys NO tryptophan

Legumes

low in Met, Cystine, and Trp

Soybeans

low in methionine; soy protein is equivalent in protein to animal protein

What promotes excess food intake?

low leptin high ghrelin

Where does most digestion of the stomach occur?

lower (pyloric) region *upper portion holds the bulk of the food to be digested

What is the role of the lungs in acid-base balance?

lungs control supply of carbonic acid (carbon dioxide and water) amount is altered by depth of breathing (hypoventilation - retention of acid, hyperventilation - loss of acid)

What contributes to red color in tomatoes and watermelon?

lycopenes (antioxidant)

What does B12 deficiency cause?

macrocytic, megoblastic anemia pernicious anemia- after gastrectomy or removal of ileum due to lack of intrinsic factor **pure deficiency is rare

formative evaluation

made early or during course of education, can change direction helps pinpoint what is mastered and what is not, allowing for revision of plans and methods to improve progress client must be involved; focus group, pre-test, pilot test (feedback from these will guide the rest of the educational process) qualitative with data collections by observation or interviews

Oxalacetate

main CHO fuel - formed from pyruvic acid and some AAs - reacts with acetly coA to form citric acid which starts the cycle *If there is not enough oxalacetic acid coming in from CHO to maintain the cycle efficiently, acetyl coA coming in from fat cannot be handled properly and is diverted to form ketone bodies

What is pyruvate?

main substrate for energy production within the Kreb's cycle

Chemical or enzymatic activity happens where?

mainly in small intestine

HIPPA

maintains privacy of PHI (protected health info) ~ patients' rights to their own health information, privacy, & confidentiality ~ patient must be notified if their medical information is to be stored outside of the care process, or protected information (address, email, income) is shared

evaluative response

makes judgement about persons feelings or implies how he should feel leads to offering advice, not problem solving non helpful "If you eat too much ice cream, I suggest you stop buying ice cream"

cobalt: functions

maturation of red blood cells

What is grading based on?

maturity of animal, marbling of fat, color and texture of lean

Judiciary

may discard law if it is considered a violation of a person's basic rights of freedom

Legislative Branch

may introduce and enact law and can override a veto by the executive branch congress senators reps

Garlic**

may lower cholesterol and blood pressure reduces clotting time; avoid use with warfarin

Reassuring response

may make it difficult to solve the client's problems or discuss it further suggests the problem does not exist client is prevented from working through feelings little attempt is made to understand the needs of the client "Do not worry about making changes, it just takes time"

Executive Branch

may veto legislation or sign it into a law president

What is a food emulsion stabilized by egg yolk?

mayo

mEq equation

meQ= (mg/atomic weight) valence *look @ examples

continuous scores

measured on a continuous scale

What is direct calorimetry?

measurement of heat produced in respiration chamber (limited usefulness)

What is indirect calorimetry?

measures oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide excreted using a portable machine practical way of measuring which nutrients are being used for energy and determining caloric needs useful with athletes and burns

How to compare egg white foams?

measuring specific gravity measures the relative density of a substance in relation to that of water wt of given volume/wt of the same volume of water

What are potassium food sources?

meat fruits veggies banan orange tomato potato cantaloupe

What determines the method of cooking for meat?

meat cuts

What does the Wholesome Act of 1967 assure?

meat was healthy @ time of slaughter and is fit for human consumption shown with "USDA inspected and passed" grading by USDA @ slaughter

sulfur: sources

meat, fish, eggs, poultry

Zinc: Food sources

meat, liver, eggs, fish phytates and copper decrease absorption

What are the food sources of phosphorus?

meat, milk, poultry, eggs, fish, cheese *animal proteins are the best source

What are protein soures?

meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, legume

what are the sources of B6?

meat, wheat, corn, yeast, pork, liver, ready to eat cereals

What does folate deficiency cause?

megaloblastic anemia macrocytic anemia diarrhea fatigue irritability dyspnea

White sauces

melt fat, add flour (roux- half fat and half flour) remove from heat, add liquid at 170-180F add salt (and an acid once it is cooked) if a product is starchy tasting & graining, it is due to uncooked flour

failure related to renal system

metabolic

What is the function of Niacin?

metabolism of CHO, protein, fat

What is cysteine synthesized from?

methionine

focus group

method of attaining information about a target group; small group who talks about beliefs, opinions, problems; contributes attitudinal data

examples of trans fatty acids

milk fat (4-8%), margarines shortening frying fats *as a product of partial hydrogenation of PUFA

How should you cook cabbage?

minimize the development of a strong flavor by cooking for short period of time with lid off initially (to let acids escape) with a large amount of water

basal energy expenditure

minimum amount of energy needed at rest in fasting (amt needed to carry out involuntary work of the body, activity of internal organs, internal temperature) affected by extremes in environmental temperatures (tropical climate 5-20% increase)

Where is the TCA cycle (tricarbonxylic acid), Kreb's cycle, citric acid cycle located?

mitochondria

how to prevent lumps in moist heating

mix starch with fat, sugar, or cold liquid

What happens to acidic chyme in the duodenum?

mixes with fluids and bicarb ions (from pancreas) which netralize the acid

What is a buffer?

mixture of acid and base components to protect against a strong acid or strong base carbonic acid (H2CO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

What is MAP?

modified atmosphere packaging

What are cookies?

modified shortened cake; higher in fat, lower in sugar and liquid

What are the types of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Written communication

more formal and authoritative interpreted more accurately; used when record is required

Oral communication

more personal, encourages two way communication

Why is egg yolk a better emulsion than egg white?

more protein (by wt) yolk is naturally occurring oil in water emulsion (lecithin- fat in yolk, helps it act as an emulsifier) Lipoproteins help w/ emulsion by interacting @ surface of the oil droplets to form a layer

Why do pastry and cake flour thicken better?

more starch and less gluten

What are the properties of calcium?

most abundant mineral regulated by PTH vitamin D, acid, and lactose aid absorption calcitonin lowers serum calcium by inhibiting bone resorption **NOTE

Properties of Vitamin C

most easily destroyed, structure like glucose antioxidant needs acid pH destroyed by heat, alkaline pH, oxidation

Magnesium: Food sources

most foods, milk, bread

Active transport

most nutrients: glucose, AA, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe sodium pump: uphill pumping from lower to higher concentration, across a membrane against an energy gradient; needs energy from ATP more into epithelial cell of small intestine against concentration gradient; need carrier and source of energy

Examples of quick breads

muffins, biscuits, popovers

What does Biotin deficiency cause?

muscle pain dermatitis

Confidentiality

must be respected

selenium: deficiency

myalgia, cardiomyopathy

What is the structure of meat, poultry, and fish?

myofibrils: muscle composed of bunch of fibers connective tissue that holds fibers in bundles: - collagen (structural part of tendon that surrounds muscle) - elastin (found in ligaments & cartilage, yellow) fat - deposited around organs, muscles, in muscles (marbling) finish- amount of fat covering the carcass

What is the main contributor to meat color?

myoglobin

Symptoms involved with diarrhea:

nausea dizziness sunken eyes fever hyperventilation excessive sweating concentrated urine dry inelastic skin increase in solutes (BUN) tachycardia

Deficiencies caused by Vitamin A

night blindness, nyctalopia, is reversible (detected using dark adaptation tests) xerophthalmia - corneal damage, NOT reversible (cornea becomes dry and inflamed) Bitot's spots on conjunctiva Dry & scaly skin (hyperkeratosis)

Do fatty acids and muscle glycogen contribute to the body's supply of glucose?

no

do creatinine supplements enhance endurance athletes?

no not helpful for marathon runner, soccer player

What is r=0?

no linear relationship

What is a null hypothesis?

no relationship in population of data, meaning that any difference is result of sampling error; often has "equal to" expressed Ex: Men with high intakes of Vit A and C have the same rates of cancer than do men with low intakes of Vit A and C

What is dry heat cooking (meat)?

no water needed for tender cuts near backbone (loin, sirloin)

non-probability sampling

no way of forecasting that each element in the population will be represented in the sample convenience or accidental: take units as they arrive to the scene; no attempt to control bias quota: select units in the same ratio as they are found in the general population

Fruit juice, whole milk, and lowfat/nonfat milk for infants

no whole cow's milk for first year of life no juice until age 1 (limit to 4 ounces each day up to age 6) no lowfat or nonfat milk during first 2 years of life

Is carotenoid soluble in water?

no- insoluble

Is chlorophyll soluble in water?

no- insoluble

What is pectin?

non-digestible thickening quality; fruits Base for jelly

How much fat in dried skim milk?

not more than 1.5% keeps well condense skim milk - spraying into a heated vacuum chamber

What is the Federal Register?

notices of public hearings, proposed and final rules, agency decisions, published weekly lists changes in USDA food programs **

Examples of formal ways to evaluate strategies once objectives are established

objective test performance test

ordinal scale (rank roder)

observations compared with each other & put in order (best to worst, state of disease from 1 to 4)

Qualitative Research

often precedes other research ~ purpose is to explore a phenomenon of interest as a prelude to theory development (what specific dimensions are associated with being an effective counselor) ~ generates narrative data (rather than numerical or numbers), collected through interviews, observations, questionnaires; may use focus group

examples of monounsaturated fats

olive, canola, peanut, sunflower, coconut (MCT source). only cam practices stupid communication

linoleic acid

omega 6 lack creates eczema, poor growth rate, petechiae (red, purple skin spots)

Understanding response

one of the best ways to respond try to recreate the persons message in your own frame of reference; may lead to more client cooperation; helps client feel accepted and safe in expressing their feelings You seem to be saying that you are feeling..

Unsaturated fatty acids

one or more double bonds one double bond: monounsaturated two or more double bonds: polyunsaturated

cross-sectional study

one time data collection counting all of the cases of a specific disease among a group of people @ a particular time ***snapshot look @ one point in time; describes current NOT past or future events

Which veggies contain sulfur?

onions cabbage when cut, enzymes & sulfur are mixed

dichotomous score

only 2 events are possibly (heads and tails)

Psychological

openness, encourage questions, informal, supportive

What is crispness due to?

osmotic pressure of water-filled vacuoles

Sources of myo-inositol?

outer husks of cereal grains, leafy green vegetables

What is Bloom's Taxonomy?

outlines the objectives for the hierarchy of learning and states that objectives at the lower level must be mastered before you an move onto the higher level objectives is the level of learning appropriate based on the group's prior learning and present ability?

What is hyponatremia associated with?

over hydration

Lipolysis

oxidation forms acetyl CoA which enters TCA

What is the function of B1?

oxidation of CHO increasing CHO increases the need of B1 metabolism of pyruvate

What moves milk through ducts?

oxytocin

Deficiency: Iron

pale tongue fatigue anemia spoon-shaped nails pale conjunctivae (mucous membranes lining eyelid)

What are vitamins needed for energy production?

pantothenic acid thiamin riboflavin niacin

Listening response: active or reflective listening

paraphrase or repeat back what was just said 1) focus on thoughts and feelings of others rather than on their own personal reactions 2) involves absorbing what is being said and responding to the persons concerns

What are the glands in the mouth that secrete saliva?

parotid submaxillary sublingual

Parallel design RCT

participants are randomly assigned to a particular treatment group and remain on that treatment throughout the study

Stabilizers and thickeners

pectin, cellulose, gelatin, gum, agar carrageenan - prevents chocolate from sedimenting in fat free; fat is used to enhance mouthfeel in reduced-fat foods

Pepsinogen & Pepsin in stomach

pepsinogen + HCL of stomach -> pepsin pepsin acts on protein -> proteose, peptones

What are the components of the health belief model?

perceived susceptibility: obesity puts me at risk for heart disease? perceived impact: heart disease will impede my ability to work perceived advantage of change: greater mobility appraisal of barriers: I do not like to exercise self efficacy: refers to an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments - I can join a gym if I want to

How do you steam a vegetable?

perforated container, covered, over boiling water

When is BMR higher?

periods of growth, pregnancy, lactation, fever (7% increase for each degree in temp), some diseases (i.e. cancer) when exercising

Proxemics

personal space moves away - discomfort moves closer- seeking more interaction sits behind or next to an object - seeks protection

What causes the color changes in potatoes?

phenolic compounds

What are the functions of phosphorus?

phospholipids transport fat through lymph and blood bone, teeth

Riboflavin factors that aid absorption

phosphorus

kinesics

physical communication direct eye contact (attentiveness) lowering eyes, looking away (pre occupied) arms folded across chest (not interested, dislike, avoidance) clenched fists- anxiety or anger, crossing and uncrossing legs- anxiety

Negotiating Techniques

plan strategy in advance (know what you are willing to accept), don't start with the hard issues; be direct, clear, calm, patient and tolerant

At what point does the curve become concave (bulging inward) as slope begins to level off?

point of inflection

what is the most critical barrier to oral communication?

poor listening skills

Listening response: clarification

pose a question after an ambiguous client message; used to make previous message explicit

What are the behavior modification methods?

positive reinforcement avoidance learning extinction

Thickening ability of starches in order of effectiveness

potato waxy corn waxy rice waxy sorghum tapioca wheat

What is physical modification?

pre-gelatinized starch used in instant puddings rehydrated with water, no heating

What happens to whey protein when milk is heated?

precipitates out. on bottom of pan or on surface of milk

What are the properties of niacin?

precursor: tryptophan essential in all cells for energy production and metabolism

Hypothesis

prediction of a relationship 1) often expressed as more than, less than, or not equal to Ex: Men with high intakes of Vit A and C have lower rates of cancer than do men with low intakes of Vit A and C

adjusted age (premature)

premature baby's chronological age minus the # of weeks or months he was born early chronological age - # weeks/months born early = corrected age

Steps of interviewing

preparation, build rapport, collect data, closing

How to instruct

prepare, present, try, follow-up

Altmetrics

presentation of amount of activity from Twitter, Facebook, science blogs, mainstream news and other sources over time

Echinacea & Ephedra

prevent, moderate cold symptoms avoid taking for over 2 months promotes weight loss can cause rapid heart rate, headaches, very likely hazardous

What are the grades of meat?

prime, choice, select, standard

What is candling?

process of grading eggs with light judge the thickness of the white look at the location/condition of yolk NOT included: size or color of the shell

What is decaffeinated coffee?

process using methylene chloride

Leptin

produced by fat cells in response to food intake, induces satiety (surpasses appetite) & enhances energy expenditure

Ghrelin

produced in stomach & intestine stimulates appetite & growth hormone secretion from the pituitary

What is mastication?

produces bolus (mass of masticated food) mechanical*

What hormone develops the placenta during implantation?

progesterone

What stimulates milk production?

prolactin from the pituitary

mold inhibitors

propionate Na benzoate

Sensitivity

proportion of subjects with disease who have a positive test result

Specificity

proportion of subjects without disease who have a negative test (non-afflicated identified as non-afflicated)

Antioxidants as Additives

propyl gallate BHA & BHT (chemical preservation used to prevent lipid oxidation) Vit C alpha tocopherol

Glucocorticoids

protein -> glucose

What is BMR measured by?

protein bound iodine (measures activity of thyroid gland); hormones: thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)

What happens to meat when cooked?

protein coagulates collagen is hydrolyzed to gelatin & softens (tough cuts need to be cooked to well done because they have more collage which needs more time to be softened)

Why is wheat flour less effective than pure wheat starch?

protein content

Elderly needs

protein needs remain the same 1g/kg but calorie needs will decrease - often lack of calcium and iron (decreased absorption due to decrease HCl) - more vulnerable to toxicity of vitamin A (increased liver storage, decreased clearance from blood) - encourage folate rich foods; supplements of B6 and B12 may be needed - diet high in antioxidants may delays development of cataracts fluids 25-30 ml/kg

What are the sources of Niacin?

protein, peanuts, ready-to-eat cereals, chicken, rice, yeast, milk

What do eggs do in baked goods?

provide stability, retains leavening agent, distributes shortening by emulsification, introduces air, adds color and flavors

What are functional foods? + examples

provides more benefits than the basic nutritional benefits 1- conventional foods (whole) 2- modified (fortified, enriched, enhanced) 3- Medical foods 4- special dietary use: GF, weight loss foods

How to offer alternatives?

provisionally rather than dogmatically (commanding) offer options: keep doors open for client to add information

Types of Environments

psychological physical confidentiality

Surimi

purified and frozen minced fish with a preservative, used in analogs, may have egg white or starch added to create desired structure

What is needed for catabolism of protein?

pyridoxine

What are the properties of B6?

pyridoxine INH- isoniazid (B6 antagonist), drug that treats TB and interferes with B6 metabolism

catabolism

pyridoxine is involved - aa not utilized can be degraded for energy

What is the end product of aerobic glycolsis?

pyruvate

subjective

qualitative research asks why & how

types of descriptive research

qualitative, case report, surveys, correlation studies or ecological studies

objective

quantitative research asks how many, how often

Secondary questions

questions that follow up on a previous questions follow up

Neutral questions

questions that give the person being questioned a chance to respond without any influence from the interviewer do not reveal bias

Primary questions

questions that introduce new topics during an interview

PRISMA

randomized control trials - is an evidence-based MINIMUM SET OF ITEMS FOR REPORTING in systematic reviews and meta-analyses focuses on the reporting of reviews evaluating randomized trials but can also be used as a basis for reporting systematic reviews of other types of research (evaluations and interventions)

What is the gold standard of clinical nutrition studies?

randomized controlled trial with comparison placebo control group

What does phosphorus deficiency lead to?

rare

manganese: deficiency

rare

mortality

rate of death

What happens when myoglobin + water?

red -> brown (with further oxidation) -> green (with even more oxidation)

What is extinction?

reducing undesired behavior absence of reinforcement following underside behavior (ignore) if extinction is repeated, behavior will eventually disappear

Adolescents: Learning needs

relate to their interests; consider peer pressure and attitudes towards authority

cobalt: deficiency

related to B12 deficiency

correlation

relationship between two variables

What does the hormone cholecystokinin do?

released from duodenum when fat is released contracts gallbladder to release bile, stimulates pancreas

What does exercise do to alanine?

releases it from muscle protein: it is transport to the liver, deaminated, and converted to glucose. (oxidation of leucine is increases with exercise)

Which energy source is used during prolonged exercise?

reliance on CHO to provide pyruvate for continued lipid oxidation

saw plametto

remedy for enlarged prostate diuretic

double blind study

removes bias from research neither the research nor the subject knows which group is receiving the treatment and which is the placebo

Case report

report of observations on one subject or more than one subject describes quantitatively the experience of a group of cases with a disease or condition in common helps identify variables important to the etiology, care, or outcomes of a particular condition

Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score

represents AA score after correcting for digestibility (egg white, casein 1; soy protein concentrate and tofu 0.99) protein coefficient of digestibility - estimates % of protein in each food category that is actually digested (animal 97%, plant proteins 70-90%)

Ketosis- normal fat metabolism

requires adequate CHO for complete fat oxidation

Survey

research designed to describe and quantify characteristics of a defined population; defined time frame; pinpoints problems

What is cellulose?

resistant to digestive enzyme amylase (starch & glycogen to simple sugars); adds bulk (stimulating peristalsis)

What is good posture a sign of?

respect

failure related to pulmonary system

respiratory

What can happen with ineffective communication?

resulting in incorrect diagnosis and noncompliance with treatment consider the following: ~ assume differences until similarities are proven ~ emphasize description of what is wanted rather than making judgements on how something was said - avoid stereotyping

acidosis (respiratory)

retention of CO2 by lungs (decreased ventilation) to compensate: kidneys will increase absorption of base

What does alpha linolenic acid do?

retinal function & brain development; deficiency results in neurological changes- numbness, blurred vision comes mainly from fish oils (EPA eicosapentaenoic acid, DHA docosahexaenoic acid), walnuts, flaxseeds, canola decreases hepatic production of TAG (inhibits VLDL synthesis); little effect on total cholesterol levels

What is peristalsis?

rhythmic movements of small intestine

What are the properties of B2?

riboflavin lost in UV light

What is wheat gluten enriched with?

riboflavin niacin iron folic acid thiamin

Which vitamins are in meat, poultry, and fish?

riboflavin niacin thiamin copper iron

What does vitamin D deficiency cause?

rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults

What are the characteristics of a good muffin?

round, pebbled top, symmetrical shape, no long, narrow tunnels

What is the most polyunsaturated fatty acid?

safflower

types of polyunsaturated fats

safflower corn soybean cottonseed sunflower palm kernel

Decreasing order of smoke point

safflower 513 soybean, canola, corn palm, peanut, sunflower, sesame olive 375 shortening 365-370 butter 350 **monoglycerides (shortening) have lower smoke points

What is the best source of linoleic acid?

safflower oil

Iron needs

same for boys and girls up to 10

pilot study

scaled down version of the larger investigation; practice implementation, determine whether clinical trial, as planned, is feasible; are goals realistic and attainable? Includes every step in the study, but done on a small test group. Will the study plan work?

What does Vitamin C deficiency cause?

scurvy poor wound-healing bleeding gums ** petechiae

What are the properties of phosphorus?

second most abundant mineral part of DNA, RNA, ATP moves fat in and out of the cell

Calorie increase during pregnancy

second trimester- 340 calorie increase third trimester- 452 calorie increase

Probing response

seeks more info by asking questions may encourage convo attempt to clarify or gain more information as they recall details can you tell me more about that? what do you do next?

What does B6 deficiency lead to?

seizures anemia dermatitis glossitis peripheral neuropathy

What is tryptophan a precursor for?

serotonin and niacin

What is the best assessment parameter for fluid status?

serum sodium

Very poor adults learning needs

short term planners

What are the types of cakes?

shortened cake Foam cake

Mechanisms of absorption

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport

Types of fat

simple, compound, derived

What is percolator?

single container, covered basket with stem; gives stronger and bitter coffee; water is hotter and repeatedly passes through grounds

Late majority

skeptical, adopt an idea only through peer pressure

What is sweet acidophilus milk?

skim milk plus acidophilus bacteria which reduces lactose

What is filled milk?

skim milk, vegetable fat (coconut oil), water; illegal in some states

Function of Vitamin A

skin, vision

Carbohydrate simple sugar sources

small intestine -> liver -> converted to glucose or glycogen

Why is whipping cream better than half and half? (for ice cream)

smoother (smaller crystals)

selenium: food sources

soil, grains, meat, fish, poultry, dairy

Fluoride: food sources

soil, water

Small group discussion

some lecture + interaction beneficial in clinical setting teacher needs to remain in control 3-5 people with similar needs learn from each other

Simple diffusion

some water and electrolytes higher to lower concentration; intestine to blood to lymph

Comfrey

soothe nerves. irreversible liver disease

What are the food sources of Vitamin K?

spinach broccoli kale green, leafy veggies

Deamination

splitting off of NH2 by hydrolysis in liver

What is rancidity?

spoiling of fats through oxidation (uptake of O2 in an unsaturated fatty acid) healthiest plant oils are highly unsaturated (olive oil has more MUS; less susceptible to rancidity than soybean oil which has more PUS)

What are examples of retrogradation?

staling of starch products like bakery goods, separation when gravy thaws, old pudding, stale bread **heat will break bonds holding amylose together

What are polysaccharides?

starch cellulose pectin glycogen dextrin

What happens during storage for potatoes?

starch changes to sugar, making the potatoes sweeter when cooked Cooked to a darker brown (maillard rxn) and are softer in texture Change taste, color & texture

Moist heat on starch

starch granules do not dissolve in water but form a suspension when heated, molecules swell, thicken, become translucent d/t gelatinization when starch is NOT mixed well enough with the cold liquid or is added directly to hot liquid, lumps form which decreased thickening; granules on the outside swell as they take up water (those on the inside remain dry and decrease thickening)

In stomach:

start of proteolysis by protease pepsin and HCL; limited continuation of starch hydrolysis by salivary amylase

morbidity

state of disease

What is an acid's purpose in leavening of an egg white?

stiffens the egg whites by tenderizing the protein and allows it to extend more easily

What does gastrin do?

stimulates gastric secretions and motility

Vitamin A: properties

stored in the liver carotene precursor provitamin (nutrient changed into vitamin) converted in the intestinal mucosal cells

What does interviewing require?

strong listening and verbal communication skills

What are disaccharides?

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Besides acid, what also stabilizes an egg white form?

sugar

What are the ingredients in candies?

sugar water corn syrup or cream of tartar

Genome

sum total of genetic material of an organism

descriptive statistics

summarize and describes aspects of a set of data

Closing part of interview

summarize for client to check accuracy tell client what will be done with information and when he or she will be contacted for teaching

Sources of vitamin D

sunlight, egg yolk, fortified milk

egg yolk

surrounded by vitelline membrane, chalazae are yolk anchors *naturally occurring oil in fat emulsions

What is the maintenance stage?

sustains the change for 6 months or longer "I found a website that helps me plan low sodium meals"

What is gelatinization?

swelling that occurs when starch is heated in water close to the boiling point heat dissolves bonds, water moves in & swells granules

Anabolism

synthesis of more complex substances from simpler ones

Lipogenesis

synthesis, deposition ~ adipose - most active site: FA + glycerol -> TAG needs NADPH from pentose shunt ~ liver - synthesizes fat, but should not store fat to prevent fat accumulation: lipotropic factors (choline) produce lipoproteins which transfer FA out of liver

What are the properties of Vitamin K?

synthesized by bacteria in lower intestinal tract NO toxicity symptoms fat soluble

What are the properties of biotin?

synthesized by intestinal bacteria, inactivated by avidin (protein in raw egg white)

What are behavior modification change strategies?

techniques are based on cause and effect explanation of behavior therapy can focus on the cues, the behavior itself, or the consequences of the behavior

inferential statistics

techniques that allow conclusions to extend beyond an immediate data set; what is the probability that results can be applied to a larger group; what can you infer from the results of your study

Fluoride: function

teeth and bones

Analytical research

tests hypotheses concerning the effects of specific factors of interest and allows casual associations to be determined includes clinical trials, follow-up studies, and case control studies

external validity

tests whether or not a generalization can be made from the study to a larger population

chi square

tests whether or not there is a real difference between categories used with attributes that have more than 2 categories compares the frequency with which we'd expect certain observations to occur with the frequency that actually occurred

internal validity

tests whether the difference between the 2 groups is real

What is TVP?

textured vegetable protein fabricated into simulated meat products can be added into meat to increase servings, lower costs soy protein adds juiciness because of water content

What does the strength of flour refer to?

the ability of the flour to retain leavening; depends on the quality of the gluten

What is food synergy?

the additive influence of foods and constituents which, when eaten, have a beneficial effect on health

What is energy?

the capacity to do work

range

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

What is synergy?

the groups product is better than what the most resourceful individual could have done alone

Laggards

the last adopters, who distrust new products

Levels of Significance p value

the lower the p value, the higher the significance of your results p ≤ 0.05 significant difference (reliable) p< 0.01 very significant difference (more reliable results) p < 0.001 very very significant, reliable results p > 0.05 not veery significant difference, not reliable results *most will not accept result as statistically significant unless p<0.05 **the smaller the p value, the higher is your confidence that the effect you observed is real

carbohydrate loading (glycogen loading)

the method used by athletes to increase the stores of muscle glycogen, allowing more sustained aerobic exercise stores 2-3 more times normal amount of muscle glycogen

Hydrogenation

the process of adding hydrogen (@double bond) to unsaturated fatty acids to increase saturation and stability Trans FA and Cis FA

What is cellular oxidation?

the process of how the body makes energy

What is the method of instruction based on?

the size of the group & the educational and motivational aspects of the group's members

What is turgor?

the state of turgidity and resulting rigidity of cells or tissues, typically due to the absorption of fluid.

Substrate

the substance upon which an enzyme works

Transamination

the transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a keto acid, producing a new nonessential amino acid and a new keto acid

Why should you wash berries and mushrooms right before serving?

they absorb water and can become mushy

What does alpha ketoglutaric acid need for decarboxylation?

thiamin

nutrition value of grains

thiamin riboflavin K vitamin e (in germ)

What are the properties of B1?

thiamin water soluble lost as temp or pH rises heat stable in acid

What is required for pyruvate to become acetyl coA?

thiamin (TDP) niacin (NAD) riboflavin (FAD) pantothenic acid (coA) magnesium lipoic acid

What is a souffle?

thick white sauce

What is a coulis?

thin puree of fruit or vegetable sugar + water are used in sauce

What is the contemplation stage?

thinking about change in near future "I was looking at the salt content in the foods I have at home." "I want to but...."

What is a dripolator?

three separate compartments; add boiling water to top and let drip through; brief contact with grounds; free of bitterness

quasi-experiment

time series series of measurements @ periodic intervals BEFORE the program begins and AFTER the program ends shows whether measurements before and after the program are a continuation of previous patterns or whether they indicate a noteworthy change

Why should you cover the pan when boiling fruits and vegetables?

to contain nutrients **except with acidic veggies- needs more time/water, NO lid

What is the role of sugar in gelatinization?

to reduce viscosity, decrease gel strength, and increase translucency competes with starch for water needed for gelatinization consistency will be thin if too much sugar is used; water needed to dissolve excess sugar not available for gelatinization

What are the properties of Vitamin E?

tocopherol one of the least toxic vitamins

What causes poor volume in cake?

too little baking powder, improper level of sugar or fat

What causes coarse texture in cake?

too much baking powder or sugar, oven temp too low, inadequate mixing

What causes tough, dry crumb in cake?

too much flour or egg, too much mixing, too little fat or sugar, over-baking

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

tool used to evaluate validity ~ asks whether the difference between 2 samples is a reliable one that would be repeated ~ used when several (3+) products compete against 1 another ~ compares the variance between groups with the variance within groups ~ answers: are there one or more significant differences ANYWHERE among the sample?

If linoleic acid replaces saturated fat in the diet:

total cholesterol lowers, HDL lowers

Fluoride: properties

trace mineral

manganese: properties

trace mineral

What are the properties of iron?

trace mineral part of hemoglobin food iron: ferric absorbable: ferrous ** stored: ferritin iron overload: hemochromatosis treated with iron chelation therapy serum iron is the best for knowing iron status

Iodine: property

trace mineral part of thyroxine

Zinc: properties

trace mineral, excess leads to copper or iron deficiency

choline: functions

transports lipids as acetylcholine

What is the action stage?

tries to make the change "I removed the salt shaker from the kitchen table"

Simple fat

triglycerides (3 fatty acids, 1 glycerol) most food fat is a triglyceride

hydrolytic rancidity

triglycerides breakdown and fatty acids are released uptake of water leads to changes in butter (saturated fat)

parallel forms reliability

two separate but similar forms of the same test at the same time reliability determined by the degree to which the sets of scores coincide

What is pre-contemplation?

unaware or not interested in making a change "I did not know that salt had any effect on my BP."

What is hyperbilirubinemia?

unconjugated bilirubin levels high during 1st week of life due to RBC breakdown or decreased intestinal mobility **encourage 9-12 feedings per day of human milk or formula to promote hydration and intestinal motility

Hostile response

uncontrolled anger, may antagonize or humiliate client "maybe you are not losing weight because you are not trying hard enough"

Cured vs uncured cheese

uncured- refrigerated immediately (cottage cheese, cream cheese) cured- additional whey removed, salt added, ripened

numerical continuous

underlying continuous scales (blood pressure)

When do you ABW?

underweight, overweight, and obese

What passes to the large intestine or colon?

undigested food and water

Informal test

unstructured observation of food selection and behaviors

oxidative rancidity

uptake of o2 at the double bond in unsaturated fat unsaturated oils are more subject to this

How to work with clients with limited English skills?

use common terms avoid slang, acronyms, and shorthand

retrospective cohort study

use existing data and look back for a relationship between exposure factors and outcomes

What is moist heat cooking? (meat)

use of water for less tender cuts with more connective tissue (bottom round, chuck, brisket) cook bottom round in water for hours

What is foam cake?

uses air as leavening

Biological value

uses nitrogen balance techniques to determine the fraction of absorbed nitrogen retained for growth and maintenance a) eggs have a BV of 100 (100% of the nitrogen absorbed is retained)

What do meat specifications mean?

using numbering system for order wholesale cuts IMPS NAMP

How are eggs dried?

vacuum-packed in nitrogen gas dried fortified: egg white 70%, 30% yolk

What is a major advantage of two period crossover design?

variability is reduced because the measured effect of the intervention is the difference in that participant's response TO the intervention and control *longer study, but each is exposed to all treatments

Food sources of vitamin E

vegetable oils (cottonseed), whole grains, green veggies, almonds

What should be used for poaching or coddling?

vinegar and salt improve shape by speeding up coagulation

What is the product of candy?

viscous, shiny, smooth @ start becomes creamy, dull, lighter in color cools and stiffens rapidly with further beating

What happens to vitamins when cooked in excess water or when water is drained off in rice?

vitamins are lost

Where is aseptically packaged milk stored?

w/o fridge if unopened

What is the water, fat, and carbohydrate content of milk?

water 87% fat 3.7% carb (lactose) 4.9%

What are the properties of Folate?

water soluble PABA is precursor Zinc-dependent

End products of protein metabolism

water soluble AA

What does the large intestine absorb?

water, salts, and the vitamins synthesized by bacteria (vitamin K, vitamin B12, thiamin, riboflavin) which are usually by GI mucosal cells

What is amylopectin?

waxy starch (corn, rice, sorghum) only have this branched fraction: 1,4 and 1,6 alpha glucosidic linkages non-gelling; stable @ freezing and thawing used in frozen food

Adverse effects of carbohydrate loading

weakness bloating dizziness soreness

What is the congressional index?

weekly update identities bill with sponsor and committee

variable of interest

what researchers are observing

Brix by a brix hydrometer

when a sweetener is added to liquid of packing jucice, the density of the syrup is expressed as a % by wt of the sucrose extra light, light, heavy, extra heavy

When does a high fat high sugar batter absorb the most fat?

when deep fried

When is CHO needed as a fuel source?

when exercise is above 60-65% of max O2 uptake

dry heat on starch

when making gravy, starch is heated w/o water. temp rises rapidly, degrading starch starch molecules break into fragments called dextrin color change (browning of toast)

What is roasting?

when meat is removed from over "carry over cooking" occurs for about 10 minutes; internal meat temp will rise 15-25°F **allow roast to stand for 30 minutes before carving

When does a potato turn green under the skin?

when potato is exposed to light during storage due to chlorophyll

manganese: sources

whole grains, legumes, nuts

methods of communication

written oral media activities

Leavening agents: Carbon Dioxide

yeast on sugar: yielding carbon dioxide and alcohol baking soda: action of acid on baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) acids used: sour milk, cream of tartar, molasses baking powder: provides both acid and the alkali needs for rxn 1. mixture of baking soda (NaHCO3 provides CO2), a dry acid (sodium aluminum sulfate reacts with soda to release CO2), and cornstarch (keeps contents dry); use 1 1/2 tsp baking soda for 1 cup flour; old baking powder is more alkaline causing a decrease in thiamin in baked goods. deeper brown crust: alkaline sln (baking soda) and solid sugar

chromium: sources

yeast, oysters, potatoes, liver

Food sources of Vitamin A

yellow, orange fruits (mango); dark green leafy veggies; cantaloupe; fish; liver; carrots; fortified skim milk; apricots; sweet potato

What is colostrum?

yellowish transparent fluid secreted from the breast during 1st few days; meets infants needs during first week; has more protein, less fat, and carbohydrates than mature milk; has antibiotics

Are anthocyanins soluble in water?

yes

Can you freeze eggs?

yes without shell

U.S. Census Bureau elderly

young old 65-74 aged 75-84 oldest old 85 and up

folate - factors that aid absorption

zinc dependent, cleaves polyglutamate to monoglutamate; folic acid in fortified foods & supps is present as monoglutamate

Media activities

~ develop media parternships with local TV & radio station (extends audience that you may not reach d/t financial reasons) ~ introduce campaign to the community with kickoff events (press conference at the farmer's market, grocery store), develop 2-4 key messages to serve as focus ~ sustain ongoing media relationships with a few key reporters who cover food or health issues offer to serve as resources for them

What to consider with budget development?

~ project funding ~ expenditures to date ~ current estimated ~ costs to complete the project anticipated profit or loss

Types of questions to avoid

"Do you..?" -> "Tell me about" yes/no are less productive "why" can indicated disapproval Client may feel threatened and unwilling to answer a question when it is like "why don't you eat breakfast"

Can sizes - #3

#/case 12 nt weight 46 ounces measure 5 3/4 cups #servings 12-15

Can sizes - # 2 1/2

#/case 24 nt weight 1 lb 13 oz measure 3 1/2 cups #servings 6-8

Can sizes - # 2

#/case 24 nt weight 1 lb 4 oz measure 2 1/2 cups #servings 4-6

Can size #300

#/case 24 nt weight 14-16 oz measure 1 3/4 cups #servings 3-4

Can sizes- #10

#/case 6 nt weight 6 lb 9 oz measure 13 cups #servings 20-25

Which flour should you use for pie?

#1 pastry #2 cake #3 all purpose

How to determine calories from alcohol

(.8)(proof)(ounces) proof= % alcohol x 2

FCC

(Federal Communications Commission), grants licenses to television and radio stations

What is syneresis?

(weeping) liquid released from a coagulated product that occurs when cooked at too high of a temperature or too low a temperature - creates a tough, watery product

What does Vit B1 deficiency cause?

**Beriberi, muscle weakness, foot drop, memory loss, tachycardia, lower erythrocyte transketolase, increase in plasma pyruvate

What is thyroxine?

*main hormone secreted into the bloodstream by the thyroid - regulates metabolism & rate of oxidation - influences physical and mental growth, and - stimulates liver glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis (raises blood sugar)

What are the components of TEE?

- Basal energy expenditure (BEE) - Energy expended in physical activity (EEPA) - Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

growth charts for special needs

- Based on small populations - Use them along with CDC or WHO growth charts